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Three-dimensional Solution (three-dimensional + solution)
Selected AbstractsSENSORY EVALUATION OF VANILLA-DAIRY DESSERTS BY REPERTORY GRID METHOD AND FREE CHOICE PROFILEJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 1 2006LUIS GONZÁLEZ-TOMÁS ABSTRACT "Natillas" are semisolid dairy desserts widely consumed in Spain, with notable differences existing between commercial brands in their composition and sensory and physical properties. The repertory grid method, in conjunction with the free choice profile (FCP), was used to provide data on how consumers perceived eight commercial "natillas" samples. The most frequent terms used were: vanilla flavor, sweetness, consistency and liquid texture as described by 77, 67, 57 and 53% of the consumers, respectively. A three-dimensional solution was chosen. Dimension 1 accounted for 27.23% of variance and separated the samples largely by yellow-color intensity and consistency. Dimension 2 (15.88%) was mainly related to the visual attributes of texture, creaminess and different notes of flavor. The third dimension (11.34%) was related to structural-texture attributes, orange-yellow color and acid and artificial flavors. The assessors plot showed two clusters. Analysis of each group data revealed differences in their perception of sample variation, mainly regarding texture and color. [source] Design Considerations for Plate and Frame Ultrafiltration Modules by Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis,THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2006Mauro M. Dal-Cin Abstract Pressure and flow maldistributions were studied in a full-scale industrial plate and frame ultrafiltration module, operating in a Z flow pattern, for the recovery of used motor oils. Solutions were obtained using (1) a three-dimensional solution of the Navier-Stokes equation using computational fluid dynamics and (2) Bernoulli's equation and a momentum balance in one dimension. Fluid decelerations and accelerations generated pressure increases and decreases in the distributor and collector, respectively, biasing the flow distribution to the last channel. Several modifications to the original design were evaluated; the most effective was larger distributor and collector diameters, which greatly improved the uniformity of the flow distribution and transmembrane pressure, and reduced the overall pressure drop in a bank. A variable diameter distributor and collector module was designed using the 1-D model. Flow distribution was significantly improved but also yielded an undesirable overall higher pressure drop and a pressure maldistribution in the bank. The maldistribution of the main inlet manifold to the distributors in the first bank was strongly dependent on the module design. The flow distribution across the width of a channel became uniform within a short distance, essentially eliminating the need to consider this design aspect any further. Flows at the bank outlets, and hence inlets of the following bank, showed uniform lateral distribution in all cases, suggesting that future modelling work can be limited to a fraction of the module width, based on symmetry, in order to gain computational efficiency. On a étudié les mauvaises distributions de pression et d'écoulement dans un module d'ultrafiltration à plateaux et à cadres à l'échelle industrielle, fonctionnant dans un schéma d'écoulement en Z, pour la récupération des huiles de moteurs usées. Des solutions ont été obtenues avec (1) une solution tridimensionnelle de l'équation de Navier-Stokes utilisant la mécanique des fluides par ordinateur, et (2) l'équation de Bernoulli et un bilan de quantité de mouvement unidimensionnel. Les décélérations et accélérations de fluide entraînent des augmentations et diminutions de pression dans le distributeur et le collecteur, respectivement, ce qui fausse la distribution d'écoulement dans le dernier canal. On a évalué plusieurs modifications du concept original; la plus efficace sont des diamètres de distributeur et de collecteur plus larges, qui permettent d'améliorer grandement l'uniformité de la distribution d'écoulement et la pression transmembranaire, et qui réduisent la perte de charge globale dans une batterie. Un module de distributeur et de collecteur de diamètres variables a été conçu au moyen du modèle 1D. La distribution d'écoulement est significativement améliorée mais cause une perte de charge globale plus grande indésirable et une mauvaise distribution de pression dans la batterie. La mauvaise distribution du manifold d'entrée principal vers les distributeurs dans la première batterie est fortement dépendante de la conception du module. La distribution d'écoulement dans toute la largeur d'un canal devient uniforme sur une courte distance, éliminant essentiellement le besoin d'approfondir cet aspect de la conception. L'écoulement en sortie de batteries et donc à l'entrée des batteries suivantes montre une distribution latérale uniforme dans tous les cas, ce qui suggère que le travail de modélisation futur peut se limiter à une fraction de la largeur du module, pour des raisons de symétrie, pour gagner de l'efficacité numérique. [source] Structure of Ti2P solved by three-dimensional electron diffraction data collected with the precession technique and high-resolution electron microscopyACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A, Issue 2 2003Xiaodong Zou The crystal structure of Ti2P has been analysed using electron diffraction and high-resolution electron-microscopy techniques. A new unit cell was found, the compound is hexagonal with a = 19.969,(1) and c = 3.4589,(1),Å. The structure was first solved in space group in projection using direct methods on electron diffraction data from the [001] zone axis. A three-dimensional solution was obtained using again direct methods but on a three-dimensional set of electron diffraction data recorded with the precession technique. Ti2P is a distorted Fe2P structure and, based on high-resolution images, it is possible to explain that the tripling of the unit cell is due to the ordering of P vacancies that reduces the symmetry to . [source] Classical and advanced multilayered plate elements based upon PVD and RMVT.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2002Part 2: Numerical implementations Abstract This paper presents numerical evaluations related to the multilayered plate elements which were proposed in the companion paper (Part 1). Two-dimensional modellings with linear and higher-order (up to fourth order) expansion in the z -plate/layer thickness direction have been implemented for both displacements and transverse stresses. Layer-wise as well as equivalent single-layer modellings are considered on both frameworks of the principle of virtual displacements and Reissner mixed variational theorem. Such a variety has led to the implementation of 22 plate theories. As far as finite element approximation is concerned, three quadrilaters have been considered (four-, eight- and nine-noded plate elements). As a result, 22×3 different finite plate elements have been compared in the present analysis. The automatic procedure described in Part 1, which made extensive use of indicial notations, has herein been referred to in the considered computer implementations. An assessment has been made as far as convergence rates, numerical integrations and comparison to correspondent closed-form solutions are concerned. Extensive comparison to early and recently available results has been made for sample problems related to laminated and sandwich structures. Classical formulations, full mixed, hybrid, as well as three-dimensional solutions have been considered in such a comparison. Numerical substantiation of the importance of the fulfilment of zig-zag effects and interlaminar equilibria is given. The superiority of RMVT formulated finite elements over those related to PVD has been concluded. Two test cases are proposed as ,desk-beds' to establish the accuracy of the several theories. Results related to all the developed theories are presented for the first test case. The second test case, which is related to sandwich plates, restricts the comparison to the most significant implemented finite elements. It is proposed to refer to these test cases to establish the accuracy of existing or new higher-order, refined or improved finite elements for multilayered plate analyses. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||