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Theory Predictions (theory + prediction)
Selected AbstractsChemInform Abstract: Fullerene-Like III,V Clusters: A Density Functional Theory Prediction.CHEMINFORM, Issue 9 2002Valentina Tozzini Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] An empirical investigation of framing effects in negotiations: A study of single-family home salesPSYCHOLOGY & MARKETING, Issue 5 2008Carl L. Witte This paper integrates Prospect Theory and the concept of framing in a study of consumer negotiated pricing in a real estate context. Building on previously conducted experimental designs, a field survey indicated that home sellers using sales price as a reference point display greater willingness to make concessions than those who use equity as their reference point. Further, the third-party influence of the realtor was shown to alter Prospect Theory predictions so that even equity-based sellers became concessionary. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Following START: Risk Acceptance and the 1991,1992 Presidential Nuclear InitiativesFOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2008Matthew Fuhrmann In September 1991, U.S. President George H.W. Bush launched the Presidential Nuclear Initiatives (PNIs), which were unilateral measures that led to the largest reductions in the American and Soviet/Russian nuclear arsenals to date. Despite their eventual success, the United States took on significant risks in launching the PNIs. To uncover the best theoretical explanation for their onset, this article uses realism, neorealism, the bureaucratic politics model, expected utility theory, and prospect theory to generate ex ante predictions regarding nuclear arms control at the end of the Cold War. It then tests the theories' predictions against the empirical record. The results suggest that a focus on an individual decision maker,President Bush,is necessary to fully understand the PNIs and that an explanation rooted in prospect theory offers the most explanatory power. This study speaks to an important debate in discipline regarding the significance of individuals, while underscoring the value of exploring foreign policy decision making from multiple levels of analysis. It also advances the literatures on risk acceptance and prospect theory by shifting their applications away from militarized conflict and crises to diplomatic negotiations and cooperation. [source] Operational sex ratio, sexual conflict and the intensity of sexual selectionECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 5 2008Patrick S. Fitze Abstract Modern sexual selection theory indicates that reproductive costs rather than the operational sex ratio predict the intensity of sexual selection. We investigated sexual selection in the polygynandrous common lizard Lacerta vivipara. This species shows male aggression, causing high mating costs for females when adult sex ratios (ASR) are male-biased. We manipulated ASR in 12 experimental populations and quantified the intensity of sexual selection based on the relationship between reproductive success and body size. In sharp contrast to classical sexual selection theory predictions, positive directional sexual selection on male size was stronger and positive directional selection on female size weaker in female-biased populations than in male-biased populations. Thus, consistent with modern theory, directional sexual selection on male size was weaker in populations with higher female mating costs. This suggests that the costs of breeding, but not the operational sex ratio, correctly predicted the strength of sexual selection. [source] Transungual iontophoretic transport of polar neutral and positively charged model permeants: Effects of electrophoresis and electroosmosisJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2008Jinsong Hao Abstract Transungual iontophoretic transport of model neutral permeants mannitol (MA), urea (UR), and positively charged permeant tetraethylammonium ion (TEA) across fully hydrated human nail plates at pH 7.4 were investigated in vitro. Four protocols were involved in the transport experiments with each protocol divided into stages including passive and iontophoresis transport of 0.1 and 0.3 mA. Water and permeant uptake experiments of nail clippings were also conducted to characterize the hydration and binding effects of the permeants to the nails. Iontophoresis enhanced the transport of MA and UR from anode to cathode, but this effect (electroosmosis) was marginal. The transport of TEA was significantly enhanced by anodal iontophoresis and the experimental enhancement factors were consistent with the Nernst,Planck theory predictions. Hindered transport was also observed and believed to be critical in transungual delivery. The barrier of the nail plates was stable over the time course of the study, and no significant electric field-induced alteration of the barrier was observed. The present results with hydrated nail plates are consistent with electrophoresis-dominant (the direct field effect) transungual iontophoretic transport of small ionic permeants with small contribution from electroosmosis. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:893,905, 2008 [source] The 2dF-SDSS LRG and QSO survey: QSO clustering and the L,z degeneracyMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 2 2008J. DaÂngela ABSTRACT We combine the quasi-stellar object (QSO) samples from the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey (2QZ) and the 2dF-Sloan Digital Sky Survey luminous red galaxy (LRG) and QSO Survey (2dF-SDSS LRG and QSO, hereafter 2SLAQ) in order to investigate the clustering of z, 1.5 QSOs and measure the correlation function (,). The clustering signal in redshift-space and projected along the sky direction is similar to that previously obtained from the 2QZ sample alone. By fitting functional forms for ,(,, ,), the correlation function measured along and across the line of sight, we find, as expected, that ,, the dynamical infall parameter and ,0m, the cosmological density parameter, are degenerate. However, this degeneracy can be lifted by using linear theory predictions under different cosmological scenarios. Using the combination of the 2QZ and 2SLAQ QSO data, we obtain: ,QSO(z= 1.5) = 0.60+0.14,0.11, ,0m= 0.25+0.09,0.07 which imply a value for the QSO bias, b(z= 1.4) = 1.5 ± 0.2. The combination of the 2QZ with the fainter 2SLAQ QSO sample further reveals that QSO clustering does not depend strongly on luminosity at fixed redshift. This result is inconsistent with the expectation of simple ,high peaks' biasing models where more luminous, rare QSOs are assumed to inhabit higher mass haloes. The data are more consistent with models which predict that QSOs of different luminosities reside in haloes of similar mass. By assuming ellipsoidal models for the collapse of density perturbations, we estimate the mass of the dark matter haloes which the QSOs inhabit as ,3 × 1012 h,1 M,. We find that this halo mass does not evolve strongly with redshift nor depend on QSO luminosity. Assuming a range of relations which relate halo to black hole mass, we investigate how black hole mass correlates with luminosity and redshift, and ascertain the relation between Eddington efficiency and black hole mass. Our results suggest that QSOs of different luminosities may contain black holes of similar mass. [source] Mass selection bias in galaxy cluster peculiar velocities from the kinetic Sunyaev,Zel'dovich effectMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 4 2006Alan C. Peel ABSTRACT Upcoming surveys for galaxy clusters using the Sunyaev,Zel'dovich effect are potentially sensitive enough to create a peculiar velocity catalogue. The statistics of these peculiar velocities are sensitive to cosmological parameters. We develop a method to explore parameter space using N -body simulations in order to quantify dark matter halo velocity statistics which will be useful for cluster peculiar velocity observations. We show that mass selection bias from a kinetic Sunyaev,Zel'dovich velocity catalogue forecasts rms peculiar velocities with a much more complicated ,m dependency than suggested by linear perturbation theory. In addition, we show that both two-point functions for velocities disagree with linear theory predictions out to ,40 h,1 Mpc separations. A pedagogical appendix is included developing linear theory notation with respect to the two-point peculiar velocities functions. [source] Is polaron effect important for resonant Raman scattering in self-assembled quantum dots?PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 2 2005M. I. Vasilevskiy Abstract While the diagonal (or intra-level) interaction of a confined exciton with optical phonons in self-assembled quantum dots (SAQD's) is rather weak, the non-diagonal one can lead to a considerable change of the exciton spectrum and the formation of a polaron. An impact of this effect on resonant inelastic light scattering is studied theoretically. The polaron spectrum is obtained by numerical diagonalisation of the exciton,phonon interaction Hamiltonian in a truncated Hilbert space of the non-interacting excitons and phonons. Based on this spectrum, the probability of the multi-phonon Raman scattering is calculated, which is compared to that obtained within the standard perturbation theory approach (where phonon emission and absorption are irreversible). It is shown that there are two major effects of the polaron formation: (i) the intensity of the two-phonon (2 LO) peak, relative to that of the fundamental 1 LO one is strongly increased and (ii) the resonant behaviour of the 1 LO peak differs considerably from the perturbation theory predictions. With the correct theoretical interpretation, resonant Raman scattering in SAQD's opens the possibility of accessing the (renormalised) exciton spectrum and exciton,phonon coupling constants. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Image Theory, Social Identity, and Social Dominance: Structural Characteristics and Individual Motives Underlying International ImagesPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Michele G. Alexander The present study provides an empirical test of international relations image theory and extends the theory by emphasizing that individuals' social identity and social dominance motives contribute to such images. One hundred forty-five Lebanese participants completed a survey that assessed their perceptions of U.S.-Lebanese relations, the images they have of the United States, their social identities, and their social dominance orientations. Participants were more likely to hold the barbarian image of the United States than the enemy, imperialist, or ally images. Participants also tended to perceive the United States as having relatively superior power, inferior cultural status, and goals that are incompatible with those of Lebanon. Consistent with image theory predictions, this constellation of structural perceptions was associated with stronger endorsement of the barbarian image. Furthermore, participants were more likely to endorse the barbarian image of the United States the more they identified with Arabs and Palestinians, the less they identified with Christians and the Western world, and the lower their social dominance orientation. Results highlight the importance of considering both structural characteristics and individual motives underlying international images and demonstrate the need for scholars to move beyond the enemy image of nations when describing international relations. [source] Broken time-reversal symmetry scattering at the Anderson transitionANNALEN DER PHYSIK, Issue 12 2009A. Alcazar Abstract We study numerically the statistical properties of some scattering quantities for the Power-law Banded Random Matrix model at criticality in the absence of time-reversal symmetry, with a small number of single-channel leads attached to it. We focus on the average scattering matrix elements, the conductance probability distribution, and the shot noise power as a function of the effective bandwidth b of the model. We find a smooth transition from insulating- to metallic-like behavior in the scattering properties of the model by increasing b. We contrast our results with existing random matrix theory predictions. [source] Futures trading and the storage of North American natural gasOPEC ENERGY REVIEW, Issue 1 2006Apostolos Serletis This paper tests the theory of storage in North American natural gas markets, using the Fama and French (1988) indirect test. In particular, we test the theory's prediction that when inventory is high, large inventory responses to shocks imply roughly equal changes in spot and futures prices, whereas when inventory is low, smaller inventory responses to shocks imply larger changes in spot prices than in futures prices. Our tests on spot and futures North American natural gas prices confirm these predictions of the theory of storage. [source] Governance from Below in Bolivia: A Theory of Local Government with Two Empirical TestsLATIN AMERICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY, Issue 4 2009Jean-Paul Faguet ABSTRACT This article examines decentralization through the lens of the local dynamics it unleashed in the much-noted case of Bolivia. It argues that the national effects of decentralization are largely the sum of its local-level effects. To understand decentralization, therefore, we must first understand how local government works. The article explores the deep economic and institutional determinants of government quality in two extremes of municipal performance. From this it derives a model of local government responsiveness as the product of political openness and substantive competition. The quality of local politics, in turn, emerges endogenously as the joint product of the lobbying and political engagement of local firms and interests and the organizational density and ability of civil society. The analysis tests the theory's predictions on a database containing all Bolivian municipalities. The theory proves robust. The combined methodology provides a higher-order empirical rigor than either approach can alone. [source] COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXCHANGE RATE APPRECIATION AND AGGREGATE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIESBULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 1 2008Magda Kandil F31; F40; F41; F43 ABSTRACT The paper examines the effects of exchange rate depreciation on real output and price in a sample of 11 developing countries in the Middle East. The theoretical model decomposes movements in the exchange rate into anticipated and unanticipated components. Unanticipated currency fluctuations determine aggregate demand through exports, imports, and the demand for domestic currency, and determine aggregate supply through the cost of imported intermediate goods. The evidence indicates that the supply channel attributed to anticipated exchange rate appreciation results in limited effects on output growth and price inflation. Consistent with theory's predictions, unanticipated appreciation of the exchange rate appears more significant with varying effects on output growth and price inflation across developing countries. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||