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Testicular Atrophy (testicular + atrophy)
Selected AbstractsToxicity of oral exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis),ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2008Craig A. McFarland Abstract Contamination of the soil with the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been found at military sites, many of which are habitats used by reptiles. To provide data useful in assessing ecological risk for reptilian species, acute, subacute, and subchronic oral toxicity studies were conducted with the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis). Oral median lethal dose (LD50) values for TNT in corn oil were 1,038 and 1,579 mg/kg of body weight for male and female lizards, respectively. Overt signs of toxicity included chromaturia, abdominal enlargement, and tremors. A 14-d subacute study followed in which male lizards were orally dosed with TNT (corn oil) at 0, 33, 66, 132, 263, 525, and 1,050 mg/kg of body weight each day. Clinical signs of toxicity, while similar to the LD50 study, were more subtle and noted in lizards receiving TNT amounts of at least 66 mg/kg/d. Chromaturia was an early consistent sign, often preceding the onset of adverse effects. Male lizards in the 60-d subchronic study were dosed at 0, 3, 15, 25, 35, and 45 mg/kg/d with nearly complete survival (>90%) for lizards in all treatments. Changes in food consumption and body weight were observed at 35 and 45 mg/kg/d. Alterations in hematological end points; blood chemistries (albumin, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, calcium); kidney, spleen, and liver weights; and adverse histopathology were observed in lizards exposed at 25 to 45 mg/kg/d. Testosterone concentration, sperm count, and motility were variable between treatments. Although not significant, incidences of hypospermia and testicular atrophy were observed in some individuals. Together, these data suggest a lowest-observed-adverse effect level of 25 mg/kg/d and a no-observed-adverse effect level of 15 mg/kg/d in S. occidentalis. [source] Effect of experimentally induced Escherichia coli epididymo-orchitis and ciprofloxacin treatment on rat spermatogenesisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 3 2007Aslan Demir Abstract: We investigated the effects of epididymo-orchitis and ciprofloxacin on rat testicular histology and spermatogenesis. The control group underwent left orchiectomy. The second group received oral ciprofloxacin (150 mg/kg/day) for 10 days. Escherichia coli (106 cfu/mL, 0.1 mL) was injected into the proximal right ductus deferens in the third group. The fourth group received ciprofloxacin treatment 48 h after E. coli inoculation. In groups 3 and 4, bilateral orchiectomy was performed 14 days after the challenge. In healthy rats, ciprofloxacin caused recognizable histological damage associated with a mild decrease in testicular volume and sperm concentration. Infected testicles in groups 3 and 4 revealed severe histological damage associated with severe testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis that were more significant in infected rats which received ciprofloxacin treatment. Contralateral testicles in these animals showed similar histopathological changes to a lesser extent. The results of our study suggest a gonadotoxic potential for ciprofloxacin and this potential in humans should be addressed with further studies. [source] Intratesticular arterial resistance and testicular volume in infertile men with subclinical varicoceleJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 8 2004Nevbahar Akcar MD Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate whether intratesticular arterial resistance and testicular volume differed between infertile men with subclinical varicoceles and infertile men without varicoceles. Materials and Methods Fifty-eight infertile men were examined by gray-scale and color Doppler sonography for presence of varicocele, testicular volume, and arterial resistance. For men in the study group, mean testicular volume and resistance index (RI) in testes with varicoceles were compared with those in the contralateral testis by the paired t-test; statistical analyses between the study and control groups were performed by independent t-tests. Results Twenty-seven men had left-sided varicoceles (96% of which were subclinical), and 31 infertile men without varicoceles served as controls. Mean volumes of the right and left testes of study subjects were 14.8 ml and 14.6 ml, respectively, and in controls were 14.2 ml and 13.6 ml, respectively. Mean RI values for the right and left testes of study subjects were 0.61 and 0.58, respectively, and in controls were 0.61 and 0.58, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in volume or RI, either between the right and left testes within patient groups or between the control and study groups' combined mean values. While the mean intertesticular volume differences for the study and control groups were 2.2 ml and 3.4 ml, respectively, the mean intertesticular RI differences were 0.04 and 0.07, respectively. These values also did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Conclusions Subclinical varicocele is not associated with ipsilateral testicular atrophy, and does not affect the intratesticular arterial RI. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:389,393, 2004 [source] Ethanol Exposure Enhances Apoptosis Within the TestesALCOHOLISM, Issue 10 2000Qianlong Zhu Background: Chronic ethanol abuse causes testicular atrophy and male infertility in alcoholic men. It is well known that ethanol exposure disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, adversely affects the secretory function of Sertoli cells, and produces oxidative stress within the testes. It is still not clear what cellular mechanisms are responsible for the morphologic alteration of the testes that results in a reduction of testicular mass as a consequence of ethanol exposure. The hypothesis tested was that ethanol enhances apoptosis of testicular germ cells. Methods: In the experiments of chronic ethanol exposure, male Sprague Dawley® rats (Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc., Indianapolis, IN) were fed Liber-Decarlie liquid diet for 9 weeks. In the experiments of acute ethanol exposure, a small volume of 20% ethanol solution was administered by intratesticular injection. Both 3,-end labeling of isolated testicular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and labeling of apoptotic cells in situ by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5,-triphosphate nick end-labeling method were used to determine apoptosis rates within the testes. The expression of proteins involved in apoptosis was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and by Western blotting. Results: The testes of rats that were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet had more testicular DNA fragmentation than did those of animals that were fed an isocaloric control diet. Ethanol increased the number of apoptotic spermatogonia as well as spermatocytes. Direct intratesticular injections of ethanol solution enhanced testicular DNA fragmentation, suggesting an increase in apoptosis. Moreover, Fas ligand levels were increased within the testes of rats that were chronically fed ethanol. In vitro, ethanol treatment of cultured Sertoli cells enhanced the production of Fas ligand. In addition, testicular levels of p53 messenger ribonucleic acid were increased in rats that were chronically fed ethanol. Conclusions: All of these observations suggest that ethanol enhances testicular germ cell apoptosis. [source] Mice lacking cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p19Ink4d show strain-specific effects on male reproductionMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 8 2007Gregory M. Buchold Abstract p19Ink4d is a member of the INK4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, which are important negative regulators of the G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. On a mixed C57BL/6,×,129P2/OlaHsd background, mice deficient for p19Ink4d exhibited defects in male reproductive function including testicular atrophy, alteration in serum follicle stimulating hormone, qualitative increase in germ cell apoptosis, and delayed kinetics of meiotic prophase markers (Zindy et al., 2001. Mol Cell Biol 21:3244,3255; Zindy et al., 2000. Mol Cell Biol 20:372,378). In this study, a quantitative assessment of these aspects of reproductive capacity demonstrated relatively mild deficits in p19Ink4d,/, males compared to controls. These effects did not dramatically worsen in older males although some seminiferous tubule defects were observed. Following marker-assisted backcrossing into the C57BL/6 background, p19Ink4d,/, males did not display defects in testis weights, sperm numbers, serum FSH, germ cell apoptosis, or kinetics of selected meiotic prophase markers. These studies indicate that a reduction in Ink4 family function by the loss of p19Ink4d is sufficient to induce mild reproductive defects in male mice with a mixed genetic background, but not in the C57BL/6 genetic background. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 1008,1020, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Trauma to male genital organs: a 10-year review of 156 patients, including 118 treated by surgeryBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2008Sung Hoon Lee OBJECTIVE To assess testicular rupture, scrotal haematoma, penile fracture and penile injury, comparing the prognoses of surgery and conservative management, as trauma to male external genital organs can cause devastating effects on patients and their partners. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 156 male patients who presented to our emergency centre with trauma to the external genital organs between January 1996 and March 2006. RESULTS In all, 74 patients had testicular rupture, 32 penile fracture, 26 a penile injury and 24 a scrotal haematoma (mean age 27.8 years). The main cause of trauma was assault (52, 33%). Four of 14 patients with penile trauma who were managed conservatively had complications. Of 20 patients, 17 had a partial orchidectomy and were followed for a month after surgery; scrotal ultrasonography showed three cases of testicular atrophy. The mean hospital stay was less for patients with surgical intervention, at 6.4 days, than for those managed conservatively, at 8.7 days (P < 0.05). A visual analogue pain scale showed less pain in patients who were surgically treated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Prompt surgical intervention is crucial; it should be considered by urologists, and is strongly recommended. Ultrasonography was highly sensitive and specific, and should be used in all patients with trauma to the external genital organs, to aid diagnosis and evaluation before surgery. [source] Managing varicoceles in children: results with microsurgical varicocelectomyBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2005Jonathan Schiff Authors from New York present their experience of elective varicocelectomy, using microsurgical techniques, in a large series of children. They found the procedure to be safe and effective, and gave a much lower complication rate than the published rate in open varicocelectomy. The results of urethroplasty in post-traumatic paediatric urethral strictures are presented by authors from Mansoura. They found the overall success of one-stage perineal anastomotic repair of such strictures to be excellent, with very little morbidity. OBJECTIVE To report our experience of microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy in boys aged ,,18 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS Boys aged ,,18 years treated with microsurgical varicocelectomy between 1996 and 2000 at one institution were retrospectively reviewed. Indications for surgery included ipsilateral testicular atrophy, large varicocele or pain. Microsurgery was assisted by an operating microscope (×10,25) allowing preservation of the lymphatics, and the testicular and cremasteric arteries. Patient age, varicocele grade, complications and follow-up interval were recorded. RESULTS In all there were 97 microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomies (23 bilateral) in 74 boys (mean age 14.7 years). Left-sided varicoceles were significantly larger (mean grade 2.9) than right-sided (mean grade 1.4) varicoceles. The mean follow-up was 9.6 months. There were four complications: two hydroceles, of which one resolved spontaneously after 4 months; one patient had persistent orchialgia that resolved after 8 months; and one developed hypertrophic scarring at the inguinal incision site. There were no infections, haematomas or intraoperative injuries to the vas deferens or testicular arteries. All boys were discharged home on the day of surgery. CONCLUSIONS Microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy in boys is a safe, minimally invasive and effective means of treating varicoceles. Compared with published results of the retroperitoneal mass ligation technique, which has a 15% overall complication rate and a 7,9% hydrocele occurrence rate, the microsurgical subinguinal approach appears to offer less morbidity, with a 1% hydrocele rate. We consider that microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy offers the best results with lower morbidity than other techniques. [source] Intermittent testicular pain: fix the testesBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2003S. Kamaledeen OBJECTIVE To analyse the presenting features, signs and operative findings of children presenting with intermittent testicular pain, as testicular torsion is a relatively common and serious emergency in children that can lead to testicular loss in up to 80%, although half of these children have previous episodes of pain suggestive of intermittent torsion. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were collected prospectively for all patients presenting with recurrent pain between December 2000 and June 2001. Variables assessed included presenting symptoms, age, size, lie and position of the testis when supine and erect, the operative findings and follow-up. RESULTS Eight children had at least two previous episodes of testicular pain; four of these were admitted on six occasions. Two had undergone previous scrotal exploration. On clinical examination, six boys had a transverse testicle and two a discrepancy in testicular size. All children had their testes fixed. At operation in all patients there was abnormal attachment of the tunica vaginalis with a typical ,bell clapper' deformity. On follow-up only one patient still complains of pain. CONCLUSION In view of high incidence of abnormalities we consider that to improve the testicular salvage rate and prevent testicular atrophy, bilateral testicular fixation is recommended for boys with intermittent testicular pain and positive clinical findings. [source] | |||||||||||||