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Technology Transfer (technology + transfer)
Selected AbstractsTECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: PARTNER SELECTION AND CONTRACT DESIGN WITH FOREIGN FIRMS IN THE INDIAN BIOTECHNOLOGY SECTORSTHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 1 2001Shyama V. RAMANI First page of article [source] TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER UNDER RETURNS TO SCALE*THE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 3 2009DEBAPRIYA SEN In this paper we consider the licensing of a cost-reducing innovation by an outside innovator that uses optimal combinations of upfront fees and royalties in a Cournot duopoly characterized by non-constant returns to scale. The main conclusion of our theoretical analysis is that incidence of positive royalties and diffusion of innovations are both inversely related to economies of scale. Our analysis provides a plausible explanation of the variation of licensing policies across industries. [source] LABOUR MARKET DISTORTION, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND GAINFUL EFFECTS OF FOREIGN CAPITAL,THE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 2 2005SARBAJIT CHAUDHURI This paper purports to show that even in a 2 × 2 full-employment production structure, an inflow of foreign capital may be welfare improving in the presence of labour market distortion. However, the existence of labour market distortion is a necessity to obtain this unconventional result. If an inflow of foreign capital is accompanied by labour market reform, the possibility of welfare gain due to foreign capital diminishes. Therefore, there may exist a trade-off between the policies of growth with foreign capital and labour market reform. However, if the inflow of foreign capital is accompanied by a labour-augmenting type technology transfer, it is found that investment liberalization policy and labour market reform may be undertaken concurrently in a developing economy. [source] Regulation of Technology Transfer to Developing Countries: The Relevance of Institutional Capacity,LAW & POLICY, Issue 1 2005KEVIN E. DAVIS This article revisits the debate over appropriate approaches to the regulation of technology transfer to developing countries. It begins by contrasting two stylized approaches, labeled for convenience the "New International Economic Order" model and the "Globalization" model, which have historically struggled for acceptance. It then explores the implications for the choice between these or alternative models of the fact that many developing countries presently lack the institutional capacity required to provide optimal regulation of technology transfer. Existing discussions appear either to assume that developing countries possess sufficient institutional capacity to design and implement sophisticated regulatory regimes, or to take the opposite approach and assume a drastic shortage of institutional capacity. Both approaches ignore the intermediate category of countries that do face constraints upon institutional capacity but are striving to overcome them. The analysis here is intended to demonstrate the general point that a country's present and future institutional capacity ought to be considered highly relevant to the design of central aspects of the regime that it uses to regulate technology transfer. The analysis is also designed to highlight the specific need for attention to the distinctive questions of regulatory design which arise in countries that are in the process of enhancing their institutional capacity in this and other regulatory contexts. [source] Product Technology Transfer in the Upstream Supply ChainTHE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 6 2003Mohan V. Tatikonda This article addresses the transfer of new product technologies from outside the firm for integration into a new product system as part of a product development effort. Product technology transfer is a key activity in the complex process of new product development and is the fundamental link in the technology supply chain. Product technology transfer too often is dealt with in an ad-hoc fashion. Purposeful management of the product technology transfer process leads to more effective transfers in terms of timeliness, cost, functional performance, and competence building. Better management of product technology transfer gives firms access to a greater variety of new technology options, improves a firm's ability to offer significantly differentiated products, deepens the firm's competitive competencies, and positively influences sustained product development success. The central objective of this article is to gain insight into product technology transfer so that companies can manage this process more successfully and so that researchers can investigate this critical activity further. This article describes the technology supply chain as a unique form of a supply chain that poses a set of managerial challenges and requirements distinguishing it from the more traditional component supply chain. Because a single product technology transfer project is the fundamental piece in the technology supply chain, understanding this piece well is key to leveraging the extended technology supply chain and to improving overall product development performance. This article integrates literatures on new product development, supply chain management, and technology management and builds on organizational theory to present a conceptual model of determinants of product technology transfer success. The core proposition is that product technology transfer effectiveness is greatest when companies carefully match (or "fit") the type of technology to be transferred (the "technology uncertainty") with the type of relationship between the technology supplier and recipient (the "interorganizational interaction"). A quite detailed framework characterizing technology uncertainty along the dimensions of technology novelty, complexity, and tacitness is presented to help in assessing the challenges associated with transferring a particular product technology. This article also considers detailed elements characterizing the interorganizational interactions between the technology source and recipient firms. This helps firms consider the appropriate means to facilitate the interfirm process of technology transfer. Overall, this article provides practical insight into characterizing technologies and into improving the product technology transfer process. This article also provides a strong theoretical foundation to aid future research on product technology transfer in the technology supply chain. [source] Training and Technology TransferAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 1 2003Neil Campbell This paper analyses technology transfer from a multinational corporation (MNC) to a developing economy via training of local workers by the MNC. The paper analyses the determinants of the level of training by the MNC assuming a local entrant can subsequently hire MNC,trained workers and compete with the MNC. It is shown that a small training subsidy paid by the host government may cause the MNC to switch from entry,deterring behaviour to entry,accommodating behaviour. Such a subsidy will cause an increase in the number of skilled workers but may increase or decrease the domestic welfare of the developing country. [source] A Note on Technology Transfer by a MonopolyAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 1 2003X. Henry Wang This paper studies the incentive for a monopoly to license its technology. It shows that a patent,holding monopoly may be willing to license its proprietary technology to a potential competitor when such a technology transfer has a market,expanding effect. [source] High-confidence control: Ensuring reliability in high-performance real-time systemsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 4 2004Tariq Samad Technology transfer is an especially difficult proposition for real-time control. To facilitate it, we need to complement the "high-performance" orientation of control research with an emphasis on establishing "high confidence" in real-time implementation. Two particular problems are discussed and recent research directed at their solutions is presented. First, the use of anytime algorithms requires dynamic resource management technology that generally is not available today in real-time systems. Second, complex algorithms have unpredictable computational characteristics that, nevertheless, need to be modeled; statistical verification is suggested as a possible approach. In both cases, a synthesis of control engineering and computer science is required if effective solutions are to be devised. Simulation-based demonstrations with uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs) serve to illustrate the research efforts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Multinational Corporations and Patterns of Local Knowledge Transfer in Costa Rican High-Tech IndustriesDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2008Elisa Giuliani ABSTRACT Over recent decades, governments in industrializing countries have promoted policies to attract foreign investors, anticipating the benefits of technology transfer to host economies. During the 1990s, Costa Rica adopted an industrialization strategy based on attracting high-tech multinational companies (MNCs). Using an original survey of a sample of high-tech MNC subsidiaries, this article shows that the new wave of efficiency-seeking subsidiaries tend not to transfer knowledge to domestic firms even when they establish backward linkages with them. Instead, most of the knowledge transfer occurs between high-tech foreign subsidiaries. This has clear policy implications for host country governments. [source] Climate-Change Mitigation Revisited: Low-Carbon Energy Transitions for China and IndiaDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 6 2009Frauke Urban China and India are heavily dependent on high-carbon fossil fuels. This article elaborates the implications of low-carbon energy transitions in the two countries, which can mitigate their serious contribution to climate change while allowing economic growth. Three modelling case studies are presented: for the Chinese power sector, the economy of Beijing and rural Indian households without access to electricity. They demonstrate a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and energy use, while costs are likely to increase. Financial assistance and technology transfer will be needed to support their efforts towards a climate-friendly low-carbon economy. [source] The Role of Human Capital in Technological EntrepreneurshipENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 6 2007Mike Wright This special issue addresses the role that the human capital characteristics of individuals and teams play in the complex process of technological entrepreneurship. In this article, we position the special issue on human capital and technology-based entrepreneurship within the literatures concerning academic entrepreneurship, technology transfer and innovation, and corporate spin-offs. We summarize the articles in the special issue and also outline a research agenda at the firm, entrepreneurial team, and individual entrepreneur levels. Finally, we discuss managerial and policy implications. [source] The Trans-Tasman Cable, the Australasian Bridgehead and Imperial HistoryHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2008James Smithies The extension of the ,All Red' telegraph network to Australia and New Zealand during the 1870s greatly enhanced communication between the centre and periphery, consolidating British imperial expansion and offering the Australasian colonies the opportunity to engage more fully in imperial affairs. For contemporaries, the Trans-Tasman cable between Australia and New Zealand provided the final link in a grand imperial chain of communications, which promised to bolster their significance in world affairs and offset the cultural isolation which appeared to be stifling their development. The cable represented an essential bond between the furthest-flung imperial ,bridgehead' (John Darwin) and the cultural and strategic centre of London. In real terms, however, the promises of the new technology of submarine telegraphy failed to live up to expectations. Although quickly integrated into New Zealanders' dawning cultural nationalist myth, the cable was expensive and underused for many years. Its real significance lies in its symbolic power as a symbol of imperial expansion, and as a case study in the vagaries of technology transfer. [source] Some chemical and microbiological properties of ghee produced in Eastern AnatoliaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2008AYSEGUL KIRAZCI Some properties of 30 ghee samples produced in Eastern Anatolia in Turkey were evaluated. Lipolytic bacteria and yeast,mould counts ranged from undetectable to 9.9 × 105 and 6.9 × 105 cfu/g, respectively. Most of the samples showed higher free fatty acids (FFA) and peroxide values (PV) than the limits mentioned in International Dairy Federation standards. Storage at 5°C for 30 days was not sufficient to stop the lipolytic and yeast,mould growth and lipid oxidation of the samples. Ghee samples with considerably higher trans -C18 : 1 and trans -C18 : 2 fatty acids contents were considered to be adulterated with hydrogenated oils. It is recommended that specific attention should be given to technology transfer and the education of traditional dairy product manufacturers. [source] Privatization and the allure of franchising: a Zambian feasibility study,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2003John L. Fiedler Abstract Efforts to privatize portions of the health sector have proven more difficult to implement than had been anticipated previously. One common bottleneck encountered has been the traditional organizational structure of the private sector, with its plethora of independent, single physician practices. The atomistic nature of the sector has rendered many privatization efforts difficult, slow and costly,in terms of both organizational development and administration. In many parts of Africa, in particular, the shortages of human and social capital, and the fragile nature of legal institutions, undermine the appeal of privatization. The private sector is left with inefficiencies, high prices and costs, and a reduced effective demand. The result is the simultaneous existence of excess capacity and unmet need. One potential method to improve the efficiency of the private sector, and thereby enhance the likelihood of successful privatization, is to transfer managerial technology,via franchising,from models that have proven successful elsewhere. This paper presents a feasibility analysis of franchizing the successful Bolivian PROSALUD system's management package to Zambia. The assessment, based on PROSALUD's financial model, demonstrates that technology transfer requires careful adaptation to local conditions and, in this instance, would still require significant external assistance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Implementing the Amphibian Conservation Action PlanINTERNATIONAL ZOO YEARBOOK, Issue 1 2008R. D. MOORE The Global Amphibian Assessment, completed in 2004, revealed that over 32% of the c. 6000 amphibian species known worldwide are threatened with extinction. This staggering figure exceeds rates of imperilment for both birds (12%) and mammals (23%). Amphibians face threats from traditional factors, such as habitat loss, unsustainable use, invasive species and pollution. These stresses are compounded by more novel threats, such as emerging infectious diseases and climate change, which are unimpeded by protected-area boundaries. A Summit was convened in September 2005 to devise a unified strategy for amphibian conservation in the form of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP; available at http://www.amphibians.org/). The ACAP outlines a 5 year plan to curtail the decline and extinction of amphibians, and focuses on 11 themes, each with an associated budget. The total estimated cost of abating the current trend comes to US $400 million over the next 5 years. While this may appear daunting, it serves to highlight the urgency of the situation and draws attention to the need to steer limited resources towards the conservation of this vulnerable group. The ACAP is a call for help to governments, zoos and aquariums, civilians and researchers alike. We need to work together if we are going to succeed in stemming a mass extinction spasm affecting an entire class of vertebrates. The IUCN/SSC (The World Conservation Union/Species Survival Commission) Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG; http://www.amphibians.org/), formed after the Summit, is working to implement the ACAP by stimulating, developing and executing practical programmes to conserve amphibians and their habitats around the world. In addition, the ASG is supporting a global web of partners to develop funding, capacity and technology transfer to achieve shared, strategic amphibian conservation goals. [source] Fruit fly liquid larval diet technology transfer and updateJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2009C. L. Chang Abstract Since October 2006, the US Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service (USDA,ARS) has been implementing a fruit fly liquid larval diet technology transfer, which has proceeded according to the following steps: (1) recruitment of interested groups through request; (2) establishment of the Material Transfer Agreement with agricultural research service; (3) fruit fly liquid larval diet starter kit sent to the requestor for preliminary evaluation; (4) problem-solving through email or onsite demonstration; (5) assessment on feedback from the participants to decide whether to continue the project. Up to date, the project has involved 35 participants from 29 countries and 26 species of fruit flies. Fourteen participants have concluded their evaluation of the process, and 11 of these 14, have deemed it to be successful. One participant has decided to implement the project on a larger scale. The 14 participants were, Argentina (Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha fraterculus), Bangladesh (Bactrocera cucurbitae, C. capitata, and Bactrocera dorsalis), China (Fujia province) (B. dorsalis), Italy (C. capitata), Fiji (Bactrocera passiflorae), Kenya (Bactrocera invadens, Ceratitis cosyra), Mauritius (Bactrocera zonata and B. cucurbitae), Mexico (Anastrepha species), Philippines (Bactrocera philippinese), Thailand (Bactrocera correcta), Austria (C. capitata, Vienna 8 and A. fraterculus), Israel (Dacus ciliatus and C. capitata), South Africa (C. capitata, Vienna 8) and Australia (C. capitata). The Stellenbosch medfly mass-rearing facility in South Africa and the CDFA in Hawaii were two mass-scale rearing facilities that allowed us to demonstrate onsite rearing in a larger scale. Demonstrations were performed in CDFA in 2007, and in Stellenbosch, South Africa in 2008; both were found to be successful. The Stellenbosch medfly mass-rearing facility in South Africa decided to adopt the technology and is currently evaluating the quality control of the flies that were reared as larvae on a liquid diet. [source] Promoting the Development of Value-added Specialty Foods through University-based Food Venture CentersJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004OLGA I. PADILLA-ZAKOURArticle first published online: 31 MAY 200 ABSTRACT: Food entrepreneurship is a vital part of the food industry that focuses on creating specialty foods from agricultural products. Many entrepreneurial businesses are farm-based to complement the fresh market with longer shelf-life value-added processed foods that utilize products not suited for the fresh market, and excess production that commonly ends up as farm waste/losses. In some cases, the agricultural production is solely dedicated to fulfill the specialty niche market targeted by the small processor. Food entrepreneurs need comprehensive assistance to become successful processors and marketers. As start-up ventures, their knowledge and economic resources are limited. Support from university-based food venture centers must include training, counseling, technical services, regulatory compliance assistance, technology transfer, and specialized referrals. The Northeast Center for Food Entrepreneurship, a joint effort of Cornell Univ. and the Univ. of Vermont, is a successful model that benefits from key partnerships to promote food ventures in rural and urban communities. For the last 3 years the center has provided assistance and training to more than 3500 individuals interested in food entrepreneurship, and assisted the development and marketing of over 1000 specialty products. Three examples of farm-based value-added enterprises are presented to highlight the center's accomplishments and economic impact. [source] A Forensic Laboratory Tests the Berkeley Microfabricated Capillary Array Electrophoresis Device,JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 4 2008Susan A. Greenspoon Ph.D. Abstract:, Miniaturization of capillary electrophoresis onto a microchip for forensic short tandem repeat analysis is the initial step in the process of producing a fully integrated and automated analysis system. A prototype of the Berkeley microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis device was installed at the Virginia Department of Forensic Science for testing. Instrument performance was verified by PowerPlex® 16 System profiling of single source, sensitivity series, mixture, and casework samples. Mock sexual assault samples were successfully analyzed using the PowerPlex® Y System. Resolution was assessed using the TH01, CSF1PO, TPOX, and Amelogenin loci and demonstrated to be comparable with commercial systems along with the instrument precision. Successful replacement of the Hjerten capillary coating method with a dynamic coating polymer was performed. The accurate and rapid typing of forensic samples demonstrates the successful technology transfer of this device into a practitioner laboratory and its potential for advancing high-throughput forensic typing. [source] Pollution and Cost in the Coke-Making Supply Chain in Shanxi Province, ChinaJOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, Issue 3-4 2002Applying an Integrated System Model to Siting, Transportation Trade-Offs Summary An integrated system trade-off model has been developed to assess costs and pollution associated with transportation in the coke-making supply chain in Shanxi Province, China. A transportation-flow, cost-minimization solver is combined with models for calculating coke-making plant costs, estimating transportation costs from a geographic information system road and rail database, and aggregating coke-making capacity among plants. Model outputs of economic cost, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, and transport distributions are visualized using an Internet-based graphic user interface. Data for the model were collected on survey trips to Shanxi Province as well as from secondary references and proxies. The modularity and extensibility of the system trade-off model facilitate introduction of new data sets in order to examine various planning scenarios. Scenarios of coke-making plant aggregation, rail infrastructure improvement, and technology transfer were evaluated using the model. Costs and pollution emissions can be reduced by enlarging coke-making plants near the rail stations and closing down other plants. Preferential minimization of transportation costs gives a lower total cost than simply minimizing plant costs. Therefore, policy makers should consider transportation costs when planning the reallocation of coke-making capacity in Shanxi Province. Increasing rail-transport capacity is less effective than aggregating plant capacity. On the other hand, transfer of low-pollution truck technology results in a large emission reduction, however, reflecting the importance of truck transportation in the Shanxi Province coke-making industry. [source] CONSIDERING THE SOURCE: DOES THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF FDI MATTER TO ECONOMIC GROWTH?,JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2008Timothy C. Ford ABSTRACT It has long been surmised that firms controlled by different countries may have unequal effects on the host economies in which they locate. By looking at the seven major source countries of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the United States, we provide empirical evidence that the state growth effects of FDI differ by source country. We attribute these differential growth effects to the relative differences in factor endowments between the source country and the state. The implication of this result is that technology transfer, believed to be the engine of economic growth, becomes more costly the more dissimilar the endowments. [source] Regulation of Technology Transfer to Developing Countries: The Relevance of Institutional Capacity,LAW & POLICY, Issue 1 2005KEVIN E. DAVIS This article revisits the debate over appropriate approaches to the regulation of technology transfer to developing countries. It begins by contrasting two stylized approaches, labeled for convenience the "New International Economic Order" model and the "Globalization" model, which have historically struggled for acceptance. It then explores the implications for the choice between these or alternative models of the fact that many developing countries presently lack the institutional capacity required to provide optimal regulation of technology transfer. Existing discussions appear either to assume that developing countries possess sufficient institutional capacity to design and implement sophisticated regulatory regimes, or to take the opposite approach and assume a drastic shortage of institutional capacity. Both approaches ignore the intermediate category of countries that do face constraints upon institutional capacity but are striving to overcome them. The analysis here is intended to demonstrate the general point that a country's present and future institutional capacity ought to be considered highly relevant to the design of central aspects of the regime that it uses to regulate technology transfer. The analysis is also designed to highlight the specific need for attention to the distinctive questions of regulatory design which arise in countries that are in the process of enhancing their institutional capacity in this and other regulatory contexts. [source] Small,scale mining in South Africa: Past, present and futureNATURAL RESOURCES FORUM, Issue 4 2002Nellie Mutemeri Mining is an important part of the South African economy and has been the driver of much of the economic development of the country. However, the small,scale mining subsector still has to realise its full potential. A small,scale mine has been defined as a mining activity employing less than 50 people and with an annual turnover of less than 7.5 million Rand and includes artisanal mines. Small,scale miners are involved in many commodities but there appears to be a bias towards gold, diamonds and quarrying for construction materials, including brickclays. Small,scale mining is regulated by the same legislation (i.e., for the environment, labour, mineral rights, exploration and mining permitting, and skills development) as large,scale mining, though compliance is low, particularly where artisanal mining in concerned. The effective participation of small,scale miners in the mining sector is hampered by their lack of skills, i.e., technical, business and management, and their limited access to mineral deposits, capital and markets. Some of these hindrances have been inherited from the imbalances of the colonial and apartheid eras and continue to act as barriers, making entrance to the industry difficult. For those who have entered the industry out of desperation, as is the case with most artisanal miners, their activities result in negative impacts evident in the inefficient, unsafe and environmentally unfriendly operations. With the advent of the new political dispensation in South Africa, a new era is dawning for the country's small,scale mining subsector. This has resulted in a change of attitude and new government policies which have led to special programmes being put in place to promote the subsector. Intervention strategies for the support of small,scale mining (some of which are already in operation) include programmes for kickstarting mineral beneficiation and value,addition projects, development of appropriate technologies and skills and technology transfer. Proponents of small,scale mining see a well,regulated industry as being the cornerstone of future rural economic development, particularly for previously disadvantaged communities in the poverty nodes. [source] Technology Advances and Tanker Spill PreventionNAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001Cdr. G. Rodgers USCGR (Ret.) ABSTRACT Goals to alert the bridge watch for imminent grounding or collision with shallow underwater dangers, have long been stymied by lags in active sonar technology. Thus "lower hemisphere" designs for shallow underwater search have been unable to exploit solutions useful topside for the "upper hemisphere" guarded by radar and other technology. While the radar environment normally exhibits single path, direct line-of-sight conditions for prime targets, the shallow water sonar environment is cluttered by a mix of echoes and multipath returns for identical ranges. Thus we first must accommodate to a quirky hydroacoustic environment as a major design subsystem for any shallow water navigational sonar. Secondly, for large carriers found in the world tanker fleet, there is recognition that some simple backfit solution is needed for any electroacoustic interface, the sonar transducer. Commercial carriers have not been designed or built with special hull considerations such as sonar domes and recesses; therefore, this second vital subsystem requires particular design attention for projecting hydro-acoustic energy and receiving return echoes. Several recent patents are on file which apply to this problem. Thirdly, signal processing considerations provide a set of design-critical factors. High speed digital signal processors (DSPs) of recent "parallel" design offer opportunities to search at high speed and to unravel the confusing mix of acoustic energy found in shallow water returns. Past hurdles are endemic for these three critical subsystems: hydroacoustic environment, electroacoustic transducer design, and signal processing, but now these seem most amenable to technology transfer. [source] A technology valuation model to support technology transfer negotiationsR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2007Dong-Hyun Baek The development and commercialization of advanced technologies will depend increasingly on efficient technology transfer and technology trading systems. This requires the development of technology markets or exchanges and hence a reliable technology valuation methodology. This paper develops a methodology for an objective and impartial valuation of fully developed technologies. A web-based technology valuation system is developed with which interested users can make efficient and real-time evaluations of technologies. [source] The developmental path of networking capability of catch-up players in Korea's semiconductor industryR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2003Hyun-Dae Cho With respect to technological learning, networking and globalization, and the subsequent development of technological capability, this study examines the developmental path of catch-up players in Korea's semiconductor industry. It in particular deals with the important aspects of local and global networking of catch-up players accumulating technological capability. This paper also argues that networking capability plays a critical role in the development of the technological capability of catch-up players in developing countries, and that their networking patterns are changed along the global technological trajectory that they face. That is, on the basis of the Korean case analysis, this study reveals that global hierarchical networking with global leaders is provoked in the vertical cooperative phase when global mature technologies are involved in international technology transfer. Next, the quasi-global networking with overseas sister companies and their professionals is strengthened in the discordant phase when growing technologies are involved. Reciprocal networking with global players is encouraged in the strategic phase when emerging technologies are involved. In addition, this paper addresses the development path of other aspects of technological capability, i.e., production, investment, and innovation capability, of Korea's semiconductor players. Furthermore, it discusses the relevance of Korea's development path to other countries and firms. [source] Mapping the motivations and intentions of technology orientated entrepreneursR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2003Elizabeth Chell The role of entrepreneurs in stimulating growth in the small business economy has received significant interest in the last three decades. This growing interest is prompted, in part, by the government's assumption that the establishment and expansion of existing small firms could be greatly enhanced by the promotion of entrepreneurial education programmes in colleges and universities. Whilst there has been significant interest in the role, type and effect of entrepreneurs in the economy, few studies have examined the effect of entrepreneurial programmes on the progression of an idea through to commercialisation. This is because such research, whilst seemingly desirable, is problematic. Evidence can be gleaned through the development of suitable conceptual frameworks and methods, to assess the role and impact of entrepreneurial programmes on the commercialisation of products or processes, and the enhancement of entrepreneurial capabilities. To address this problem, the research will examine different approaches and frameworks that have been developed and applied hitherto. The objective of this will be to highlight the difficulties in assessing the motivations, cognitive and behavioural changes of entrepreneurs. Also, the research will demonstrate the need to undertake adequate controls, which illustrate possible improvement in entrepreneurial capabilities, networks, and credibility in comparison to students that embarked on courses without entrepreneurial elements. The process will confine itself to business development within the higher education (HEI) context. The MSEC has as its remit to provide opportunity, education, awareness and training to foster entrepreneurship within science and engineering departments across four universities in Greater Manchester. This setting will provide a unique situation in which to investigate the development of germinal technology businesses from the inception of an idea to the point of incubation, prototype development and investment. There is a requirement to understand the needs of the virgin entrepreneur, possible obstacles to commercialisation and the process of new venture creation. The methodology to be adopted has been identified, and forges new ground on combining positivist and phenomenological paradigms. The multi,paradigm approach supports the use of critical incident technique to reveal greater insights in to the personal and cognitive development of virginal entrepreneurs, the suitability of enterprise programmes to act as catalysts for venture creation, and their role in supporting technology transfer. The research will not only confine itself to examining undergraduate and postgraduate projects within MSEC's business creation unit, but will also continue to assess the experience of entrepreneurs' when they leave the programme. The research also documents the economic contribution of the programme, in terms of generation of new technology,based firms and the impact of entrepreneurs joining established small firms. Ultimately the aim is to build a long,term picture of the role of enterprise programmes in HEIs that will inform policy and practice. [source] Codification, patents and the geography of knowledge transfer in the electronic musical instrument industryTHE CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER/LE GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN, Issue 3 2006TIM REIFFENSTEIN Recent research in economic geography has emphasized tacit knowledge as the basis of industrial learning. In contrast, codification and the practices of industrial writing have received little attention for the roles they play in mobilizing knowledge across space. This paper offers insight into the geographies of codification through an examination of technology transfer in the electronic musical instrument industry between 1965 and 1995. The research draws on a variety of primary and secondary data that include interviews with inventors, biographical accounts and patent analysis. These sources offer perspective on the career trajectories of three U.S. inventors who transferred knowledge from various contexts in California's high-tech industry to the Japanese firm, Yamaha. Conceptually, the paper draws on the actor,network theory and Latour's idea of translation to highlight the detours inventors must take to register novelty. The analysis reveals the problematic nature of codified knowledge and its transfer; in this case codified knowledge was mobile internationally but not locally, at least until it reached Japan. The paper argues for the need to understand how texts such as patents are produced,the context of their authorship, the geographies of their circulation and their efficacy for shaping further innovative practice. Les recherches actuelles en géographie mettent l'accent sur les connaissances tacites comme fondement de l'apprentissage industriel. Cependant, la codification et les pratiques relatives à la composition industrielle ont été peu étudiées du point de vue de leurs rôles dans la mobilisation des connaissances dans l'espace. Cet article donne un aperçu des géographies de la codification suite à une analyse du transfert technologique dans l'industrie des instruments de musique électronique entre 1965 et 1995. Fondée sur un ensemble de données primaires et secondaires, cette étude présente une série d'entrevues réalisées auprès d'inventeurs, des comptes-rendus biographiques et des analyses de brevets. Ces données permettent de considérer avec recul le cheminement professionnel de trois inventeurs américains responsables du transfert des connaissances depuis différents secteurs de l'industrie de haute technologie californienne vers la société japonaise Yamaha. Sur un plan conceptuel, l'article reprend la théorie acteur-réseau et aborde la notion de traduction développée par Latour afin de mettre en relief les principaux détours qu'empruntent les inventeurs pour obtenir un brevet d'innovation. L'analyse fait ressortir le caractère problématique des connaissances codifiées et de leur transfert; dans ce cas, les connaissances codifiées étaient mobiles à l'échelle internationale et non à l'échelle locale avant qu'elles n'arrivent au Japon. Cet article plaide en faveur de la nécessité de comprendre comment les textes tels que les brevets sont élaborés: le contexte entourant la rédaction du document, les géographies de leur diffusion et les répercutions sur les pratiques novatrices. [source] Product Technology Transfer in the Upstream Supply ChainTHE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 6 2003Mohan V. Tatikonda This article addresses the transfer of new product technologies from outside the firm for integration into a new product system as part of a product development effort. Product technology transfer is a key activity in the complex process of new product development and is the fundamental link in the technology supply chain. Product technology transfer too often is dealt with in an ad-hoc fashion. Purposeful management of the product technology transfer process leads to more effective transfers in terms of timeliness, cost, functional performance, and competence building. Better management of product technology transfer gives firms access to a greater variety of new technology options, improves a firm's ability to offer significantly differentiated products, deepens the firm's competitive competencies, and positively influences sustained product development success. The central objective of this article is to gain insight into product technology transfer so that companies can manage this process more successfully and so that researchers can investigate this critical activity further. This article describes the technology supply chain as a unique form of a supply chain that poses a set of managerial challenges and requirements distinguishing it from the more traditional component supply chain. Because a single product technology transfer project is the fundamental piece in the technology supply chain, understanding this piece well is key to leveraging the extended technology supply chain and to improving overall product development performance. This article integrates literatures on new product development, supply chain management, and technology management and builds on organizational theory to present a conceptual model of determinants of product technology transfer success. The core proposition is that product technology transfer effectiveness is greatest when companies carefully match (or "fit") the type of technology to be transferred (the "technology uncertainty") with the type of relationship between the technology supplier and recipient (the "interorganizational interaction"). A quite detailed framework characterizing technology uncertainty along the dimensions of technology novelty, complexity, and tacitness is presented to help in assessing the challenges associated with transferring a particular product technology. This article also considers detailed elements characterizing the interorganizational interactions between the technology source and recipient firms. This helps firms consider the appropriate means to facilitate the interfirm process of technology transfer. Overall, this article provides practical insight into characterizing technologies and into improving the product technology transfer process. This article also provides a strong theoretical foundation to aid future research on product technology transfer in the technology supply chain. [source] Effect of the TRIPS-Mandated Intellectual Property Rights on Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the Indian Pharmaceutical IndustryTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5-6 2008Rajnish Kumar Rai The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights is the most important as well as the most controversial instrument to date concerning intellectual property protection. What is not clear is the impact it will have on developing countries and whether it will actually meet its objective in the ", promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology ,". The proponents of a strong patent regime vehemently argue that strengthening patent protection will lead to greater technology transfer in developing countries, and consequently inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) as it is the most important channel for technology transfer. This article takes the Indian pharmaceutical industry as an example to examine the above assertion, and argues that simply enhancing patent protection may not necessarily result in a corresponding increase in FDI in the Indian pharmaceutical sector. It shows that in addition to strong patent protection, there are equally or even more important factors that have a bearing on the inflow of FDI. [source] LICENSING CONTRACT IN A STACKELBERG MODEL,THE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 5 2005LUIGI FILIPPINI We study optimal linear licensing and its social welfare implications when the innovator (patentee) is an insider that can make capacity/output commitment so as to act as a Stackelberg leader in the output market. We show that (i) the patentee's profit-maximizing licensing contract is a royalty; (ii) the optimal royalty rate is greater than the cost reduction attained by the licensed technology and is increasing in the number of competitors; (iii) optimal licensing maximizes the likelihood of technology transfer, may reduce social welfare and always makes consumers worse off; and (iv) the innovator benefits from capacity commitment, and the more competitive the output market, the greater the gains it makes by licensing. The opposite holds for consumers. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||