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Test Time (test + time)
Selected AbstractsEarly brain lesions and face-processing developmentDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005Scania de Schonen Abstract Studies of functional plasticity after pre- or perinatal brain damage can tell us whether the neural substrate normally involved in the development of a given ability is specific and, if so, when it becomes functionally specified and unique. Development of face processing was investigated in 5- to 17-year-old children who had a unilateral brain injury in the pre-, peri-, or postnatal period. In Studies 1 and 2, patients with a posterior injury involving the temporal regions exhibited a face-processing deficit that was independent of their age at test time. Even though differences were observed between the two hemispheres in face processing during infancy as well as in adults in cases of normal development, no clear differences between right and left injury were observed here in face-processing deficit. Poor postlesional face-processing plasticity seems to contrast with results of several studies on speech development after early unilateral injury. If the difference in the time window for postlesional plasticity between these two areas of competency is confirmed, it would suggest that the two kinds of abilities rely on neural cells which are sensitive to different plasticity factors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 46: 184,208, 2005. [source] Can the choice of endpoint lead to contradictory results of mixture-toxicity experiments?ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2005Nina Cedergreen Abstract Theoretically, the effect of two independently acting compounds in a mixture will depend on the slope of the dose-response curves of the individual compounds if evaluated in relation to the model of concentration addition (CA). In the present study, we explored development of the shape of the dose-response relationship for four different recommended endpoints (surface area, frond number, fresh weight-specific, and dry weight-specific relative growth rates [RGRA, RGRF, RGRFW, and RGRDW, respectively]) and for two differently acting herbicides (metsulfuron-methyl and terbuthylazine) over time (3,15 d) on the standard test plant Lemna minor to identify endpoints and experiment times for which predictions of independent action (IA) would depart the most from those of CA. After a test time of 6 d, predictions of IA based on RGRA and RGRFW showed antagonism in relation to CA. Based on RGRDW, synergy was predicted, whereas IA based on RGRF was indistinguishable from CA. To test the prediction of choice of endpoint giving different results in mixture-toxicity experiments, three endpoints and six combinations of independently acting herbicides were evaluated using isobolograms. The experiments showed that in four of six herbicide combinations, different conclusions were reached depending on endpoint. The contradictory isoboles did not follow the theory of IA and, therefore, are more likely to be related to differences in susceptibility of the physiological processes affecting each endpoint than to the shape of the dose-response curve. [source] SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY [BED REST] HAS LITTLE INFLUENCE ON TASTE, ODOR OR TRIGEMINAL SENSITIVITYJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 1 2001ZATA M. VICKERS ABSTRACT Anecdotal evidence suggests that astronauts' perceptions of foods in space flight may differ from their perceptions of the same foods on Earth. Fluid shifts toward the head experienced in space may alter the astronauts' sensitivity to odors and tastes, producing altered perceptions. Our objective was to determine whether head-down bed rest, which produces similar fluid shifts, would produce changes in sensitivity to taste, odor or trigeminal sensations. Six subjects were tested three times prior to bed rest, three times during bed rest and two times after bed rest to determine their threshold sensitivity to the odors isoamylbutyrate and menthone, the tastants sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, quinine and monosodium glutamate, and to capsaicin. Thresholds were measured using a modified staircase procedure. Self-reported congestion was also recorded at each test time. Thresholds for monosodium glutamate where slightly higher during bed rest. None of the other thresholds were altered by bed rest. [source] Math, Science, and Foreign Language: Evidence-Based Accommodation Decision Making at the Postsecondary LevelLEARNING DISABILITIES RESEARCH & PRACTICE, Issue 4 2007Nicole S. Ofiesh Accommodations in postsecondary settings have become commonplace for many students with learning disabilities (LD) who have documented needs. Many of the accommodations professionals recommend for students with LD are based on an analysis of the course demands, the student's functional limitations, and a basic understanding of how the accommodation can facilitate the demonstration or acquisition of knowledge. However, little is known about which accommodations are recommended for math, science, and foreign language courses as well as the effectiveness of those accommodations. Because these content areas pose substantial hurdles for secondary students with LD who may transition to postsecondary settings, a review of the literature was conducted to evaluate current practices in the provision of accommodations to postsecondary students with LD in math, science, and foreign language courses. Findings indicate strong empirical evidence for extended test time for algebra exams and emerging research in changes to foreign language instruction. Recommendations for further research are provided. [source] The repeatability of submaximal endurance exercise testing in cystic fibrosis,PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 1 2007MB BCh BAO, Sinead C. Barry BSc Abstract Submaximal endurance cycle ergometer exercise tests are used to measure the efficacy of an exercise intervention, but the repeatability of these tests in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has not been established. The purpose of this study was to examine the repeatability of submaximal endurance testing in stable CF. Fifteen adults with CF underwent two submaximal endurance tests carried out over a 7-day period. A subset of six subjects returned 28 days later for a third submaximal endurance test. Workload was set at 80% of maximum workload and exercise was performed to exhaustion. Oxygen consumption, minute ventilation, tidal volume, carbon dioxide output, respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were measured at rest, at end exercise and at four matched times during the submaximal endurance tests (20, 40, 60, and 80% of exercise duration calculated from the first endurance test). Submaximal endurance test time was highly repeatable with no significant learning effect identified on multiple testing. Submaximal endurance exercise time demonstrated a variability of 5.7% which is consistent with high levels of repeatability. Metabolic, ventilatory and cardiac variables were all also highly reproducible between test days. Submaximal endurance testing is repeatable in stable CF, confirming that submaximal endurance tests are a reliable tool for assessment of therapeutic benefit in patients with CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:75,82. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Technical Note: The effect of refractive blur on colour vision evaluated using the Cambridge Colour Test, the Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Plates and the Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue TestOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 3 2007Sri Thyagarajan Abstract The results of a prospective study examining the effect of refractive blur on colour vision performance in normal subjects measured with three different colour vision tests are reported. The Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue (FM100) and Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) results were significantly affected at +6 D of spherical refractive blur, whereas those from the Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Plate (IPP) test were not. In a clinical setting, correction of refractive error up to 3 D for colour vision testing with these tests may not be required. Poor colour vision should not be attributed solely to refractive causes of poor visual acuity (Snellen equivalent: >6/36). Fastest test times were achieved using IPP, followed by CCT. 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