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Theoretical Views (theoretical + views)
Selected AbstractsLiterature review of theory and research on the psychological impact of temporary employment: Towards a conceptual modelINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 1 2008Nele De Cuyper The increased use of temporary contracts has instigated debates on possible implications for employees' attitudes, well-being and behaviour. The complex issues related to this debate are reviewed from a theoretical, empirical and conceptual point of view. First, the definitions of temporary employment that are currently used in OECD countries are reviewed. Second, theoretical views concerning possible determinants are elaborated. The theoretical frameworks discussed include Work Stress Theory, Social Comparison Theory and Social Exchange Theory. The determinants proposed in these theories have served to form the basis of hypotheses on differences between temporary and permanent workers on various psychological outcomes. Third, research on associations between temporary employment and the variables job satisfaction, organizational commitment, well-being and behaviour are reviewed. These variables are most frequently used in the realm of temporary work research. This review concludes that research results have been inconsistent and inconclusive, unlike the predictions that follow from the theoretical frameworks. This leads to a fourth section in which potential explanations for these inconsistent findings are advanced. In conclusion, a conceptual model is developed to inspire future research. [source] On the Difference Between Designing Children and Raising Them: Ethics and the Use of Educationally Oriented BiotechnologyMIND, BRAIN, AND EDUCATION, Issue 2 2010Zachary Stein The use of educationally oriented biotechnology has grown drastically in recent decades and is likely to continue to grow. Advances in both the neurosciences and genetics have opened up important areas of application and industry, from psychopharmacology to gene-chip technologies. This article reviews the current state of educationally oriented biological technologies, eventually focusing on the use of psychiatric drugs with children and adolescents to improve their academic performance. Distinguishing between "good" and "bad" uses of biological technologies is complicated by conflicting theoretical views about human development, the etiology of disability, and the diagnostic categories that structure treatments. To address these issues I introduce a set of ethical concepts, which are based on a biopsychosocial approach to human development. The difference between designing children and raising children marks an ethically salient difference between approaches that focus on only part of the child (e.g., her brain) and approaches that focus on the full biopsychosocial complexity of the developing child in context. This clarifies the importance of the child's right to both autonomy and care. Implications for policy and practice are offered. [source] Features of groups and status hierarchies in girls' and boys' early adolescent peer networksNEW DIRECTIONS FOR CHILD & ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT, Issue 118 2007Scott D. Gest Girls and boys were more similar than different in the structural features of their social groups and networks in early adolescence. Boys' groups were somewhat larger than girls' groups, but contrary to prominent theoretical views, there were no systematic sex differences in tight-knittedness or in the salience of status hierarchies. [source] A conception-based approach to automatic subject term assignment for scientific journal articlesPROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2006EunKyung Chung This study proposes a conception-based approach to automatic subject term assignment when using Text Classification (TC) techniques. From the perspective of conceptual and theoretical views of subject indexing, this study identifies three conception-based approaches, Domain-Oriented, Document-Oriented, and Content-Oriented, in conjunction with eight semantic sources in typical scientific journal articles. Based on the identification of semantic sources and conception-based approaches, the experiment explores the significance of individual semantic sources and conception-based approaches for the effectiveness of subject term assignment. The results of the experiment demonstrate that some semantic sources and conception-based approaches are better performers than the full text-based approach which has been dominant in TC fields. In fact, this study indicates that subject terms are better assigned by TC techniques when the indexing conceptions are considered in conjunction with semantic sources. [source] The Language of Practical PhilosophyRATIO JURIS, Issue 3 2002Ota Weinberger Kant's criticism is based on the idea that all possible knowledge of facts is determined by the immanent structure of our apparatus of cognition, and that therefore we have no access to reality as it is per se ("Ding an sich"). In modern analytical philosophy some elements of this view survived, namely, the distinction between framework construction and actual data of experience, supposition or voluntary setting. The conditio humana is characterised by our capacity of acting. Acting is defined as behaviour determined and controlled by information processes. The structure of these processes defines the semantics and logical principles of practical philosophy. From this view follows the conception of value judgments, the logic of preferences, formal teleology, the analysis of utility and norm logic. The framework theories should be open in order to be able to express all possible theoretical views, namely, subjectivism as well as objectivism. The paper gives a concise account of the systems of practical thought (formal axiology, formal teleology, preference logic and norm logic) and their gnoseological problems. [source] Intuitions and introspections about imagery: the role of imagery experience in shaping an investigator's theoretical viewsAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Daniel Reisberg Early in a scientific debate, before much evidence has accumulated, why are some scientists inclined toward one position and other scientists toward the opposite position? We explore this issue with a focus on scientists' views of the ,imagery debate' that unfolded in Cognitive Science during the late 1970s and early 1980s. We examine the possibility that, during the early years of this debate, researchers' views were shaped by their own conscious experiences with imagery. Consistent with this suggestion, a survey of 150 psychologists, philosophers, and neuroscientists showed that those who experienced their own visual imagery as vivid and picture-like recall being more sympathetic in 1980 to the view that, in general, images are picture-like. Similarly, those who have vivid images and who regularly use their images in cognition were more inclined to believe that issues of image vividness deserve more research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Metal-stabilized rare tautomers: N4 metalated cytosine (M = Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+), theoretical viewsAPPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 8 2003Majid Monajjemi Abstract Ab initio calculations indicate that metalation of the exocyclic amino group of cytosine by the elements of Group IA (Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) induces protonation of a nucleobase ring nitrogen atom, and hence causes a proton shift from an exocyclic to an endocyclic nitrogen atom. Thus, this metal-assisted process leads to the generation of rare nucleobase tautomers. The calculations suggest that this kind of metalation increases the protonation energies of the aromatic ring of the nucleobase. The present study reports the quantum chemistry analysis of the metal-assisted tautomerization. The calculations clearly demonstrate that metalation of the exocyclic amino group of the nucleobase significantly increases the protonation energy of the aromatic rings of the nucleobase. Also, absolute anisotropy shift, molecular orbital and natural bond orbital calculations are compatible with these results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||