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Tissue Mass (tissue + mass)
Kinds of Tissue Mass Selected AbstractsDesign and testing of biological scaffolds for delivering reparative cells to target sites in the lung,JOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, Issue 4 2010Edward P. Ingenito Abstract This study summarizes the development and testing of a scaffold to promote engraftment of cells in the distal lung. A fibrinogen,fibronectin,vitronectin hydrogel (FFVH) was developed and optimized with respect to its mechanical and biological properties for this application. In vitro, FFVH scaffolds promoted attachment, histiotypic growth and expression of basement membrane proteins by primary ovine lung mesenchymal cells derived from lung biopsies. In vivo testing was then performed to assess the ability of FFVHs to promote cell engraftment in the sheep lung. Treatment with autologous cells delivered using FFVH was clinically well tolerated. Cells labelled with a fluorescent dye (PKH-26) were detected at treatment sites after 1 month. Tissue mass (assessed by CT imaging) and lung perfusion (assessed by nuclear scintigraphy) were increased at emphysema test sites. Post-treatment histology demonstrated cell proliferation and increased elastin expression without scarring or collapse. No treatment-related pathology was observed at healthy control sites. FFVH scaffolds promote cell attachment, spreading and extracellular matrix expression in vitro and apparent engraftment in vivo, with evidence of trophic effects on the surrounding tissue. Scaffolds of this type may contribute to the development of cell-based therapies for patients with end-stage pulmonary diseases. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Insulin resistance , a common link between type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseaseDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 3 2006Harold E. Lebovitz Evidence suggests that diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) may share an underlying cause(s), a theory known as the ,common soil' hypothesis. Insulin resistance is central both to the progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes and to a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors known as the metabolic syndrome. These risk factors include visceral obesity and dyslipidaemia characterized by low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridaemia and raised small dense low-density lipoprotein particle levels. Changes in adipose tissue mass and metabolism may link insulin resistance and visceral obesity, a condition that is common in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, weight reduction, increased physical activity, metformin and acarbose have been shown to reduce the development of type 2 diabetes in genetically predisposed subjects and may decrease the high cardiovascular risk of patients with diabetes. Some fatty acid derivatives can affect energy metabolism by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), nuclear receptors that play a key role in energy homeostasis. These receptors represent an ideal therapeutic target for reducing cardiovascular risk, because they are involved in the regulation of both insulin action and lipid metabolism. In addition to lifestyle changes, PPAR, agonists such as thiazolidinediones are frequently beneficial and have been shown to ameliorate insulin resistance, while activation of PPAR, (e.g. by fibrates) can lead to improvements in free fatty acid oxidation and lipid profile, and a reduction in cardiovascular events. The development of agents with both PPAR, and PPAR, activity promises added benefits with amelioration of insulin resistance, delayed progression to and of type 2 diabetes and a reduction of CVD. [source] An adipocentric view of signaling and intracellular traffickingDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue 5 2002Silvia Mora Abstract Adipocytes have traditionally been considered to be the primary site for whole body energy storage mainly in the form of triglycerides and fatty acids. This occurs through the ability of insulin to markedly stimulate both glucose uptake and lipogenesis. Conventional wisdom held that defects in fuel partitioning into adipocytes either because of increased adipose tissue mass and/or increased lipolysis and circulating free fatty acids resulted in dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance and perhaps diabetes. However, it has become increasingly apparent that loss of adipose tissue (lipodystrophies) in both animal models and humans also leads to metabolic disorders that result in severe states of insulin resistance and potential diabetes. These apparently opposite functions can be resolved by the establishment of adipocytes not only as a fuel storage depot but also as a critical endocrine organ that secretes a variety of signaling molecules into the circulation. Although the molecular function of these adipocyte-derived signals are poorly understood, they play a central role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis by regulating insulin secretion, insulin action, glucose and lipid metabolism, energy balance, host defense and reproduction. The diversity of these secretory factors include enzymes (lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and adipsin), growth factors [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)], cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-,, interleukin 6) and several other hormones involved in fatty acid and glucose metabolism (leptin, Acrp30, resistin and acylation stimulation protein). Despite the large number of molecules secreted by adipocytes, our understanding of the pathways and mechanisms controlling intracellular trafficking and exocytosis in adipocytes is poorly understood. In this article, we will review the current knowledge of the trafficking and secretion processes that take place in adipocytes, focusing our attention on two of the best characterized adipokine molecules (leptin and adiponectin) and on one of the most intensively studied regulated membrane proteins, the GLUT4 glucose transporter. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Neuropeptide Y and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: interaction in obesity and possible role in the development of hypertensionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 9 2008M. Baltatzi Summary Aim:, Obesity and hypertension frequently coexist and both represent important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms implicated in the regulation of food intake have not been completely elucidated. Recent data suggests that peripheral and central neuropeptides play an important role in the maintenance of energy balance. More specifically, leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) appear to be implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and also contribute to the development of hypertension in obesity. Methods:, Analysis of the pertinent bibliography published in PubMed database. Results:, Leptin is produced in the adipose tissue directly correlated with fat tissue mass. Leptin acts on two distinct neural populations in the hypothalamus: the first expresses the orexigenic peptides NPY and agouti-related protein (AgRP), the second pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). The activation of POMC neurons increases the production of the anorexigenic hormone a-MSH and inhibits the release of NPY and AgRP. In addition, the hypothalamus integrates the neuroendocrine systems with the autonomic nervous system and controls the activity of the latter. Stimulation of hypothalamic nuclei elicits sympathetic responses including blood pressure elevation. Both NPY and a-MSH appears to be implicated in the hypothalamic regulation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. Conclusion:, Alterations in leptin, NPY and a-MSH are frequently observed in obesity and might stimulate SNS activity, contributing to the development of hypertension in obese patients. These neuropeptides might provide a pathophysiologic link between excess weight and hypertension. However, more research is needed before the pharmacologic manipulation of these complex neuroendocrine systems can be applied in the treatment of obesity and hypertension. [source] Pararenal retroperitoneal Castleman's disease mimicking systemic lupus erythematosusINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES, Issue 3 2010Ki-Jo KIM Abstract A 41-year-old man diagnosed initially as probable systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) visited our hospital complaining of a persistent painful oral ulcer and multiple spots like coffee beans on his trunk. Antibodies except for anti-dsDNA and anti-histone antibodies and other serologies were negative. Conventional cytotoxic and immunomodulatory agents did not have any effect on these lesions. Computed tomography for evaluating persistent dry cough incidentally showed a huge mass in the left mid-retroperitoneum. Surgical treatment was done and the final diagnosis was Castleman's disease (CD). CD is a relatively rare disorder characterized by a massive non-malignant tumor of lymphoid tissues, with unknown etiology. It commonly presents as a localized soft tissue mass within the mediastinum or neck, and rarely in the retroperitoneal space. Since some cases of CD may share systemic, immune and histopathologic features of autoimmune disease, exact diagnosis is difficult to make based on the clinical and laboratory clues alone. We report herein an unusual case with pararenal retroperitoneal CD mimicking SLE. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Application of soybean meal, soy protein concentrate and isolate differing in , -galactosides content to low- and high-fibre diets in growing turkeysJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5 2010Z. Zdu, czyk Summary The aim of this experiment was to investigate the physiological and growth response of young turkeys (up to 8 weeks of age) to dietary replacement of soybean meal (SBM) by soy protein concentrate (PC) or protein isolate (PI). This replacement resulted in a differentiated dietary concentration of , -galactosides of over 2.5% in the SBM diet, approximately 2% with a mixture SBM and PC, 1% with a PC diet and 0.1% with a PI diet. Each treatment was applied in two ways: with lower (3.5%) or higher (5.3%) dietary crude fibre content, made by supplementation with soybean hulls. The highest and lowest body weight of turkeys was recorded both after the first and second 4-week half of the study in the PC and PI-type diets respectively. A gradual withdrawal of , -galactosides from a diet was accompanied by a decline in ileal tissue mass, ileal viscosity and activity of endogenous maltase (the latter was found to be significant at 4 weeks of age). At the same time, two-way anova revealed that an elevated level of crude fibre (HF treatment) caused an increase in ileal tissue mass (p < 0.05 after 4 weeks of feeding) as well as a decrease in activity level of intestinal sucrase and maltase. The presence of raffinose family oligosaccharides in a diet, in contrast to dietary crude fibre level, significantly affected the caecal metabolism. The rate of bacterial production of short-chain fatty acids in the caeca was distinctly diminished by dietary withdrawal of , -galactosides. In conclusion, the soy protein concentrate, in contrast to the protein isolate preparation, exerted positive effects on the turkeys' growth and gastrointestinal tract physiology and should be considered as an effective SBM substitute. [source] Role of Structural Complexities of Septal Tissue in Maintaining Ventricular Fibrillation in Isolated, Perfused Canine VentricleJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2001TAKANORI IKEDA M.D. Tissue Structure and VF.Introduction: It is unclear how the patterns of wavelet propagation during ventricular fibrillation (VF) vary between structurally different tissues. We hypothesized that the structural complexities of septal tissue influence the maintenance of reentrant wavelets in the ventricle. Methods and Results: Endocardial activation patterns during VF were analyzed in the isolated, perfused canine right ventricular (RV) free wall (n = 9), interventricular septum (n = 5), and left ventricular (LV) free wall (n = 6) using a computerized mapping system (2-mm resolution) with 120-msec consecutive windows. Each tissue sample was cut progressively to reduce the tissue mass until the VF was terminated. More wavelets were seen in the septa than in the RV and LV free walls at baseline (P = 0.004), and VF in the septa displayed a shorter cycle length than in the RV and LV free walls (P = 0.017). As the tissue mass decreased, VF became successively more organized in all regions: the number of wavelets decreased and the cycle length of VF lengthened. Single and "figure-of-eight" stationary, reentrant wavelets often were mapped after tissue mass reduction in the RV free walls and rarely in the LV free walls, but they were not observed in the septa. Less critical mass was required to maintain VF in the septa than in the RV and LV free walls (P = 0.0006). Gross anatomic and histologic examinations indicated that the tissue structure of the septa is more complex than that of the RV and LV free walls. Conclusion: VF activation patterns with progressive reduction of tissue mass differ for the septum and the ventricular free walls. The structural complexities of the septal tissue influence the maintenance of fibrillation in the ventricle. [source] Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery in 3 patients compared to autogenous bone graftsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 9 2000A clinical pilot study Abstract Background/Aims: This pilot study was designed to determine the clinical bone formation ability of a human recombinant DNA bone morphogenetic protein-7, also referred to as Osteogenic Protein-1 [OP-1] combined with a collagen carrier, implanted in the maxillary sinus of 3 patients. The results were compared with a group of 3 patients treated with sinus floor elevation and autogenous bonegrafts. Methods: 6 consecutive patients, 4 female and 2 male, between 48 and 57 years of age were treated by means of sinus floor elevation for insufficient bone height in the posterior maxilla for implant surgery. 3 patients, 2 female and 1 male, were treated with OP-1 attached to a collagen device. In these patients, 4 maxillary sinus grafting procedures according to Tatum's method were carried out. 1 g of collagen carrier containing 2.5 mg rhOP-1 mixed with 3 ml of saline was placed between the bony floor and the elevated mucosal lining of the most caudal part of the maxillary sinus, in order to increase the vertical bone dimension to place dental implants of a sufficient length. The 3 other patients, also 2 female and 1 male, with a total of 5 sinus sites, were treated with sinus floor elevation and autogenous iliac crest bonegrafts. After 6 months, during dental implant preparation, bone cores were taken for histology. Thus, clinical, radiological and histological results of the 2 groups of 3 patients were compared. Results: 6 months after sinus grafting with OP-1, in 1 male, well-vascularized bonelike tissue of good quality was observed clinically. This could be confirmed by histology. In the second, female, patient no bone formation was observed at all. A cyst-like granular tissue mass, without purulent content, was removed. In the 3rd, female, patient, who received bilateral sinus grafts, some bonelike formation was seen, however it showed flexible tissue which led to the decision that at 6 months after the sinus grafting, the implant placement had to be postponed. In all 5 autogenous grafted sinuses a bone appearance similar to normal maxillary bone was observed clinically as well as histologically and dental implants could be placed six months after sinus floor elevation surgery. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the OP-1 device has the potential for initiating bone formation in the human maxillary sinus within 6 months after a sinus floor elevation operation. However, the various findings in these 3 patients indicate that the behaviour of the material is at this moment insufficiently predictable, in this indication area. Further investigation is indicated before OP-1 can be successfully used instead of the "gold standard" autogenous bone graft. [source] Accuracy and precision of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition measurements in rhesus monkeys*JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Angela Black Accuracy of body composition measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was compared with direct chemical analysis in 10 adult rhesus monkeys. DXA was highly correlated (r-values >0.95) with direct analyses of body fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM) and lumbar spine bone mineral content (BMC). DXA measurements of total body BMC were not as strongly correlated (r-value=0.58) with total carcass ash content. DXA measurements of body FM, LM and lumbar spine BMC were not different from data obtained by direct analyses (P -values >0.30). In contrast, DXA determinations of total BMC (TBMC) averaged 15% less than total carcass ash measurements (P=0.002). In conclusion, this study confirms the accurate measurement of fat and lean tissue mass by DXA in rhesus monkeys. DXA also accurately measured lumbar spine BMC but underestimated total body BMC as compared with carcass ash determinations. [source] Age, gender, and bone lamellae elastic moduliJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 3 2000C. E. Hoffler To enhance preventative and therapeutic strategies for metabolic bone diseases and bone fragility disorders, we began to explore the physical properties of bone tissue at the cellular level. Proximal femurs were harvested from 27 cadavera (16 male and 11 female) for in vitro measurement of the mechanical properties. We measured the variations in lamellar-level elastic modulus and hardness in human bone as a function of age and gender to identify microstructural properties responsible for age and gender-related reductions in the mechanical integrity. The lateral femoral necks were examined, and age, gender, height, body mass, and body mass index were not found to correlate with lamellar-level elastic modulus or hardness. This result was consistent for osteonal, interstitial, and trabecular tissue. These data suggest that increased bone mass maintenance, known to occur in heavier individuals, is not accompanied by increases in the lamellar-level elastic modulus or hardness. The independence of elastic modulus and hardness from age and gender suggests that age and gender-related decreases in mechanical integrity do not involve alterations in elastic modulus or hard ness of the extracellular matrix. Lamellar-level ultimate, fatigue, and fracture toughness properties should also be investigated. Other factors, such as tissue mass and organization, may also contribute to age and gender-related decreases in the mechanical integrity. [source] Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and spectral imaging for breast surgical margin analysisLASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE, Issue 1 2010Matthew D. Keller MS Abstract Background and Objective Most women with early stage breast cancer have the option of breast conserving therapy, which involves a partial mastectomy for removal of the primary tumor, usually followed by radiotherapy. The presence of tumor at or near the margin is strongly correlated with the risk of local tumor recurrence, so there is a need for a non-invasive, real-time tool to evaluate margin status. This study examined the use of autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and spectral imaging to evaluate margin status intraoperatively. Materials and Methods Spectral measurements were taken from the surface of the tissue mass immediately following removal during partial mastectomies and/or from tissues immediately after sectioning by surgical pathology. A total of 145 normal spectra were obtained from 28 patients, and 34 tumor spectra were obtained from 12 patients. Results After correlation with histopathology, a multivariate statistical algorithm classified the spectra as normal (negative margins) or tumor (positive margins) with 85% sensitivity and 96% specificity. A separate algorithm achieved 100% classification between neo-adjuvant chemotherapy-treated tissues and non-treated tissues. Fluorescence and reflectance-based spectral images were able to demarcate a calcified lesion on the surface of a resected specimen as well. Conclusion Fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy could be a valuable tool for examining the superficial margin status of excised breast tumor specimens, particularly in the form of spectral imaging to examine entire margins in a single acquisition. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:15,23, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Role of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the development and maintenance of the adrenal cortical vasculatureMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 3 2003Michaėl Thomas Abstract The adrenal cortex is a highly vascularized endocrine tissue. A dense network of blood capillaries centripetally irrigates the adrenal gland, allowing every endocrine cell to be in contact with an endothelial cell. The pituitary hormone ACTH controls the coordinated development of the vasculature and the endocrine tissue mass. This suggests that paracrine secretions between steroidogenic adrenocytes and capillary endothelial cells participate in the control of adrenocortical homeostasis. Besides its effect on the vascular tone of arteries, ACTH induces the expression of the angiogenic cytokine VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor-A) in primary cultures of adrenocortical cells. This growth factor is a specific mitogen for endothelial cells and is likely to mediate the hormonal control of adrenocortical vascularization through a paracrine mechanism. The newly discovered angiogenic factor EG-VEGF (endocrine-gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor), the expression of which is restricted to endocrine glands and which is preferentially mitogenic for endocrine tissue-derived endothelial cells, is another candidate mediator of great potential interest. Microsc. Res. Tech. 61:247,251, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Congenital leiomyomatous epulis: A case report with immunohistochemical studyPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 12 2000Yasunori Takeda The histologic and immunohistochemical findings of an extremely rare case of congenital soft tissue mass on the alveolar ridge in an infant are reported. The lesion clinically mimicked an ordinary congenital epulis (congenital granular cell epulis, granular cell tumor of the newborn); however, histologically it consisted of a conglomerate of spindle-shaped cells, akin to smooth muscle cells, which formed interlacing and whorled fasciculi. Nerve fibers with myxoid degeneration, capillaries and muscle walled small vessels intermingled with fasciculi of spindle-shaped cells. The border between the conglomerate of spindle-shaped cells and the surrounding connective tissue was not evident. Immunohistochemically, most of the spindle-shaped cells were intensely positive for antibodies to alpha-smooth muscle actin, HHF-35 and desmin. These findings suggest that the lesion was composed of mature smooth muscle cells that were of hamartomatous or choristomatous nature. The term ,congenital leiomyomatous epulis' is proposed. [source] A cellular level approach to predicting resting energy expenditure: Evaluation of applicability in adolescents,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010ZiMian Wang We previously derived a cellular level approach for a whole-body resting energy expenditure (REE) prediction model by using organ and tissue mass measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with their individual cellularity and assumed stable-specific resting metabolic rates. Although this approach predicts REE well in both young and elderly adults, there were no studies in adolescents that specifically evaluated REE in relation to organ,tissue mass. It is unclear whether the approach can be applied to rapidly growing adolescents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the applicability of the previous developed REE prediction model in adolescents, and to compare its applicability in young and elderly adults. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that measured REE can be predicted from a combination of individual organ and tissue mass and their related cellularity. This was a 2-year longitudinal investigation. Twenty healthy male subjects with a mean age of 14.7 years had REE, organ and tissue mass, body cell mass, and fat-free mass (FFM) measured by indirect calorimetry, whole-body MRI, whole-body 40K counting and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. The predicted REE (REEp; mean ± SD, 1,487 ± 238 kcal/day) was correlated with the measured REE (REEm, 1,606 ± 237 kcal/day, r = 0.76, P < 0.001). The mean difference (118 ± 165 kcal/day) between REEm and REEp was significant (P = 0.0047), accounting for 7.3% of REEm for the entire group. The present study, the first of its type in adolescents, does not support the applicability of the organ,tissue-based REE prediction model during rapid adolescent growth. A modified general REE prediction model is thus suggested which may account for the higher REE/FFM ratio observed in adolescents. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Waist-to-hip ratio and adipose tissue distribution: Contribution of subcutaneous adiposityAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Mark Daniel The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) reflects the relative distribution of adipose tissue in the human body. However, whether this is due to the musculoskeletal structures of the waist and hip or the overlying subcutaneous adipose tissue has been disputed. We measured waist and hip girths in 11 male and 11 female cadavers, aged 55,94 years, before and after complete removal of skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Girths measured following removal of subcutaneous adipose tissue were termed "waist gx" and "hip gx", and their ratio "WHRx". Masses of regional adipose tissue segments were obtained by complete dissection, and the adipose mass ratios "trunk/arm-plus-leg", "trunk/leg", "internal/arm-plus-leg", and "internal/leg" were derived. As assessed by analysis of variance, WHR accounted for significant (P < 0.05) portions of the variance in all adipose mass ratios; adjustment for internal adipose mass increased the significance of all these relationships (P < 0.005). The ratio WHRx was not related to any ratio of regional adipose masses. Waist girth was related to trunk (P < 0.001) and internal (P < 0.05) adipose masses, and hip girth was related to arm-plus-leg adipose mass (P < 0.0001) and leg adipose mass (P < 0.0001), but waist gx and hip gx were not related to dependent variables. The results indicate that the ability of WHR and waist and hip girths to reflect the regional distribution of adipose tissue in the body is dependent upon the subcutaneous adipose tissue mass of the waist hip area, not its musculoskeletal constituency. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:428,432, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Proteomic DIGE analysis of the mitochondria-enriched fraction from aged rat skeletal musclePROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 24 2009Kathleen O'Connell Abstract Skeletal muscle aging is associated with a loss in tissue mass and contractile strength, as well as fiber type shifting and bioenergetic adaptation processes. Since mitochondria represent the primary site for energy generation via oxidative phosphorylation, we investigated potential changes in the expression pattern of the mitochondrial proteome using the highly sensitive DIGE approach. The comparative analysis of the mitochondria-enriched fraction from young adult versus aged muscle revealed an age-related change in abundance for 39 protein species. MS technology identified the majority of altered proteins as constituents of muscle mitochondria. An age-dependent increase was observed for NADH dehydrogenase, the mitochondrial inner membrane protein mitofilin, peroxiredoxin isoform PRX-III, ATPase synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial fission protein Fis1, succinate-coenzyme A ligase, acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, porin isoform VDAC2, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core I protein and prohibitin. Immunoblotting, enzyme testing and confocal microscopy were used to validate proteomic findings. The DIGE-identified increase in key mitochondrial elements during aging agrees with the concept that sarcopenia is associated with a shift to a slower contractile phenotype and more pronounced aerobic-oxidative metabolism. This suggests that mitochondrial markers are reliable candidates that should be included in the future establishment of a biomarker signature of skeletal muscle aging. [source] Exercise Training Improves Aerobic Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Function in Heart Transplant RecipientsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2009M. Haykowsky The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 12 weeks of supervised aerobic and strength training (SET) versus no-training (NT) on peak aerobic power (VO2peak), submaximal exercise left ventricular (LV) systolic function, peripheral vascular function, lean tissue mass and maximal strength in clinically stable heart transplant recipients (HTR). Forty-three HTR were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of SET (n = 22; age: 57 ± 10 years; time posttransplant: 5.4 ± 4.9 years) or NT (n = 21; age: 59 ± 11 years; time posttransplant: 4.4 ± 3.3 years). The change in VO2peak (3.11 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 1.2,5.0 mL/kg/min), leg and total lean tissue mass (0.78 kg, 95% CI: 0.31,1.3 kg and 1.34 kg, 95% CI: 0.34,2.3 kg, respectively), chest-press (10.4 kg, 95% CI: 5.2,15.5 kg) and leg-press strength (34.7 kg, 95% CI: 3.7,65.6 kg) were significantly higher after SET versus NT. No significant change was found for submaximal exercise LV systolic function or brachial artery endothelial-dependent or -independent vasodilation. Supervised exercise training is an effective intervention to improve VO2peak, lean tissue mass and muscle strength in HTR. This training regimen did not improve exercise LV systolic function or brachial artery endothelial function. [source] Morphological Investigation of Carotid Body and Its Arteries in RabbitsANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 5 2002E. Unur Summary The purpose of this study was to determine the morphology of the rabbit carotid body and its artery at the light microscopy level. The carotid body was situated between the internal and external carotid arteries after the bifurcation point of the common carotid artery. The carotid body was usually found to be a single, ovoid tissue mass but, in some cases it consisted of two or three parts. More carotid bodies were supplied by a single carotid body artery (glomic artery) which arose from the common carotid artery or the internal or external carotid arteries near the bifurcation point of the common carotid artery. In only one case were there two arteries which arose from opposite sides of the external carotid artery at its origin. There was a distinguishable sinus (glomic sinus) at the origin of the glomic artery. This artery had a thin wall with elastic laminae in the sinus area which become thinner distal to the sinus. [source] A case of tenosynovial chondromatosis with tophus-like deposits,APMIS, Issue 9 2004Case report Tenosynovial chondromatosis has not been well recognized because of its rarity, but it is clinically important because of its high rate of recurrence. We report here a case of tenosynovial chondromatosis with deposits of crystalline material that appeared to be sodium urate (gouty tophi). A 37-year-old Japanese man was admitted because of a hard mass in his left third finger. He had undergone surgery at the same anatomical site four and seven years previously. The roentgenogram revealed a soft tissue mass in the flexor aspect of the proximal phalanx. At operation, the tumor was found to have arisen in the tendon sheath. Histopathological examination showed that the tumor was composed of well-defined, multiple, cartilaginous nodules that were surrounded by tenosynovial tissue. A few of the nodules were calcified. The chondrocytes had mild atypia, and were immunopositive for S-100 protein. A diagnosis of tenosynovial chondromatosis was made. The nodules also contained crystalline deposits, which bore a histological resemblance to gouty tophi. We were unable to define the exact nature of these deposits even by transmission electron microscopy and electron roentgenographic microanalysis. Crystalline deposits in chondromas of soft tissue have been reported but not in tenosynovial chondromatosis. [source] Static bone cavity in the condylar neck and mandibular notch of the mandibleAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009K Minowa Abstract This study presents the radiographic findings of two cases of static bone cavity in the inferior aspect of the condylar neck and mandibular notch of the mandible. On plain CT, a soft tissue mass was observed in each cavity. The submandibular gland and the other glands were not found in each cavity. On contrast-enhanced CT, the soft tissue in the cavity in the inferior aspect of the condylar neck had marked linear enhancement and dilated vasculature structure was observed in the cavity. On the contrast-enhanced MRI, the soft tissue in the cavity of the mandibular notch had marked enhancement and flow void was detected in the cavity. In the inferior aspect of the condylar neck, the cavity size had enlarged radiographically over a period of three years. Vascular lesions were found in the cavity located in the inferior aspect of the condylar neck and mandibular notch of the mandible by both CT and MRI. The vascular lesion might explain the enlargement of the static bone cavity. [source] Adhesion of pancreatic beta cells to biopolymer filmsBIOPOLYMERS, Issue 8 2009S. Janette Williams Abstract Dramatic reversal of Type 1 diabetes in patients receiving pancreatic islet transplants continues to prompt vigorous research concerning the basic mechanisms underlying patient turnaround. At the most fundamental level, transplanted islets must maintain viability and function in vitro and in vivo and should be protected from host immune rejection. Our previous reports showed enhancement of islet viability and insulin secretion per tissue mass for small islets (<125 ,m) as compared with large islets (>125 ,m), thus, demonstrating the effect of enhancing the mass transport of islets (i.e. increasing tissue surface area to volume ratio). Here, we report the facile dispersion of rat islets into individual cells that are layered onto the surface of a biopolymer film towards the ultimate goal of improving mass transport in islet tissue. The tightly packed structure of intact islets was disrupted by incubating in calcium-free media resulting in fragmented islets, which were further dispersed into individual or small groups of cells by using a low concentration of papain. The dispersed cells were screened for adhesion to a range of biopolymers and the nature of cell adhesion was characterized for selected groups by quantifying adherent cells, measuring the surface area coverage of the cells, and immunolabeling cells for adhesion proteins interacting with selected biopolymers. Finally, beta cells in suspension were centrifuged to form controlled numbers of cell layers on films for future work determining the mass transport limitations in the adhered tissue constructs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 676,685, 2009. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The "Published Online" date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com [source] Body composition and time course changes in regional distribution of fat and lean tissue in unselected cancer patients on palliative care,Correlations with food intake, metabolism, exercise capacity, and hormonesCANCER, Issue 10 2005Marita Fouladiun M.D. Abstract BACKGROUND Several investigations that yielded different results in terms of net changes in body composition of weight-losing cancer patients have been reported that employed a variety of methods based on fundamentally different technology. Most of those reports were cross-sectional, whereas to the authors' knowledge there is sparse information available on longitudinal follow-up measurements in relation to other independent methods for the assessment of metabolism and performance. METHODS For the current report, the authors evaluated time course changes in body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) with measurements of whole body and regional distribution of fat and lean tissue in relation to food and dietary intake, host metabolism (indirect calorimetry), maximum exercise capacity (walking test), and circulating hormones in cancer patients who were receiving palliative care during 4,62 months of follow-up. The entire cohort comprised 311 patients, ages 68 years ± 3 years who were diagnosed with solid gastrointestinal tumors (84 colorectal tumors, 74 pancreatic tumors, 73 upper gastrointestinal tumors, 51 liver-biliary tumors, 3 breast tumors, 5 melanomas, and 21 other tumor types). RESULTS Decreased body weight was explained by loss of body fat, preferentially from the trunk, followed by leg tissue and arm tissue, respectively. Lean tissue (fat-free mass) was lost from arm tissue, whereas trunk and leg tissue compartments increased, all concomitant with declines in serum albumin, increased systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate), increased serum insulin, and elevated daily caloric intake; whereas serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), resting energy expenditure, and maximum exercise capacity remained unchanged in the same patients. Serum albumin levels (P < 0.001), whole body fat (P < 0.02), and caloric intake (P < 0.001) predicted survival, whereas lean tissue mass did not. Daily intake of fat and carbohydrate was more important for predicting survival than protein intake. Survival also was predicted by serum IGF-1, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin levels (P < 0.02 , P < 0.001). Serum insulin, leptin, and ghrelin (total) levels predicted body fat (P < 0.001), whereas IGF-1 and thyroid hormone levels (T3, free T3) predicted lean tissue mass (P < 0.01). Systemic inflammation primarily explained variation in lean tissue and secondarily explained loss in body fat. Depletion of lean arm tissue was related most to short survival compared with the depletion of lean leg and trunk tissue. CONCLUSIONS The current results demonstrated that body fat was lost more rapidly than lean tissue in progressive cancer cachexia, a phenomenon that was related highly to alterations in the levels of circulating classic hormones and food intake, including both caloric amount and diet composition. The results showed importance in the planning of efficient palliative treatment for cancer patients. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society. [source] Persistence of myeloma protein for more than one year after radiotherapy is an adverse prognostic factor in solitary plasmacytoma of boneCANCER, Issue 5 2002Richard B. Wilder M.D. Abstract BACKGROUND Prognostic factors for solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPB), whether measured before or after radiotherapy (RT), have not been established. The authors analyzed multiple factors for myeloma-free survival (MFS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) in SPB patients treated with RT alone. METHODS Between 1965 and 2000, 60 patients with carefully staged SPB were treated with RT alone at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Patient ages ranged from 29,77 years (median, 54 years), and 75% of patients had a myeloma (M) protein in the blood and/or urine. No patients showed other lesions on skeletal survey or, in recent years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine; marrow aspirate was normal in all patients. Radiotherapy to the solitary lesion was given to a total dose of 30,70 Gy (median, 46 Gy). The authors analyzed the impact of multiple factors on MFS and CSS, including resolution v. persistence of M protein after RT, secretory v. nonsecretory disease at diagnosis, presence v. absence of an associated soft tissue mass on computed tomography or MRI scan, magnitude of serum M protein elevation at diagnosis, age, spinal v. nonspinal location, Karnofsky performance status, total RT dose, and tumor size. RESULTS Median follow-up was 7.8 years (range, 1.0,25.5 years). On multivariate analysis, persistence of M protein more than one year after RT was the only independent adverse prognostic factor for MFS (P = 0.005) and CSS (P = 0.04). Most patients with M protein that persisted for more than one year after RT were diagnosed with multiple myeloma within 2.2 years of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Patients with M protein that persists for more than one year after RT should be monitored frequently and considered for standard chemotherapy followed by intensive consolidation therapy when they either develop symptoms or show an increasing M protein level. Cancer 2002;94:1532,7. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10366 [source] Body composition in Italian and Danish womenCLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, Issue 4 2000De Lorenzo The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the body composition and fat distribution measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DPX, Lunar) in different age decades of age-matched Danish and Italian women. The subjects comprised 133 healthy Italian women (age 20,60 years) age-matched to a representative sub-sample of healthy Danish women (n=375). Total and abdominal body fat tissue mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Italian women were shorter and fatter compared with age-matched Danish women, but in middle-age, had a less abdominal fat distribution. There was no difference in total body bone mineral density. [source] Foreign body granuloma in the submental region due to fish bone: a case reportORAL SURGERY, Issue 1-2 2010X. Ding Abstract The purpose of this article was to describe the clinical and microscopic features of a foreign-body granuloma in submental region that resulted from a fish bone embedded in the floor of mouth. A 45-year-old female patient complained of a hard mass in submental region. Clinical examination showed a non-compressible, firm, fixed lump, painless on palpation. Ultrasound examination showed an internally uneven, uncircumscribed, hypoechoic mass with a steaky hyperechoic spot of 1.1 cm length in the center. A microscopic examination showed newly-formed granuloma, composed of lympocytes and epithelioid cells, and some microabscess with neurophiles. The final diagnosis was a foreign-body granuloma with fish bone. Even though foreign-body granulomas in submental region are rare lesions, surgeon should be familiar with their features and include them in the differential diagnosis of tissue masses. [source] Maternal capital and the metabolic ghetto: An evolutionary perspective on the transgenerational basis of health inequalitiesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Jonathan C.K. Wells There is particular interest in understanding socioeconomic and ethnic variability in health status. The developmental origins of disease hypothesis emphasize the importance of growth patterns across the life-course in relation to noncommunicable disease risk. The physiological components of cardiovascular risk, collectively termed the metabolic syndrome, derive in part from a disparity between the homeostatic "metabolic capacity" of vital organs and the "metabolic load" induced by large tissue masses, a rich diet and sedentary behavior. From an evolutionary perspective, the risk of such disparity is decreased by maternal physiology regulating offspring growth trajectory during gestation and lactation. Maternal capital, defined as phenotypic resources enabling investment in the offspring, allows effective buffering of the offspring from nutritional perturbations and represents the environmental niche initially occupied by the offspring. Offspring growth patterns are sensitive to the magnitude of maternal capital during early windows of plasticity. Offspring life-history strategy can then respond adaptively to further factors across the life-course, but only within the context of this initial maternal influence on growth. Maternal somatic capital is primarily gained or lost across generations, through variable rates of fetal and infant growth. I argue that the poor nutritional experience of populations subjected to colonialism resulted in a systematic loss of maternal capital, reflected in downward secular trends in stature. Accelerating the recovery of somatic capital within generations overloads metabolic capacity and exacerbates cardiovascular risk, reflected in increased disease rates in urbanizing and emigrant populations. Public health policies need to benefit metabolic capacity without exacerbating metabolic load. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||