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Tissue Sampling (tissue + sampling)
Selected AbstractsEvaluation of apoptosis in cytologic specimensDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2010Viktor Shtilbans Ph.D. Abstract A hallmark of neoplasia is dysregulated apoptosis, programmed cell death. Apoptosis is crucial for normal tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of apoptotic pathways leads to reduced cytocidal responses to chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation and is a frequent contributor to therapeutic resistance in cancer. The literature pertaining to detection of apoptotic pathway constituents in cytologic specimens is reviewed herein. Virtually all methods for detecting apoptosis, including classic cytomorphologic evaluation, TUNEL assay, immunocytochemistry, and gene sequence analysis, may be applied to cytologic samples as well as tissue. Components of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways have been studied, including many reports examining p53 and bcl-2, as well as studies of caspase inhibitory proteins XIAP and survivin, death receptors and ligands such as Fas, Fas-ligand, and TRAIL. p53 undergoes oncogenic alteration more than any other protein; its immunocytochemical detection almost always connotes loss of its physiologic role as an inducer of apoptosis in response to a damaged genome. Several reports establish cytologic sampling as being as useful as tissue sampling. In one respect cytologic sampling is superior to tissue sampling in particular, by allowing clinicians to repeat sampling of the same tumor before and after administration of therapy; a number of reports use this approach to attempt to predict tumor response by assaying the effect of chemotherapy on the induction of apoptosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:685,697. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] PERORAL PANCREATOSCOPY: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE EXPECTATIONS USING NARROW BAND IMAGINGDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 2007Yoshifumi Arisaka Peroral pancreatoscopy (POPS) under duodenoscopic assistance provide direct visual assessment of the pancreatic duct, tissue sampling, and therapeutic interventions. Sometimes, pancreatoscopy can confirm accurate diagnosis, such as differential diagnosis of filling defects between intraductal tumors and stones. However, it is often difficult to differentiate malignant from benign strictures solely on pancreatoscopy. It is currently considered that intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is the most suitable indication of POPS. POPS has several problems: image resolution, fragility and maneuverability. Concerning image resolution, the quality has been improved with the development of a video pancreatoscope. Moreover, the recently developed endoscopic optical technology of narrow band imaging (NBI) is now available to video pancreatoscopy. This will allow direct visual assessment. Although currently POPS has several problems, further improvement will assist POPS to become a useful modality in combination with NBI. [source] Toxicokinetics of perfluorocarboxylate isomers in rainbow troutENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2009Amila O. De Silva Abstract Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and other perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) are widely dispersed in the environment. Current and/or historical production of PFOA and fluorochemical precursors was conducted by telomerization and electrochemical fluorination (ECF). Telomer products typically contain linear chains of perfluorocarbons, and ECF products are a mixture of linear and branched isomers. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of toxicokinetics on PFCA isomer profiles in fish since monitoring studies have revealed a predominance of n -isomers of PFCAs in biota. Using dietary exposure, rainbow trout were administered technical ECF PFOA isomers (6.9 ,g/kg/d), linear perfluorononanoate (1.4 ,g/kg/d n -PFNA), and isopropyl PFNA (1.1 ,g/kg/d iso -PFNA) for 36 d and then switched to a 40-d clean diet. Throughout exposure and depuration phases, blood and tissue sampling ensued. The accumulation ratio (AR) revealed similar accumulation propensity of n -PFOA and two minor branched PFOA isomers; however, the majority of branched isomers had lower AR values than n -PFOA. Enrichment of n -PFOA and n -PFNA relative to most branched isomers was consistent in all tissues. First-order elimination (kd) and half-life (t1/2) values were calculated. The largest t1/2 corresponded to n -PFNA followed by iso -PFNA. In ECF PFOA isomers, both n -PFOA and one minor branched isomer had the largest t1/2, suggesting that this minor isomer could be diagnostic of ECF exposure using environmental PFOA isomer patterns. Results of lower-dose ECF PFOA exposure showed similar results to the high-dose study; it is possible that both scenarios resulted in saturation of processes involved in PFCA transport. As such, the toxicokinetics of PFCA isomers at environmentally realistic levels may deviate from the results of the present study. [source] Magnetic resonance imaging as a tool to examine the neuropathology of multiple sclerosisNEUROPATHOLOGY & APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2004L. Bö Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has significantly extended the understanding of multiple sclerosis (MS), owing to its ability to sensitively depict the dynamics of the disease process in vivo. The subject of this review is the use of MRI in the post-mortem setting, with emphasis on how it may be used to improve the specimen selection process at autopsy. Lesions with active demyelination are highly interesting in the study of MS pathogenesis, but are rare in a typical autopsy material of chronic MS. The yield of MS lesions in autopsy specimen selection can be increased by the use of MRI-guided tissue sampling, as a significant proportion of abnormalities detected by post-mortem MRI are not macroscopically visible/palpable. The majority of these MRI abnormalities have been found to represent either discrete areas of microglial activation with no demyelination (so-called (p)reactive lesions), or active demyelinating MS lesions by further histopathological examination. The presence and extent of MS pathology outside of the focal demyelinated lesions is more readily appreciated by MRI-guided specimen sampling, as has been shown in the study of extensive areas of partial myelin loss in the spinal cord. A further advantage of MRI-guided specimen sampling is the ability to use three-dimensional and quantitative measures. The potential of correlating these with histopathological data may be further exploited in the future. The technical procedure for MRI-guided tissue sampling at autopsy is presented, and the limitations of the technique are discussed. [source] Nested PCR-RFLP is a high-speed method to detect fungicide-resistant Botrytis cinerea at an early growth stage of grapesPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 2 2009Seiya Saito Abstract BACKGROUND: Grey mould caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. is one of the major diseases in grapes. The use of fungicides is a simple strategy to protect grapes against B. cinerea disease. However, phenotypes exhibiting resistance to fungicides have been detected in B. cinerea populations. The variation of fungicide-resistant B. cinerea isolates renders B. cinerea disease control difficult in grapevine fields. RESULTS: The authors have developed a nested polymerase chain reaction,restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method to detect fungicide-resistant B. cinerea isolates at an early growth stage of grapes in grapevine fields. The nested PCR-RFLP method was carried out to detect benzimidazole-, phenylcarbamate- and/or dicarboximide-resistant B. cinerea isolates from grape berries and leaves at Eichorn,Lorenz growth stage 25 to 29. This method successfully detected fungicide-resistant B. cinerea isolates at an early growth stage of grapes. In addition, only 8 h was required from tissue sampling to phenotyping of fungicide resistance of the isolates. CONCLUSION: It is proposed that the early diagnosis of fungicide-resistant B. cinerea isolates would contribute to further improvement of integrated pest management against B. cinerea in grapevine fields, and that the nested PCR-RFLP method is a high-speed, sensitive and reliable tool for this purpose. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Histological diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node metastases from renal cell carcinoma by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspirationRESPIROLOGY, Issue 2 2007Takahiro NAKAJIMA Abstract: Evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with an intrathoracic nodule post malignancy is crucial for the determination of further treatment. Different radiological modalities are available for the detection of mediastinal lymph node metastases such as multidetector helical CT, PET-scan and PET-CT. However, tissue sampling is required for a firm diagnosis. A minimally invasive method of tissue sampling of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes using direct real-time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration has been reported. This method is appropriate not only for cytodiagnosis but also for histological diagnosis. This current study reports a case of mediastinal lymph node metastases from renal cell carcinoma successfully diagnosed histologically by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. [source] Rhinovirus is not detectable in peripheral lung tissue after asthma deathRESPIROLOGY, Issue 2 2003Mark W. WATSON Objective: Viral infections are associated with both mild and severe exacerbations of asthma and may therefore be associated with asthma death. As such we hypothesized that it might be possible to detect rhinovirus (RV), the virus most frequently implicated in acute asthma, in lung tissue from patients who died from asthma. Methodology: We studied archival, wax-embedded lung tissue obtained postmortem from: (i) patients who died from asthma (n = 12), (ii) asthma patients with non-asthma-related death (n = 3), and (iii) non-asthmatic individuals who died from unrelated causes (n = 3). A validated reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was used to detect RV. To confirm RNA preservation, RT-PCR was used to detect expression of the constitutive gene adenine-phosphoribosyl-transferase (APRT). Sensitivity of the assay was assessed using wax-embedded RV-infected cells. Results: Sensitivity of RT-PCR for RV in wax-embedded sections was similar to previous studies (approximately 100 viral copies). Specimens used for study were predominantly of alveolar and small airway origin (< 2 mm). All tissues examined were negative for the presence of RV mRNA and positive for APRT mRNA. Conclusions: RV infection of the lower airway may be an uncommon cause of fatal asthma. Alternatively, RV may not extend to peripheral airways and more proximal tissue sampling or PCR assays for other viruses may be required to determine an association between viral respiratory tract infection and fatal asthma. [source] Clinicopathological features of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitisRESPIROLOGY, Issue 4 2002HIROSHI HAYAKAWA Objective: Only limited information exists concerning the clinical and pathological features of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in Japan and elsewhere. We present data on clinicopathological features of chronic HP obtained through a Japanese nationwide survey. Methodology: We studied the clinical and pathological findings in 10 patients with chronic HP who underwent surgical lung biopsy or postmortem examination. Results: There were three types of clinical course: six of the 10 patients had persistent symptoms followed by repeated acute episodes; two showed a subacute onset with persistent symptoms; and two exhibited an insidious onset. Five patients made no attempt to avoid antigen exposure and they all had progressive disease. Pathological findings indicated that lesions were mainly centrilobular with or without epithelioid cell granulomas in specimens obtained during the acute or subacute stage. In contrast, most patients in the chronic stage predominantly showed interstitial fibrosis with a usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. Conclusions: The pathological findings of chronic HP depend on the stage of the disease at tissue sampling. [source] Expression of toll-like receptor-9 is increased in poorly differentiated prostate tumors,THE PROSTATE, Issue 8 2010Marja-Riitta Väisänen Abstract BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) is a cellular receptor for bacterial and vertebrate DNA. In addition to cells of the immune system, it is also expressed in various human cancer cell lines, including prostate cancer. We demonstrated previously that synthetic TLR9 ligands induce matrix metalloproteinase-13-mediated invasion in TLR9-expressing prostate cancer cells in vitro. Other studies have suggested possible sex steroid regulation of the function of the various TLRs. The role of TLR9 in the pathophysiology of prostate or any cancer is, however, unknown. METHODS Expression of TLR9, androgen receptor (AR), or the estrogen receptors , (ER,) and , (ER,) were studied with immunohistochemistry in prostate cancer (n,=,62) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (n,=,45) specimens. TLR9 staining scores were compared with tumor stage, Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations before tissue sampling and with the staining scores of AR, ER,, and ER,. RESULTS TLR9 expression was statistically significantly increased in prostate cancer epithelium and stroma, as compared with the same cellular compartments in benign hyperplasia. Significantly increased (P,=,0.04) TLR9 expression was detected in cancers with high Gleason score (>7, n,=,23), as compared with lower Gleason scores (,7, n,=,39). No statistically significant associations were detected between TLR9 expression scores and PSA concentrations or tumor staging. Prostate adenocarcinoma cells were all positive for TLR9, AR, and ER, but negative for ER, expression. In cancer stroma cells, increased TLR9 expression was associated with increased ER, expression. CONCLUSIONS Expression of TLR9 is increased in prostate cancer specimens, especially in the most poorly differentiated forms. Prostate 70: 817,824, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Image analysis and quantification in lung tissueCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 3 2001W.I. De Boer On 9,10 September 1999, an international workshop on image analysis and quantification in lung tissue was held at the Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Participants with expertise in pulmonary and/or pathology research discussed the validity and applicability of techniques used for quantitative examination of inflammatory cell patterns and gene expression in bronchial or parenchymal tissue in studies focusing on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Differences in techniques for tissue sampling and processing, immunohistochemistry, cell counting and densitometry are hampering the comparison of data between various laboratories. The main goals of the workshop were to make an inventory of the techniques that are currently available for each of these aspects, and in particular to address the validity and unresolved problems of using digital image analysis (DIA) as opposed to manual scoring methods for cell counting and assessment of gene and protein expression. Obviously, tissue sampling and handling, fixation and (immunohistochemical) staining, and microscope settings, are having a large impact on any quantitative analysis. In addition, careful choices will have to be made of the commercially available optical and recording systems as well as the application software in order to optimize quantitative DIA. Finally, it appears to be of equal importance to reach consensus on which histological areas are to be analysed. The current proceedings highlight recent advances and state of the art knowledge on digital image analysis for lung tissue, and summarize the established issues and remaining questions raised during the course of the workshop. [source] | ||||||||||