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Time Component (time + component)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	50%

Selected Abstracts

Number-Needed-to-Treat (NNT) , Needs Treatment with Care

BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 1 2006
Palle Mark Christensen
It has been claimed to be "easy to understand" and gives "intuitive meaning". When used to measure the effectiveness of interventions targeting chronic disease processes e.g. atherosclerosis and osteoporosis, NNT (as well as relative and absolute risk reduction) does not capture the crucial time component, a fact that has important consequences: NNT varies over time, it may not mean that adverse events (fractures, myocardial infarctions etc.) are avoided, but simply that they are postponed. Finally, empirical studies indicate that lay people and doctors misunderstand NNT. We recommend that NNT be used with considerable care. There is probably no single effect measure that is able to convey all necessary information. [source]

Bank Capital Forbearance and Valuation of Deposit Insurance

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES, Issue 3 2005
Shih-Cheng Lee
Abstract The authors set up a deposit insurance pricing model that treats forbearance as an option to delay the resolution of undercapitalized financial institutions and, subsequently, derive a closed-form solution for the deposit insurance put. The put is decomposed into a capital component and a time component. They then evaluate how the critical policy parameters relate to the cost of deposit insurance, and examine how moral hazard behaviour and the accompanying risk-taking behaviour affect deposit insurance premiums. Résumé Les auteurs de l'article qui suit mettent au point un modèle de fixation des prix de l'assurance-dépôts qui considère l'abstention comme un moyen visant à reporter la résolution des institutions financières sous-capitalisée. Ils en déduisent une solution analytique pour l'option de vente de l'assurance-depôts. Cette dernière comprend une composante de capital et une composante temporelle. Les auteurs de l'article évaluent lafaçon dont les paramètres de politique critique sont reliés au coût de l'assurance-dépôts. Ils examinent aussi la manière dont l'aléa de moralité et le comportement à risque qui l'accompagne influencent les primes d'assurance-dépôts. [source]

Facility of accommodation in myopia

OPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 5 2001
Daniel J. O'Leary
Summary Purpose: Myopes have been shown to have abnormal accommodative characteristics. This study investigated the characteristics of accommodation facility in myopic and emmetropic students. Methods: Distance and near positive and negative accommodation response time components of facility were measured over a 1 min period using a ,2.00 D/zero lens pair for distance responses and a ±2.00 D lens pair for near responses. 79 students (37 myopes and 42 emmetropes) aged 18,27 years acted as subjects. Subjects were masked, and the results were analysed in a masked fashion. Results: Mean distance facility was significantly lower (9.7 cycles per minute (cpm)) in the myopic group compared with the mean distance facility in the emmetropic group (15.6 cpm; p <0.005). There was no significant difference in the near facilities of the two groups (11.5 cpm in myopes vs 12.9 cpm in emmetropes). Positive accommodation response time for distance vision was greater than 4 s in 45% of myopes and in 9% of emmetropes. Conclusions: Our findings confirm that myopes tend to have abnormal accommodation responses to blur. Distance facility, but not near facility of accommodation is more frequently reduced in myopes than in emmetropes. [source]

Psychomotor speed in hypertension: Effects of reaction time components, stimulus modality, and phase of the cardiac cycle

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
Louisa Edwards
Abstract Hypertension is characterized by cognitive deficits. As evidence for impaired psychomotor speed, including slower reaction times, is mixed, we aimed to provide a detailed investigation of simple reaction time in hypertension. Pre-motor and motor reaction times were measured across the cardiac cycle in 30 hypertensives and 29 normotensives to determine the effects of phasic and tonic blood pressure on performance. Auditory, visual, and tactile simple reaction time tasks were completed with stimuli presented 0, 300, and 600 ms after the R-wave of the electrocardiogram. Reaction times did not differ between hypertensives and normotensives. Although pre-motor reaction times were faster during the late phase than the early phase of the cardiac cycle whereas motor reaction times were unchanged, this effect was similar for hypertensives and normotensives. No sensory-motor deficits were evident in these hypertensives regardless of baroreceptor activity. [source]