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Tensile Stress (tensile + stress)
Selected AbstractsRepair of porcine articular cartilage defect with a biphasic osteochondral composite,JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 10 2007Ching-Chuan Jiang Abstract Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has been recently used to treat cartilage defects. Partly because of the success of mosaicplasty, a procedure that involves the implantation of native osteochondral plugs, it is of potential significance to consider the application of ACI in the form of biphasic osteochondral composites. To test the clinical applicability of such composite construct, we repaired osteochondral defect with ACI at low cell-seeding density on a biphasic scaffold, and combined graft harvest and implantation in a single surgery. We fabricated a biphasic cylindrical porous plug of DL-poly-lactide-co-glycolide, with its lower body impregnated with ,-tricalcium phosphate as the osseous phase. Osteochondral defects were surgically created at the weight-bearing surface of femoral condyles of Lee-Sung mini-pigs. Autologous chondrocytes isolated from the cartilage were seeded into the upper, chondral phase of the plug, which was inserted by press-fitting to fill the defect. Defects treated with cell-free plugs served as control. Outcome of repair was examined 6 months after surgery. In the osseous phase, the biomaterial retained in the center and cancellous bone formed in the periphery, integrating well with native subchondral bone with extensive remodeling, as depicted on X-ray roentgenography by higher radiolucency. In the chondral phase, collagen type II immunohistochemistry and Safranin O histological staining showed hyaline cartilage regeneration in the experimental group, whereas only fibrous tissue formed in the control group. On the International Cartilage Repair Society Scale, the experimental group had higher mean scores in surface, matrix, cell distribution, and cell viability than control, but was comparable with the control group in subchondral bone and mineralization. Tensile stress,relaxation behavior determined by uni-axial indentation test revealed similar creep property between the surface of the experimental specimen and native cartilage, but not the control specimen. Implanted autologous chondrocytes could survive and could yield hyaline-like cartilage in vivo in the biphasic biomaterial construct. Pre-seeding of osteogenic cells did not appear to be necessary to regenerate subchondral bone. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1277,1290, 2007 [source] Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations on Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal in Multilayer SystemADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 4 2010Adele Carradò Results on porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) technique of ceramic films for biomedical applications on metal substrate are reported. The coating of metallic implants with bio-ceramic films (glassy and opaque ceramic) was proposed to be a solution for combining the mechanical properties of the metallic material with the bioactive character of the ceramic layer, leading to a better integration of the entire implant. The aim of this paper is to determine a stress field distribution by a non-destructive method as high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction in energy dispersive in the metal and glass ceramic bulk as well as at metal,opaque ceramic interface in PFM three layers sample. Tensile stresses were found in palladium substrate and compressive state in glass ceramic coating. Moreover thermal stresses induced by PFM coating at the interfaces were calculated by analytical mathematical model, confirming that the stresses induced, due to the selection of the materials, are low. Finally, the micro-structural and chemical characteristics of glassy and opaque bio-ceramic coatings on palladium alloy substrate were investigated and no inter-diffusion area between metal and ceramic could be detected as well as non-homogeneity in the interface ceramic. [source] Strain Hardening Behavior of Ultrafine- Grained Cu by Analyzing the Tensile Stress-Strain Curve,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 5 2008C.-X. Huang UFG Cu was found to experience two stages of strain hardening processes under uniaxial tensile stress, which was similar to the Stage,IV and V of CG Cu after large plastic deformation. The storage of dislocations in small grains and dynamic recovery caused by annihilation of dislocations and GB-mediated processes were responsible for the different stages of strain hardening behavior. Improvement of strain hardening capability for UFG metals should be based on the mechanisms of strain hardening. [source] Improvement in the fatigue strength of chromium electroplated AISI 4340 steel by shot peeningFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 2 2009H. J. C. VOORWALD ABSTRACT In landing gear, an important mechanical component for high responsible applications, wear and corrosion control is currently accomplished by chrome plating or hard anodising. However, some problems are associated with these operations. Experimental results have also shown that chrome-plated specimens have fatigue strength lower than those of uncoated parts, attributed to high residual tensile stress and microcracks density contained into the coating. Under fatigue conditions these microcracks propagate and will cross the interface coating-substrate and penetrate base metal without impediment. Shot peening is a surface process used to improve fatigue strength of metal components due to compressive residual stresses induced in the surface layers of the material, making the nucleation and propagation of fatigue cracks difficult. This investigation is concerned with analysis of the shot peening influence on the rotating bending fatigue strength of hard chromium electroplated AISI 4340 steel. Specimens were submitted to shot peening treatment with steel and ceramic shots and, in both cases, experimental results show increase in the fatigue life of AISI 4340 steel hard chromium electroplated, up to level of base metal without chromium. Peening using ceramic shot resulted in lower scatter in rotating bending fatigue data than steel shots. [source] Fretting fatigue behaviour of shot-peened Ti-6Al-4V at room and elevated temperaturesFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 9 2003H. LEE ABSTRACT Fretting fatigue behaviour of shot-peened titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V was investigated at room and elevated temperatures. Constant amplitude fretting fatigue tests were conducted over a wide range of maximum stresses, ,max= 333 to 666 MPa with a stress ratio of R= 0.1. Two infrared heaters, placed at the front and back of specimen, were used to heat and maintain temperature of the gage section of specimen at 260 °C. Residual stress measurements by X-ray diffraction method before and after fretting test showed that residual compressive stress was relaxed during fretting fatigue. Elevated temperature induced more residual stress relaxation, which, in turn, decreased fretting fatigue life significantly at 260 °C. Finite element analysis (FEA) showed that the longitudinal tensile stress, ,xx varied with the depth inside the specimen from contact surface during fretting fatigue and the largest ,xx could exist away from the contact surface in a certain situation. A critical plane based fatigue crack initiation model, modified shear stress range parameter (MSSR), was computed from FEA results to characterize fretting fatigue crack initiation behaviour. It showed that stress relaxation during test affected fretting fatigue life and location of crack initiation significantly. MSSR parameter also predicted crack initiation location, which matched with experimental observations and the number of cycles for crack initiation, which showed the appropriate trend with the experimental observations at both temperatures. [source] Similarities of stress concentrations in contact at round punches and fatigue at notches: implications to fretting fatigue crack initiationFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 7 2000Giannakopoulos A linear elastic model of the stress concentration due to contact between a rounded flat punch and a homogeneous substrate is presented, with the aim of investigating fretting fatigue crack initiation in contacting parts of vibrating structures including turbine engines. The asymptotic forms for the stress fields in the vicinity of a rounded punch-on-flat substrate are derived for both normal and tangential loading, using both analytical and finite element methods. Under the action of the normal load, P, the ensuing contact is of width 2b which includes an initial flat part of width 2a. The asymptotic stress fields for the sharply rounded flat punch contact have certain similarities with the asymptotic stress fields around the tip of a blunt crack. The analysis showed that the maximum tensile stress, which occurs at the contact boundary due to tangential load Q, is proportional to a mode II stress intensity factor of a sharp punch divided by the square root of the additional contact length due to the roundness of the punch, Q/(,(b,,,a),,b). The fretting fatigue crack initiation can then be investigated by relating the maximum tensile stress with the fatigue endurance stress. The result is analogous to that of Barsom and McNicol where the notched fatigue endurance stress was correlated with the stress intensity factor and the square root of the notch-tip radius. The proposed methodology establishes a ,notch analogue' by making a connection between fretting fatigue at a rounded punch/flat contact and crack initiation at a notch tip and uses fracture mechanics concepts. Conditions of validity of the present model are established both to avoid yielding and to account for the finite thickness of the substrate. The predictions of the model are compared with fretting fatigue experiments on Ti,6Al,4V and shown to be in good agreement. [source] Design of the Magnetic Properties of Fe-Rich, Glass-Coated Microwires for Technical Applications,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 5 2006A. Zhukov Abstract The magnetic anisotropy of Fe-rich, thin, amorphous wires is tailored by stress annealing (SA). In particular, the effect of conventional annealing (CA) and SA on the magnetic properties of Fe74B13Si11C2 glass-coated microwires is studied. CA treatment does not significantly change the character of the hysteresis loop. Under certain SA conditions (annealing temperature, Tann,>,300,°C; applied stress, ,,>,400,MPa), a transverse magnetic anisotropy is induced: a rectangular hysteresis loop transforms into an inclined one at magnetic-anisotropy fields above 1000,A,m,1. Under tensile stress, the rectangular hysteresis loop of microwires annealed using SA is recovered. Samples subjected to SA show noticeable magnetoimpedance and stress-impedance effects, despite their large magnetostriction. The samples obtained exhibit a high stress sensitivity of their giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect and hysteretic properties, allowing the use of the obtained samples in magnetoelastic sensors, and for designing stress-sensitive, tunable composite materials. By varying the time and temperature of such SA, we are able to tailor both the magnetic properties and the GMI of Fe-rich microwires. [source] Artifical Muscles: Nanocomposite Hydrogel with High Toughness for Bioactuators (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 17 200917/2009) The inside cover shows a nanofibrous hydrogel based on ferritin for a bioinspired nanocomposite actuator, reported in work by Seon Jeong Kim and co-workers on p. 1712. The ferritin-based nanofibrous hydrogels demonstrate synergy between the ferritin protein and a synthetic polymer matrix, as the protein shell of ferritin behaves like an elastic nanospring in the polymer. The actuator is reversibly actuated by chemical energy under external tensile stress, showing improved response speed in comparison to bulk and microfiber hydrogels, coming closer to the goal of mimicking the performance of natural muscle. [source] A finite element analysis of ferrule design on restoration resistance and distribution of stress within a rootINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 6 2006I. Ichim Abstract Aim, To analyse the effect of ferrule height upon the mechanical resistance and stress distribution within a root to explain variations in the pattern of root fracture. Methodology, An extracted, intact, caries free, maxillary right central incisor was scanned by laser and then reconstructed on a computer to produce a model of the tooth and associated periodontal ligament. A simulated post/core/crown restoration was constructed on conventional tooth preparations with various ferrules. The crown was loaded with a simulated 500 N force and the simulated displacement of components and the tensile and compressive stress within the tooth structure were recorded. Results, Without a ferrule preparation, the simulated crown tilted to the labial and rotated distally. With increasing ferrule height the displacement and rotation of the crown reduced in conventional and crown-lengthening models with maximum reduction occurring when the ferrule height reached 1.5 mm. In ferrule models, higher levels of tensile stress developed in internal (by a factor of 8) and mid-root palatal (by a factor of 90) dentine at the cervical margin of the preparation. With an increase in ferrule height, the area of tensile stress within the palatal mid-dentine expanded towards the cervical margin. Similar patterns and stress values were recorded for the crown-lengthening models. Conclusion, The study confirms that a ferrule increases the mechanical resistance of a post/core/crown restoration. However a ferrule creates a larger area of palatal dentine under tensile stress that may be a favourable condition for a crack to develop. Crown-lengthening did not alter the levels or pattern of stress within compared with conventional ferrule preparations. [source] Micromechanical aspects of the shear strength of wet granular soilsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 14 2008U. El Shamy Abstract This paper presents a micromechanical model for the analysis of wet granular soils at low saturation (below 30%). The discrete element method is employed to model the solid particles. The capillary water is assumed to be in a pendular state and thus exists in the form of liquid bridges at the particle-to-particle contacts. The resulting inter-particle adhesion is accounted for using the toroidal approximation of the bridge. Hydraulic hysteresis is accounted for based on the possible mechanism of the formation and breakage of the liquid bridges during wetting and drying phases. Shear test computational simulations were conducted at different water contents under relatively low net normal stresses. The results of these simulations suggest that capillary-induced attractive forces and hydraulic hysteresis play an important role in affecting the shear strength of the soil. These attractive forces produce a tensile stress that contributes to the apparent cohesion of the soil and increases its stiffness. During a drying phase, capillary-induced tensile stresses, and hence shear strength, tend to be larger than those during a wetting phase. The proposed model appears to capture the macroscopic response of wet granular materials and revealed a number of salient micromechanical mechanisms and response patterns consistent with theoretical considerations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Extension of the Griffith's fracture criteria to saturated claysINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 4 2003K.M. Dégué Abstract Inglis [1] has solved the problem of distribution of stress in an elastic plate around an elliptical hole. His works clarify the role of cracks in the failure of an elastic material. However, his solution cannot be applied to saturated clay because he considers only total stresses, while, in saturated clay, the criterion of rupture should be expressed in terms of effective and not total stresses. The solution of Atkinson and Craster [2] using Biot's poroelasticity theory, shows that there is no high pore pressure in the vicinity of the crack tips for saturated clay. The major difference between this approach and the Biot's theory of is that, in saturated clay, strain is a function of the variation of the effective stress [3], while, in poroelastic media, strain is only a function of the variation of the total stress [4, Equation 2.2]. Also in their solution there is continuity between the pore fluid and the inner fluid in the crack. Their solution is valid for poroelastic media involving a movement of the pore fluid. In our solution there is no movement of the pore fluid (Undrained condition). In this paper we have solved the same problem as Inglis [1], but for the particular case of saturated clay obeying elastic law. By solving this problem we obtained the expressions for pore pressure, effective stress, total stress and displacements. The results show that not only the total stress but also the pore pressure and the effective stress are also high in the vicinity of the crack tips. A new failure criterion, based on Griffith's strain energy principle [5] and maximum tensile stress [6], valid for saturated clay is developed in this paper. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analysis of coupled seepage and stress fields in rock mass around the Xiaowan arch damINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 8 2004Chai Junrui Abstract The Xiaowan arch dam, with a maximum height of 292 m, is located across the Lancangjiang River in Yunnan Province of China, and once completed will be the highest arch dam in China. Because of the high water head and the arch action, it is necessary to analyse the interaction between seepage and stress fields in rock mass around the Xiaowan arch dam. Numerical solution of coupled seepage and stress fields in rock mass around the Xiaowan arch dam is analysed by means of the multi-level fracture network model and the finite element method. It can be shown from the computation results that storage of the reservoir makes the seepage field change much, and makes the effective vertical stress in rock foundation near the dam and the tensile stress in the abutment rock mass increase, and that the coupled action between seepage and stress fields should be taken into account. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Fringe element reconstruction for front tracking for three-dimensional incompressible flow analysisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 6 2005Du-Soon Choi Abstract Fringe element reconstruction technique for tracking the free surface in three-dimensional incompressible flow analysis was developed. The flow field was calculated by the mixed formulation based on a four-node tetrahedral element with a bubble function at the centroid (P1+/P1). Since an Eulerian approach was employed in this study, the flow front interface was advected by the flow through a fixed mesh. For accurate modelling of interfacial movement, a fringe element reconstruction method developed can provide not only an accurate treatment of material discontinuity but also surface tension across the interface. The effect of surface tension was modelled by imposing tensile stress directly on the constructed surface elements at the flow front interface. To verify the numerical approach developed, the developed algorithm was applied to two examples whose solutions are available in references. Good agreement was obtained between the simulation results and these solutions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Size Scaling of Tensile Failure Stress in a Float Soda,Lime,Silicate GlassINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED GLASS SCIENCE, Issue 2 2010Andrew A. Wereszczak The (tensile) strength,size scaling of a float soda,lime,silicate glass was studied using biaxial flexure and Hertzian ring crack initiation testing. The examined Weibull effective areas spanned ,0.4,48,000 mm2. Both the air and tin sides were tested. The air side was stronger than the tin side as others have observed; however, the differences in their characteristic strengths decreased with a decreasing effective area, and their strengths converged for effective areas smaller than ,100 mm2. The failure stress at the smallest effective area examined for the tin side was ,500% greater than that at the largest effective area, while that difference was ,250% for the air side. A Weibull modulus change at ,100 mm2 suggests different strength-limiting flaw types were dominant below and above this effective area. These results reinforce the importance of the interpretation and use of the tensile strength of glass in context to how much of its area is being subjected to tensile stress. [source] A method for the non-destructive analysis of gradients of mechanical stresses by X-ray diffraction measurements at fixed penetration/information depthsJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2006A. Kumar A rigorous measurement strategy for (X-ray) diffraction stress measurements at fixed penetration/information depths has been developed. Thereby errors caused by lack of penetration-depth control in traditional (X-ray) diffraction (sin2,) measurements have been annulled. The range of accessible penetration/information depths and experimental aspects have been discussed. As a practical example, the depth gradient of the state of residual stress in a sputter-deposited nickel layer of 2,µm thickness has been investigated by diffraction stress measurements with uncontrolled penetration/information depth and two controlled penetration/information depths corresponding to about one quarter and one tenth of the layer thickness, respectively. The decrease of the planar tensile stress in the direction towards the surface could be well established quantitatively. [source] Simulation of dry-spinning process of polyimide fibersJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2009Gang Deng Abstract As one type of high-performance fibers, the polyimide fibers can be prepared from the precursor polyamic acid via dry-spinning technology. Unlike the dry-spinning process of cellulose acetate fiber or polyurethane fiber, thermal cyclization reaction of the precursor in spinline with high temperature results in the relative complex in the dry-spinning process. However, the spinning process is considered as a steady state due to a slight degree of the imidization reaction from polyamic acid to polyimide, and therefore a one-dimensional model based on White-Metzer viscoelastic constitutive equation is adopted to simulate the formation of the fibers. The changes of solvent mass fraction, temperature, axial velocity, tensile stress, imidization degree, and glass transition temperature of the filament along the spinline were predicted. The effects of spinning parameters on glass transition temperature and imidization degree were thus discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009 [source] Recycled carbon fiber filled polyethylene compositesJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 3 2008Tony McNally Abstract Composites of recycled carbon fiber (CF) with up to 30 wt % loading with polyethylene (PE) were prepared via melt compounding. The morphology of the composites and the degree of dispersion of the CF in the PE matrix was examined using scanning electron microscopy, and revealed the CF to be highly dispersed at all loadings and strong interfacial adhesion to exist between the CF and PE. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy were used to characterize the surface chemistry and potential bonding sites of recycled CF. Both the Young's modulus and ultimate tensile stress increased with increasing CF loading, but the percentage stress at break was unchanged up to 5 wt % loading, then decreased with further successive addition of CF. The effect of CF on the elastic modulus of PE was examined using the Halpin-Tsai and modified Cox models, the former giving a better fit with the values determined experimentally. The electrical conductivity of the PE matrix was enhanced by about 11 orders of magnitude on addition of recycled CF with a percolation threshold of 7 and 15 wt % for 500-,m and 3-mm thick samples. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Influence of the remelting process on the fatigue behavior of electron beam irradiated UHMWPEJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 2 2006J. A. Puértolas Abstract Electron beam irradiation at doses below 150 kGy is a widely used technique to obtain highly crosslinked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Its current use in total joint replacement components may improve wear resistance and decrease UHMWPE particle debris. However, currently used post-irradiation thermal treatments, which aim to decrease the free radicals within the material, introduce microstructural changes that affect UHMWPE mechanical properties, particularly the fatigue strength. This influence may be crucial in total knee replacements, where fatigue-related damage limits the lifespan of the prosthesis. Therefore, more studies are required to understand UHMWPE fatigue after current crosslinking protocols. This study was planned to evaluate the influence of UHMWPE remelting after irradiation on the material fatigue resistance. The remelting was achieved at 150°C for 2 h on UHMWPE previously irradiated at 50, 100, and 150 kGy. Fatigue evaluation included short-term tests under cyclic tensile stress with zero load ratio, R = 0, and 1 Hz. In addition, stress-life testing was performed using 12% yield as the criterion for failure. Near-threshold fatigue crack propagation experiments were also performed at a frequency of 5 Hz, and crack length was measured in nonthermally treated and remelted irradiated UHMWPE. Crystallinity percentage was calculated from DSC measurements. The results pointed out that irradiation positively contributed to total life analysis, but the further remelting process decreased the flaw initiation resistance. On the other hand, both processes negatively affected the fatigue resistance of notched components. From a clinical point of view, the results suggest that the material fatigue behavior should be carefully studied in new UHMWPE to avoid changes related to material processing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006 [source] Stress analysis of the anterior tibial post in posterior stabilized knee prosthesesJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 4 2007Chang-Hung Huang Abstract Recent retrieval studies have indicated a high incidence of polyethylene wear on the anterior tibial post caused by impingement. This study investigated the influences of post-cam design features and component alignment on the stress distribution in the anterior tibial post when subjected to the impingement loading. Two three-dimensional finite element models of posterior stabilized knee prostheses were constructed, one with flat on flat (FF) and another with curve on curve (CC) contact surfaces between anterior tibial post and femoral cam. The polyethylene insert was modeled with elastoplastic properties. Nine cases, three hyperextension angles (0°, 5°, and 10°) combined with three axial tibial rotations (0°, 2.5°, and 5°) simulating different component alignments were analyzed. A vertical compressive load of 2,000 N and an extension moment of 45 Nm were applied simultaneously. The FF model had larger stress increases than the CC model in both hyperextension and tibial rotation compared with the neutral position. The maximum increase for the FF model was 68% in peak contact stress, 125% in von Mises stress, and 58% in tensile stress in the extreme case of 10° of hyperextension combined with 5° of axial rotation. Stress concentration was found at the anterior corner of the post in the FF model; this was not found in the CC model. The curve on curve design can reduce edge loading on the tibial post, especially during axial tibiofemoral rotation. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:442,449, 2007 [source] Low intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerated bone remodeling during consolidation stage of distraction osteogenesisJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 2 2006Chun Wai Chan Abstract Bone regeneration in distraction osteogenesis occurs under tensile stress with axial rhythmic distraction after osteotomy. In this study, we evaluated if the low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) was also effective on enhancement of bone remodeling during consolidation stage of distraction osteogenesis. Open osteotomy of seventeen 18-week-old female New Zealand rabbit tibiae were performed. The distraction was applied with the rate of 1 mm per day. LIPUS (30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz) was delivered for 20 min per day during 4-week consolidation stage (n,=,10). The animals without treatment served as sham group (n,=,7). Plain X-ray, peripheral quantitative computational tomography (pQCT), and torsional test were performed. Results showed that smaller radiolucent interzone of LIPUS treatment group was gradually occupied by calcified tissue in plain X-ray at week 2. The bone mineral density (BMD) measured on radiographs increased by 9.18% in the LIPUS group. Bone mineral content (BMC), hard callus volume, and bone strength index (BSI) measured by pQCT were 83%, 116%, and 94%, respectively, in LIPUS group that were significantly greater than those of the controls. At the 4th week, LIPUS-treated callus showed the development of neocorticalization in the proximal and distal region. The BMC, hard callus volume, and BSI of LIPUS group decreased and was not significantly different from control. This was also confirmed by the maximum torque of LIPUS-treated callus (1424.2,±,457.3 N,·,mm) obtained at week 4, which did not differ from that of the sham group (1968.8,±,895.1 N,·,mm). In conclusion, the effective period of LIPUS treatment was at the initial stage of consolidation, with accelerated bone formation and remodeling. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res [source] Compressive compared with tensile loading of medial collateral ligament scar in vitro uniquely influences mRNA levels for aggrecan, collagen type II, and collagenaseJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 4 2000Tokifumi Majima To test the hypothesis that loading conditions can be used to engineer early ligament scar behaviors, we used an in vitro system to examine the effect that cyclic hydrostatic compression and cyclic tension applied to 6-week rabbit medial collateral ligament scars had on mRNA levels for matrix molecules, collagenase, and the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun. Our specific hypothesis was that tensile stress would promote more normal mRNA expression in ligament whereas compression would lead to higher levels of mRNA for cartilage-like molecules. Femur (injured medial collateral ligament)-tibia complexes were subjected to a hydrostatic pressure of 1 MPa or a tensile stress of 1 MPa of 0.5 Hz for 1 minute followed by 14 minutes of rest. On the basis of a preliminary optimization experiment, this 15-minute testing cycle was repeated for 4 hours. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed for mechanically treated medial collateral ligament scars with use of rabbit specific primer sets for types I, II, and III collagen, decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, versican, aggrecan, collagenase, c-fos, c-jun, and a housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cyclic hydrostatic compression resulted in a statistically significant increase in mRNA levels of type-II collagen (171% of nonloaded values) and aggrecan (313% of nonloaded values) but statistically significant decreases in collagenase mRNA levels (35% of nonloaded values). Cyclic tension also resulted in a statistically significant decrease in collagenase mRNA levels (66% of nonloaded values) and an increase in aggrecan mRNA levels (458% of nonloaded values) but no significant change in the mRNA levels for the other molecules. The results show that it is possible to alter mRNA levels for a subset of genes in scar tissue by supplying unique mechanical stimuli in vitro and thus that further investigation of scar engineering for potential reimplantation appears feasible. [source] Novel tricomponent membranes containing poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) domains,JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 18 2002Pious Kurian Abstract The synthesis and characterization of novel tricomponent networks consisting of well-defined poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) strands crosslinked and reinforced by poly(pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane) (PD5) domains are described. Network synthesis occurred by dissolving ,,,-diallyl PEG and ,,,-divinyl PDMS prepolymers in a common solvent (toluene), introducing a stoichiometric excess of pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5H) to the charge, inducing the cohydrosilation of the prepolymers by Karstedt's catalyst and completing network formation by the addition of water. Water in the presence of the Pt-based catalyst oxidizes the SiH groups of D5H to SiOH functions that immediately polycondense and bring about crosslinking. The progress of cohydrosilation and polycondensation was followed by monitoring the disappearance of the SiH and SiOH functions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Because cohydrosilation and polycondensation are essentially quantitative, overall network composition can be controlled by calculating the stoichiometry of the three network constituents. The very low quantities of extractable (sol) fractions corroborate efficient crosslinking. The networks swell in both water and hexanes. Differential scanning calorimetry showed three thermal transitions assigned, respectively, to PEG (melting temperature: 46,60 °C depending on composition), PDMS [glass-transition temperature (Tg) = ,,121 °C], and PD5 (Tg = ,,159 °C) and indicated a phase-separated tricomponent nanoarchitecture. The low Tg of the PD5 phase is unprecedented. The strength and elongation of PEG/PD5/PDMS networks can be controlled by overall network composition. The synthesis of networks exhibiting sufficient mechanical properties (tensile stress: 2,5 MPa, elongation: 100,800%) for various possible applications has been demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3093,3102, 2002 [source] Structural Changes in Silica Glass by Continuous-Wave Laser Backside IrradiationJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 6 2010Hirofumi Hidai We report on a permanent change in the physical properties inside silica glass by rapid heating and quenching using a continuous-wave laser beam. The absorption of the glass was enhanced by laser heating, and the heated spot moved as a result of thermal radiation and conduction. To trigger heating, an absorbent material was placed on the backside of a glass plate and irradiated through the glass. Laser illumination with a power of 11 W focused on the absorbent material induced a cylindrical modified zone along the laser beam with a length of up to 5.5 mm that was modified at a rate of ,130 mm/s. The characteristics of the modified silica glass were studied. The modified area consists of two layers, and the diameters of the inner and outer zones are ,40 and ,55 ,m, respectively. The inner zone was modified by laser heating. The fictive temperature is estimated to be ,1900 K. The etch rate and hardness of the modified glass increased owing to the increment of the fictive temperature. The outer zone was modified by tensile stress due to the densification of the inner zone. In the outer zone, the etch rate is increased and hardness is decreased. [source] High Tunability of Highly (100)-Oriented Lead Zirconate Titanium Thin FilmsJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 11 2008Jiagang Wu Highly (100)-oriented Pb(Zr0.20Ti0.80)O3 (PZT) thin films for electrically tunable applications were prepared on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering with a PbOx buffer layer. The dielectric properties of PZT films were investigated. These results indicated that the applied electric field and measured frequency strongly affected the films' tunability. The PZT films exhibited good dielectric tunability (69.3%) as measured at 1 kHz and 18 V. The related physics mechanism for enhanced tunability was also discussed. The enhanced tunability is attributed to the (100) orientation of PZT films and is a result of the biaxial tensile stress making the polar axis oriented in plane. [source] Constrained Sintering of Silver Circuit PasteJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 2 2004Yun-Chiang Lin Densification kinetics and stress development during constrained sintering of a silver film on a rigid silicon substrate have been studied. Compared with free sintering, the sintering of constrained silver film exhibits a much lower densification and slower densification kinetics. The densification-controlled mechanism changes from fast grain-boundary diffusion kinetics for free sintering to slow lattice diffusion kinetics for constrained sintering. The in-plane tensile stress developed during constrained sintering of silver film, measured using a noncontact laser-scanning optical system, increases rapidly to a maximum level of 1.0,1.5 MPa initially, gradually decreases, and then becomes constant at 0.8,1.0 MPa. The maximum stress observed increases with increasing sintering temperature as a result of the faster densification rate. It is believed that the retardation of densification kinetics of constrained silver film is caused by a change in densification mechanism and the existence of in-plane tensile stress. [source] Effect of Flaw State on the Strength of Brittle Coatings on Soft SubstratesJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 10 2001Hae-Won Kim A study is made of the role of flaw state on the strength properties of brittle ceramic coating layers bonded to soft polycarbonate substrates. We introduce Vickers radial cracks at prescribed loads into the coating undersurfaces prior to bonding to control the sizes and locations of the starting flaws. A spherical indenter is then loaded on the top bilayer surfaces, directly above the Vickers indentation sites, subjecting the radial cracks to flexural tensile stress. Radial crack responses are monitored in situ, using a camera located below the transparent substrate. Critical loads to cause radial crack instability, and ensuing growth of the arrested cracks, are recorded. Conventional biaxial flexure tests on corresponding monolith coating materials provide a baseline for data comparison. Relative to the monolith flexure specimens, the bilayers show higher strengths, the more so the larger the flaw, indicating enhanced flaw tolerance. A simple fracture mechanics analysis of the radial crack evolution in the concentrated-load field, with due account for distribution of flexural tensile stresses at the coating undersurface, is unable to account completely for the enhanced bilayer strengths for the larger Vickers flaws. It is hypothesized that the epoxy used to bond the bilayer components enters the cracks, causing crack-wall adherence and providing an increased resistance to radial crack instability. The fracture mechanics are nevertheless able to account for the arrest and subsequent stable extension of the radial cracks beyond the critical loads once this extraneous adherence has been overcome. [source] Temperature Dependence of Tensile Strength for a Woven Boron-Nitride-Coated Hi-NicalonÔ SiC Fiber-Reinforced Silicon-Carbide-Matrix CompositeJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 9 2001Shuqi Guo The temperature dependence of tensile fracture behavior and tensile strength of a two-dimensional woven BN-coated Hi-NicalonÔ SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composite fabricated by polymer infiltration pyrolysis (PIP) were studied. A tensile test of the composite was conducted in air at temperatures of 298 (room temperature), 1200, 1400, and 1600 K. The composite showed a nonlinear behavior for all the test temperatures; however, a large decrease in tensile strength was observed above 1200 K. Young's modulus was estimated from the initial linear regime of the tensile stress,strain curves at room and elevated temperatures, and a decrease in Young's modulus became significant above 1200 K. The multiple transverse cracking that occurred was independent of temperature, and the transverse crack density was measured from fractographic observations of the tested specimens at room and elevated temperatures. The temperature dependence of the effective interfacial shear stress was estimated from the measurements of the transverse crack density. The temperature dependence of in situ fiber strength properties was determined from fracture mirror size on the fracture surfaces of fibers. The decrease in the tensile strength of the composite up to 1400 K was attributed to the degradation in the strength properties of in situ fibers, and to the damage behavior exception of the fiber properties for 1600 K. [source] Bio-Based Rubbers by Concurrent Cationic and Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of a Modified Linseed OilMACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS & ENGINEERING, Issue 11 2009Wonje Jeong Abstract Bio-based rubbers prepared by tandem cationic polymerization and ROMP using a norbornenyl-modified linseed oil, DilulinÔ, and a norbornene diester, NBDC, have been prepared and characterized. Increasing the concentration of the NBDC in the mixture results in a decrease in the glass transition temperature. The new bio-based rubbers exhibit tensile test behavior ranging from relatively brittle (18% elongation) to moderately flexible (52% elongation) and with decreasing values of tensile stress with increasing NBDC content. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the bio-based rubbers have maximum decomposition temperatures of over 450,°C with their thermal stability decreasing with increasing loadings of NBDC. [source] Long-Term Properties of Butt-Welded Poly(propylene)MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS & ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2003Ernst Schmachtenberg Abstract It is still not clear why the long-term properties of plastic weld seams can only be differentiated by the very expensive medium tensile creep tests. One hypothesis for justifying this is based on the change in the structure of the weld seam surroundings, another cites the consumption of antioxidants and the following ageing in the weld seam area to be responsible for this. Butt-welded weld seams made of poly(propylene) were systematically produced under different process parameters. Corresponding to the particular hypothesis, these weld seams were then analyzed in various ways to find correlations or to prove one of the hypotheses. Regarding their short-term weld seam quality, the analyzed weld seams could not be differentiated through short-term tensile or short-term bend test. However, the medium tensile creep tests showed significant differences in both time until failure and long-term weld seam quality. Under long-term loading, the start of the brittle crack could be detected in most weld seams in the fine spherulite-zone or between this zone and the area of the flow lines. This demonstrated again that only long-term tests are suitable for examining different weld seam qualities. Depending on the welding parameters, times until failure decline with increasing heated-tool temperature and heating time. Though these parameters lead to a higher consumption of antioxidants in the weld seam, a degradation was not detected in the breaking area. In fact, increasing heated-tool temperatures and heating times, as well as higher joining pressures lead to a change in the internal structure of the material. This can be seen in morphological structure analyses in the larger bend of the entire weld seam area. A larger bend, however, correlates with higher residual stresses in the weld seam. In the medium tensile creep tests, these residual stresses as well as the tensile stress in the border region and the compressive stress in the middle are superimposed by the tensile stress resulting from the test stress. Thus a greater bend of the weld seam area and higher residual stresses in the weld seam itself lead to shorter times until failure in medium tensile creep tests. Schematic representation of the formation of residual stresses in a weld seam and residual stresses in the different bended weld seam areas. [source] Stress corrosion cracking and selective corrosion of copper-zinc alloys for the drinking water installation,MATERIALS AND CORROSION/WERKSTOFFE UND KORROSION, Issue 4 2009E. Brandl Abstract Despite a generally good corrosion resistance to tap and industrial water, many brass taps and fittings have failed in the past by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and selective corrosion (dezincification or preferred removal of a phase). The experimental investigations of the present study clarify the influence of the ammonia concentration on the two types of corrosion. Notched specimens made of the alloys CuZn39Pb3, CuZn40Pb2, CuZn37, CuZn36Pb2As and CuZn21Si3P are polarized anodically in pure tap water and tap water with realistic ammonia concentrations (15 and 30 ppm) under a simultaneous mechanical loading condition. The influence of stress and of the third alloying elements lead and arsenic are investigated and evaluated. The experiments show that the ammonia additions significantly increase the risk of dezincification of the ,-,-brasses. The arsenic in the CuZn36Pb2As alloy avoids dezincification, but enhances the risk of SCC. The rate of selective corrosion and SCC consistently increases with increase in tensile stress. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||