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Test Ingredients (test + ingredient)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Earth and Environmental Science	100%

Selected Abstracts

Validation of a Feeding Stimulant Bioassay Using Fish Hydrolysates for the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 4 2009
Michael Grey
A protocol for testing feeding stimulants on Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is described. Thirty-five rectangular tanks (55 L volume) served as the test system into which ten 5,6 g shrimp were stocked. Every tank contained two bowls, each of which contained either 25 feed pellets of a Reference Diet or Test Diet (consisting of the Reference Diet with one test ingredient added). After 1 h, the difference between the number of pellets consumed of the Test Diet and the Reference Diet was used as the Response. Each of the four Test Diets contained a different salmon hydrolysate made from by-products of the Alaska fish processing industry (included at 50 g/kg). A fifth commercial shrimp diet was also tested. Each Test Diet was tested against the Reference Diet over a 4-d period in seven replicate tanks. The data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA and a confidence interval for each treatment response was calculated. The confidence interval was used to assess the test ingredient as a feeding stimulant. Treatment means were compared using Tukey's test (, = 5%). All the hydrolysates tested were found to act as feeding stimulants. [source]

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for dourado Salminus brasiliensis

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 5 2009
R. BORGHESI
Abstract The excellence of its flesh and fast growth makes the dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, a carnivorous fish native to the Prata basin, a potential candidate for intensive fish farming. This study evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of energy and nutrients of animal and plant protein sources for the carnivorous Characin dourado S. brasiliensis. Fish (19.5 ± 5.0 g) were stocked in plastic cages (80-L) and fed pelleted test diets containing 30% of the test ingredient [fish meal (FM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), soybean meal (SBM), and corn gluten meal (CGM) plus 70% of a reference diet (481.4 g kg,1 of crude protein and 18.63 kJ of gross energy per gram]. After the last daily meal, cages were transferred to cylindrical, conical-bottomed aquarium (200-L) where faeces were collected by sedimentation in a refrigerated container. Except for ADC of protein and energy, all other ADC of nutrients showed significant differences (P < 0.01). ADC values were: 94.3%, 91.3%, 93.1%, and 93.5% for crude protein; 91.0%, 90.3%, 87.8%, and 88.8% for gross energy; 92.1%, 84.5%, 80.6%, and 79.3% for ash; 83.9%, 80.3%, 84.3%, and 84.6% for dry matter; 97.4%, 96.7%, 93.3%, and 91.5% for lipid for FM, PBM, SBM, and CGM, respectively. The average amino acid ADC was: 93.6%, 90.0%, 92.1%, and 92.5% of FM, PBM, SBM, and CGM, respectively. All test ingredients were efficiently used and can partially replace FM in diets for carnivorous dourado. [source]

Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy in extruded diets from cultivars of barley and wheat selected for nutritional quality in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2009
T.G. GAYLORD
Abstract A digestibility trial was conducted to elucidate potential differences in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines and varieties as a first step in defining their potential for use in aquafeeds. A diverse group of six barley lines having six combinations of selected attributes, normal versus low phytic acid, normal versus waxy, and hulled versus hull-less, were chosen for evaluation along with a waxy wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soft white wheat. The experimental diets were manufactured by cooking extrusion and consisted of a 70% reference diet that was formulated to contain a minimal level of phosphorus and 30% test ingredient. Phosphorus availability ranged from 17 to 78% and was influenced by starch type in wheat. Apparent protein digestibility ranged from 53 to 125% and differences were observed between wheat varieties based on starch type. Apparent energy digestibility ranged from 32 to 63%, with waxy barley varieties having higher energy digestibility coefficients than normal starch varieties. Waxy starch varieties had higher starch digestibility in both barley and wheat because of the greater digestibility of amylopectin than amylose. In summary, the higher energy digestibility of waxy barley lines suggests that these varieties warrant further attention as feed ingredients for rainbow trout. [source]

Amino acid availability and protein digestibility of several protein sources for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 5 2008
I.G. GUIMARÃES
Abstract Apparent amino acid availability coefficients and protein digestibility of four animal products [fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by-product and feather meal] and four plant protein-rich products [soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal-28, cottonseed meal-38 and corn gluten meal (CGM)] were determined for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Ingredients were incorporated to a practical reference diet at a 7 : 3 ratio (70% of reference diet and 30% of test ingredient). Chromic oxide was used as external digestibility marker. Among animal products poultry by-product meal (PBM; 89.7%) and FM (88.6%) presented the highest apparent protein digestibility (APD) while MBM (78.4%) and feather meal (78.5%) presented the lowest APD. Among plant protein-rich products CGM (91.4%) and SBM (92.4%) presented the highest APD values while cottonseed meal-28 presented the lowest APD (78.6%). Average apparent amino acid availability of feed ingredients was similar to protein digestibility with 92.3%, 89.6%, 73.4%, 80.7%, 88.9%, 84.4%, 91.2% and 79.7% values for SBM, CGM, cottonseed meal-28 and 38, FM, MBM, PBM and feather meal respectively. These results indicate that O. niloticus is able to utilize efficiently different feedstuffs. [source]

A feed is only as good as its ingredients , a review of ingredient evaluation strategies for aquaculture feeds

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2007
B.D. GLENCROSS
Abstract The evaluation of feed ingredients is crucial to nutritional research and feed development for aquaculture species. In evaluating ingredients for use in aquaculture feeds, there are several important knowledge components that should be understood to enable the judicious use of a particular ingredient in feed formulation. This includes information on (1) ingredient digestibilities, (2) ingredient palatability and (3) nutrient utilization and interference. Diet design, feeding strategy, faecal collection method and method of calculation all have important implications on the determination of the digestible value of nutrients from any ingredient. There are several ways in which palatability of ingredients can be assessed, usually based on variable inclusion levels of the ingredient in question in a reference diet and feeding of those diets under an apparent satietal or self-regulating feeding regimes. However, the design of the diets, the parameters of assessment and the feeding regime can all be subject to variation depending on subtleties of the experimental design. Clearly, issues relating to feed intake are the key performance criteria in palatability assessments, and it is important that such experiments maintain sufficient stringency to allow some self-discrimination of the test feeds by the fish. The ability of fish to use nutrients from the test ingredient, or defining factors that interfere with that process, is perhaps the most complex and variable part of the ingredient evaluation process. It is crucial to discriminate effects on feed intake from effects on utilization of nutrients from ingredients (for growth and other metabolic processes). To allow an increased focus on nutrient utilization by the animals, there are several experimental strategies that can be adopted, which are based on variations in diet design and feeding regime used. Other issues such as ingredient functionality, influence on immune status and effects on organoleptic qualities are also important consideration in determining the value of ingredients in aquaculture feed formulations. A key aspect to note is the need to design all experiments with sufficient experimental capacity to detect significant effects. [source]

Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients in diets for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2010
Xiao-Hui Dong
Abstract The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, phosphorus, gross energy and amino acids of 10 selected ingredients for juvenile hybrid tilapia (7.05 ± 0.09 g) were determined using 0.5% Cr2O3 as an inert indicator. The feed ingredients tested in this study were corn gluten meal (CGM), corn byproduct, corn germ meal (CG), soybean meal (SBM), fermented soybean meal (FSM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), soy protein isolate, malt sprouts (MS), fish meal (FM) and earthworm meal (EM). The test diets were prepared by incorporation of 30% test ingredients into the reference diet. Reference and test diets were fed to the fish and the faecal samples were collected using a faecal collection column attached to the fish-rearing tanks. The ADCs for dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, phosphorus and gross energy were 41.7,98.9%, 90.6,99.6%, 73.1,98.8%, 34.1,98.6%, 49.5,99.6% and 45.4,99.7% respectively. Soy protein isolate, FM and EM had higher dry matter, crude protein and gross energy ADCs. Corn byproduct and EM had higher crude lipid ADCs, and CG and EM had higher phosphorus ADCs. Corn germ meal had the highest ash ADC, while CGM had the highest value for gross energy. The lowest dry matter, crude protein, lipid and gross energy ADCs occurred in MS, while the lowest ash and phosphorus ADCs occurred in SPC. The amino acid ADCs ranged from 83.3% to 100%, exhibiting a positive correlation with crude protein digestibility for a given test ingredient. The feed ingredient digestibility of this study may provide useful information about nutrient and energy utilization to facilitate formulation of least-cost practical diets for hybrid tilapia. [source]

Nutritional evaluation of various plant protein sources in diets for Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer

JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 2 2000
By P. S. Eusebio
A biological assay was conducted to evaluate the suitability of various leguminous seed meals and leaf meals as dietary protein sources for Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. In the growth experiment, fish (initial mean weight ±,standard error (SE) of 3.8 ± 0.5 g) were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing test ingredients to replace 13,18% of the diet. The same diet formulations were used in a digestibility experiment, except that 1% Cr2O3 was added as an external indicator. The growth of the control fish was comparable to fish fed leguminous seed meal-based diets, and better than those given leaf meal-based diets. The control diet had the highest apparent protein digestibility (APD) value. No significant differences were observed between the APD of white cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), green mungbean (V. radiata) and papaya (Carica papaya) leaf meal-based diets. However, the cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf meal-based diet had the lowest APD value. The present findings suggest that white cowpea and green mungbean meals can be used as protein sources in practical diets to replace 18% of the sea bass diet without affecting their growth. [source]

Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Various Feed Ingredients for Grouper Epinephelus coioides

JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 2 2004
Heizhao Lin
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, gross energy, amino acids, and fatty acids in white fish meal, brown fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, and yeast were determined for grouper Epinephelus coioides. Apparent digestibility was determined using a reference diet with 0.5% chromic oxide indicator and test diets that contained 70% reference diet and 30% of the feed ingredient being evaluated. The fish, averaging 12.0 g, were held in 250-L tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. Feces were collected from three replicate groups-of fish. Apparent dry matter digestibility of ingredients was 78.85 ± 2.43, 79.11 ± 0.61, 69.85 ± 3.60, 73.67 ± 2.30 and 57.70 ± 4.69% for white fish meal, brown fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, and yeast, respectively. Apparent gross energy digestibility of ingredients was 93.27 ± 2.90, 89.48 ± 1.78, 70.52 ± 4.01, 73.13 ± 2.41 and 51.67 ± 2.01% for white fish meal, brown fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, and yeast, respectively. Apparent protein digestibility of ingredients was 89.82 ± 1.24, 87.34 ± 1.25, 83.97 ± 1.92, 80.79 ± 1.95, and 61.14 ± 0.54% for white fish meal, brown fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, and yeast, respectively. White fish meal and brown fish meal showed higher protein digestibility among ingredients tested (P ± 0.01). Lipid digestibility of ingredients was high (90.66-94.48%) and not significantly different except for yeast. Amino acid availability values for test ingredients were similar to values of protein digestibility. Amino acid availability values of white fish meal and brown fish meal were higher than other ingredients. Fatty acid availability values for test ingredients were similar to values of lipid digestibility. In general, the digestibility of most fatty acids was over 80% in all ingredients, except for 14:0 in yeast and 18:0 in peanut meal, PUFA + HUFA > MUFA > SFA. Longer-chain saturated fatty acids were less digestibility, except for 14:0, with digestibilities diminishing as fatty acid chain length increased. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, gross energy, amino acids, and fatty acids in yeast was the lowest among the ingredients. [source]

Assessment of methods for the determination of digestibilities of feed ingredients for Tra catfish, Pangasinodon hypothalamus

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 4 2010
T.T.T. HIEN
Abstract In this study, we undertook a series of experiments to assess different faecal-collection methods and also the digestibilities of a range of feed ingredients when fed to Tra catfish (Pangasinodon hypothalamus). Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, energy and nitrogen for a reference diet were also determined from faeces collected by way of settlement at 2-h intervals from 2 to 24 h. No significant effect of sample collection time on the digestibility values was observed. Stripping was attempted, but was not considered a suitable method for collecting digesta from Tra catfish. Dissection collection was also evaluated. Values determined from dissection collection were lower than those from using settlement. In a second experiment, a suite of test ingredients was combined with a reference diet component in a 30 : 70 ratio to determine the ingredients for dry matter, energy and nitrogen digestibilities. Ingredients included were trash-fish, defatted rice bran, wet full-fat rice bran, dried full-fat rice bran, broken rice, cassava, soybean and fish meals. Collection of faeces by settlement was used for determining the digestibility of each of the ingredients. The results showed that Tra catfish can efficiently digest protein and energy from a wide range of feed ingredients and nutrient sources. [source]

Nutrients apparent digestibility coefficients of selected protein sources for juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt), compared by two chromic oxide analyses methods

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 6 2009
H. LIU
Abstract Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (ADCd), crude protein (ADCp), energy (ADCe) and amino acids in selected feedstuffs were determined for juvenile Siberian sturgeon (8.38 ± 0.20 g). The tested feedstuffs were fishmeal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by-product meal, hydrolysed feather meal, fermented feather meal solvent-extracted cottonseed meal and soybean meal. ADCs were determined using a reference diet and test diets at 7 : 3 ratios with 5 g kg,1 chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as an inert marker. Fish were reared in a recirculating system and fed to apparent satiation five times daily. Cr2O3 in diets and faeces samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and acid-digestion colorimetry (AC) methods, respectively. The results showed that ICP-AES method was more accurate for Cr2O3 determination than AC method, and the results determined by ICP-AES method were used in this study. ADCd and ADCp of seven tested ingredients were lowest for MBM (59.1 and 84.5%) and highest for FM (79.9 and 94.5%); ADCe of tested ingredients were from 71.8% for SECM to 93.2% for FM. ADCs of amino acid in test ingredients followed similar trend to the ADCp. The ADCs of individual amino acids varied from 61.6% (histidine in MBM) to 98.8% (valine in FM). [source]

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for dourado Salminus brasiliensis

Apparent digestibilities of common feedstuffs for bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides using individual test ingredients

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 1 2009
K. MASAGOUNDER
Abstract Apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy, and availability of amino acids from blood meal (BM), fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat and yellow grease (YG) were determined for bluegill Lepomis macrochirus (mean weight, 57 g), and likewise, but not for BM or wheat, for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (mean weight, 30 g). To avoid nutrient interaction from a reference diet, diets containing 98.5% (985 g kg,1) of test ingredients were used, except for semi-solid, YG which was mixed with corn to permit pelletization. Faeces were collected by a siphoning method. Apparent dry matter digestibility values ranged from 50% (corn) to 87% (BM) for bluegill and from 53% (MBM) to 76% (PBM) for largemouth bass. Apparent energy digestibility values ranged from 53% (corn) to 92% (BM) for bluegill and from 63% (MBM) to 93% (YG) for largemouth bass. Apparent digestibility of most amino acids exceeded 90% for evaluated protein sources, except for MBM which showed slightly lower values (80,90%) for both fishes. Isoleucine digestibility from BM was relatively low (82%) for bluegill. High digestibility values for SBM, PBM and BM, indicate good potential for replacing FM in diets for both fishes. [source]

Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients in diets for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus

Nutrient digestibility profile of premium (category III grade) animal protein by-products for temperate marine fish species (European sea bass, gilthead sea bream and turbot)

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 15 2009
Simon J Davies
Abstract Three trials, with classical experimental designs for in vivo digestibility studies, were conducted to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein (ADCp), lipid (ADCl), energy (ADCe) and amino acids (AA) in selected animal by-products fed to European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Trial 1), gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (Trial 2), and turbot, Psetta maxima (Trial 3). In each trial, five experimental diets [including a reference diet (RD)] where fish meal (FM) was used as the sole protein source were fed ad libitum to the fish for a period of 4 weeks. Test diets were based on the FM RD and obtained by replacing 30% of the RD with a category III designated European animal by-products (fit for human consumption), namely: steam hydrolysed feather meal (HFM), enzyme-treated feather meal (EFM), poultry meat meal (PMM) and spray-dried haemoglobin meal (SDHM). Faecal material was collected using the ,Guelph system', and nutrient and energy digestibility coefficients were related to the measurement of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) incorporated into the diet at a rate of 0.5%. Without any exception, FM diets yielded the best digestibility values for all macro-nutrients and by all fish. Among the test ingredients, ADCp was consistently higher for PMM and SDHM in the three species (85.5%, 91.1% in sea bass; 79.2%, 82.8% in sea bream; and 78.4%, 74.8% in turbot). Conversely, ADCp of HFM and EFM were less efficiently digested (67.2%, 68.2% in sea bass; 21.5%, 21.7% in sea bream; and 46.6%, 36.0% in turbot). However, the novel processing method applied to feather meal did not considerably influence the digestibility of most of the nutrients in this feedstuff. The current investigation yielded valuable numerical ADC for EAA considered to be of prime importance in generating balanced diet formulations. [source]

Apparent digestibility coefficients of four feed ingredients for Synechogobius hasta

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 5 2009
Zhi Luo
Abstract Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, energy, phosphorus and amino acids in white fish meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and peanut meal were determined for Synechogobius hasta (28.65 ± 0.43 g, mean ± SD), using a reference diet with chromic oxide indicator and test diets that contained 70% reference diet, by weight, and 30% of feed ingredients. The juvenile S. hasta were held in 300 L tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank respectively. Faeces were collected from three replicate groups of fish by siphoning. The ADCs of dry matter and energy were the highest in white fish meal and the lowest in rapeseed meal (P<0.05). Crude protein ADC was the lowest in rapeseed meal (P<0.05) and showed no significant differences among other treatments (P>0.05). The highest phosphorus ADC was observed in white fish meal and differences were not marked for other treatments (P>0.05). Lipid ADC were above 90% and showed no significant differences among the treatments (P>0.05). Amino acid availability values for the test ingredients followed similar trend to values of protein digestibility. All amino acids were more available from fish meal than from plant protein ingredients. Among three plant meals, the availability of amino acids was higher in peanut meal and lower in rapeseed meal. [source]

Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients in diets formulated for the sub-adult mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, in Vietnam

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 3 2009
Phuong Ha Truong
Abstract The present study was conducted to explore the potential to incorporate local plant-based feed ingredients into diets formulated for the mud crab species, Scylla paramamosain, commonly exploited for aquaculture in South-east Asia. Four test ingredients (defatted soybean meal, rice bran, cassava meal and corn flour) were incorporated at 30% or 45% inclusion levels in a fishmeal-based reference diet and used in digestibility trials where apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for experimental diets and test ingredients were determined. Generally, high ADC values were obtained using diets containing 30% soybean meal or rice bran. By contrast, the lowest ADC values were obtained for the diet containing 45% cassava meal [70.9% for dry matter (ADMD); 77.1% for crude protein (ACPD) and 80.2% for gross energy (AGED)]. Similar trends were observed when ADC ingredient (I) digestibilities were compared. Specifically, the highest ADCI values were obtained for soybean meal when used at a 30% inclusion level (87.6% ADMDI; 98.4% ACPDI and 95.6% AGEDI) while the lowest ADCI values were obtained using cassava meal at a 45% inclusion level (53.8% ADMDI; 60.2% ACPDI and 67.3% AGEDI). Based on the current findings, we propose that soybean meal and rice bran could be considered for incorporation into formulated diets for S. paramamosain. [source]

Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell).

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 2 2003

Abstract The ability of silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) to digest and utilize dietary starch or starch breakdown products was investigated. For experiment 1 the ability of silver perch (2.7 ± 0.01 g) to digest wheat starch at two dietary inclusion levels (30% or 60%), each at four levels of gelatinization (0%, 25%, 50% or 80%), was investigated over a 31-day period. For experiment 2, the ability of silver perch (15.9± 0.25 g) to digest wheat starch, dextrin (at three levels of dextrinization), maltose, glucose and pea starch, all at the 30% inclusion level, was investigated over a 41-day period. Water temperature for both experiments was 25 ± 1 °C. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for starch, dry matter (DM) and energy were affected by both degree of gelatinization (80% > 50% > 25% = 0%) and inclusion level (30% > 60%). Specific growth rate (SGR) was unaffected by the inclusion of 30% starch; however, it was reduced at the 60% starch content level. Degree of gelatinization had no effect on SGR. For experiment 2, there were significant differences between carbohydrate and DM ADCs for the test ingredients. The carbohydrate, DM and energy ADCs were ranked as follows: dextrin (Fieldose 9) = dextrin (Fieldose 17) = dextrin (Fieldose 30) = gelatinized wheat starch = maltose = glucose > raw wheat starch > raw pea starch. The protein ADC of the diets, postprandial plasma glucose concentration and SGR were all unaffected by ingredient type. For both experiments, HSI tended to increase with carbohydrate inclusion. Liver glycogen concentrations were also elevated, but muscle glycogen and liver and muscle triacylglycerol concentrations were unaffected. Digestibility of starch by silver perch is clearly affected by inclusion content and processing. [source]