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Basic Science Studies (basic + science_studies)
Selected AbstractsSignaling, delivery and age as emerging issues in the benefit/risk ratio outcome of tPA For treatment of CNS ischemic disordersJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2010William M. Armstead J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 303,312. Abstract Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. While tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only FDA-approved treatment for ischemic stroke, clinical use of tPA has been constrained to roughly 3% of eligible patients because of the danger of intracranial hemorrhage and a narrow 3 h time window for safe administration. Basic science studies indicate that tPA enhances excitotoxic neuronal cell death. In this review, the beneficial and deleterious effects of tPA in ischemic brain are discussed along with emphasis on development of new approaches toward treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke. In particular, roles of tPA-induced signaling and a novel delivery system for tPA administration based on tPA coupling to carrier red blood cells will be considered as therapeutic modalities for increasing tPA benefit/risk ratio. The concept of the neurovascular unit will be discussed in the context of dynamic relationships between tPA-induced changes in cerebral hemodynamics and histopathologic outcome of CNS ischemia. Additionally, the role of age will be considered since thrombolytic therapy is being increasingly used in the pediatric population, but there are few basic science studies of CNS injury in pediatric animals. [source] Gastrointestinal motility and the brain-gut axisDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 2 2003TADASHI ISHIGUCHI The role of the brain-gut axis in gastrointestinal motility is discussed according to the specific organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Not only clinical studies but basic animal research are reviewed. Although the mechanism of functional gut disorders remains to be clarified, recent data suggest that there is evidence that the brain-gut axis has significant effects on gastrointestinal motility. The major role of endoscopy in the diagnosis of functional gastrointestinal disorders is to exclude organic gastrointestinal disorders. In the esophagus, the lower esophageal sphincter and a gamma-aminobutyric acid B mechanism are considered to play important roles in gastroesophageal reflux disease. In the stomach, corticotropin-releasing factor, neuropeptide Y and other substances might be involved in the pathogenesis of non-ulcer dyspepsia. In the small intestine, corticotropin-releasing factor, gamma-aminobutyric acid B and other substances are considered to modulate intestinal transit via central mechanisms. In the colon, it is known that psychiatric factors are related to the onset and clinical course of irritable bowel syndrome. Serotonin, corticotropin-releasing factor, gamma-aminobutyric acid, orphanin FQ and neuropeptide Y have been reported as putative neurotransmitters. More efforts in basic science studies and animal and human studies of physiology of the gastointestinal tract are still required. These efforts will elucidate further mechanisms to clarify the etiology of motility disorders and encourage the investigation of new therapies in this field. [source] Endocrine parameters of cystic fibrosis: Back to basicsJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2009Michael S. Stalvey Abstract Dramatic changes in the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are occurring, creating a cohort of aging individuals experiencing long-term complications of this chronic disease. The two most common of these complications include CF-related diabetes and CF bone disease. The clinical implications of each have become better understood, as have potential therapies. However, data obtained from the basic science studies of both diseases have not been widely recognized. In this review, we focus on the known and hypothesized pathogenesis of these two disorders. Additionally, the molecular underpinnings of CF will be explained along with the potential interactions with endocrine disease phenotypes. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 353,361, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Signaling, delivery and age as emerging issues in the benefit/risk ratio outcome of tPA For treatment of CNS ischemic disordersJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2010William M. Armstead J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 303,312. Abstract Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. While tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only FDA-approved treatment for ischemic stroke, clinical use of tPA has been constrained to roughly 3% of eligible patients because of the danger of intracranial hemorrhage and a narrow 3 h time window for safe administration. Basic science studies indicate that tPA enhances excitotoxic neuronal cell death. In this review, the beneficial and deleterious effects of tPA in ischemic brain are discussed along with emphasis on development of new approaches toward treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke. In particular, roles of tPA-induced signaling and a novel delivery system for tPA administration based on tPA coupling to carrier red blood cells will be considered as therapeutic modalities for increasing tPA benefit/risk ratio. The concept of the neurovascular unit will be discussed in the context of dynamic relationships between tPA-induced changes in cerebral hemodynamics and histopathologic outcome of CNS ischemia. Additionally, the role of age will be considered since thrombolytic therapy is being increasingly used in the pediatric population, but there are few basic science studies of CNS injury in pediatric animals. [source] Advancing Alcohol Biomarkers ResearchALCOHOLISM, Issue 6 2010Cynthia F. Bearer Biomarkers to detect past alcohol use and identify alcohol-related diseases have long been pursued as important tools for research into alcohol use disorders as well as for clinical and treatment applications and other settings. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) sponsored a workshop titled "Workshop on Biomarkers for Alcohol-Induced Disorders" in June 2008. The intent of this workshop was to review and discuss recent progress in the development and implementation of biomarkers for alcohol use and alcohol-related disorders with a goal to formulate a set of recommendations to use to stimulate and advance research progress in this critical area of alcoholism research. Presentations at this workshop reviewed the current status of alcohol biomarkers, providing a summary of the history of biomarkers and the major goals of alcohol biomarker research. Moreover, presentations provided a comprehensive overview of the current status of several well-recognized biomarkers of alcohol use, a summary of recent studies to characterize novel biomarkers and their validation, along with perspectives and experiences from other NIH institutes and from other federal agencies and industry, related to regulatory issues. Following these presentations, a panel discussion focused on a set of issues presented by the organizers of this workshop. These discussion points addressed: (i) issues related to strategies to be adopted to stimulate biomarker discovery and application, (ii) the relevance of animal studies in biomarker development and the status of biomarkers in basic science studies, and (iii) issues related to the opportunities for clinical and commercial applications. This article summarizes these perspectives and highlights topics that constituted the basis for recommendations to enhance alcohol biomarker research. [source] | |||||||||||||