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Technology Development (technology + development)
Terms modified by Technology Development Selected AbstractsThe Cartagena Protocol: Implications for Regional Trade and Technology Development in AfricaDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 1 2008E. Jane Morris The majority of African countries have ratified or acceded to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and many have received support through the Global Environment Facility and the UN Environment Programme for development of their National Biosafety Frameworks. This article examines the extent to which these frameworks are aligned with the goals of the Regional Economic and Regional Research Communities of which they are members. Many national approaches lack alignment with regional trade, economic, science and technology policies. The strict application of the precautionary principle and the imposition of costly administrative hurdles are likely to hinder intra-regional trade and technology development. [source] Prions and Blood: The Impact on Artificial Organ Technology DevelopmentARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 1 2002Paul S. Malchesky D.Eng. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Thirty years of plant transformation technology developmentPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007Philippe Vain Summary Technology development is seminal to many aspects of basic and applied plant transgenic science. Through the development and commercialization of genetically modified crops, the evolution of plant transgenic technologies is also relevant to society as a whole. In this study, literature statistics were used to uncover trends in the development of these technologies. Publication volume and impact (citation) over the past 30 years were analysed with respect to economic zones, countries, species and DNA delivery method. This revealed that, following a dramatic expansion in the 1980s, publications focusing on the development of transgenic technology have been slowing down worldwide since the early mid-1990s, except in a few leading Asian countries. The implications of these trends on the future of plant transgenic science as a whole are discussed. [source] Impact of research investment on Cassava production technologies in India,AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2009Tavva Srinivas The present study was an ex-post assessment done to validate past funding on cassava research, based on economic surplus approach. Though cassava was introduced as a food crop in Kerala, India from Brazil, it has changed its status to commercial crop at present in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh states. This was made possible due to intensive research and development efforts of different R&D organizations. Cassava technologies developed enabled in sustaining the crop in the country with the world's highest productivity. All the cassava production technologies considered in the study resulted in an economic surplus of Rs.3585.87 million in the target domain covering Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Consumers and producers benefited to the tune of Rs.2090.64 million and Rs.1495.23 million respectively. Net present value of economic gains was estimated to be Rs.3548.76 million. Present value of research investment on cassava production technologies was Rs.37.11 million resulting in benefit cost ratio of 96.63:1 with a high internal rate of return of 104 per cent. Thus the study indicated that the research investments incurred on cassava production technologies development was highly economical and provided evidence to the policy makers that supporting the research investment on underground, under exploited tropical root crops like cassava is an economically viable proposition. [source] The Cartagena Protocol: Implications for Regional Trade and Technology Development in AfricaDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 1 2008E. Jane Morris The majority of African countries have ratified or acceded to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and many have received support through the Global Environment Facility and the UN Environment Programme for development of their National Biosafety Frameworks. This article examines the extent to which these frameworks are aligned with the goals of the Regional Economic and Regional Research Communities of which they are members. Many national approaches lack alignment with regional trade, economic, science and technology policies. The strict application of the precautionary principle and the imposition of costly administrative hurdles are likely to hinder intra-regional trade and technology development. [source] Enhancing technology development through integrated environmental analysis: Toward sustainable nonlethal military systemsINTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2010Oral S. Saulters Abstract New technologies are not only critical in supporting traditional industrial and military success but also play a pivotal role in advancing sustainability and sustainable development. With the current global economic challenges, resulting in tighter budgets and increased uncertainty, synergistic paradigms and tools that streamline the design and dissemination of key technologies are more important than ever. Accordingly, a proactive and holistic approach can facilitate efficient research, design, testing, evaluation, and fielding for novel and off-the-shelf products, thereby assisting developers, end users, and other diverse stakeholders in better understanding tradeoffs in the defense industry and beyond. By prioritizing mechanisms such as strategic life-cycle environmental assessments (LCEA); programmatic environment, safety, and occupational health evaluations (PESHE); health hazard assessments (HHA); and other innovative platforms and studies early within systems engineering, various nonlethal military technologies have been successfully developed and deployed. These efforts provide a framework for addressing complex environment, safety, and occupational health risks that affect personnel, infrastructure, property, socioeconomic, and natural/cultural resources. Moreover, integrated, comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and iterative analyses involving flexible groups of specialists/subject matter experts can be applied at various spatiotemporal scales in support of collaborations. This paper highlights the Urban Operations Laboratory process utilized for inclusive and transformative environmental analysis, which can translate into advantages and progress toward sustainable systems. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:281,286. © 2009 SETAC [source] Fell-Muir Lecture: Cartilage 2010 , The Known UnknownsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Timothy E. Hardingham Summary Over the past 40 years there have been giant steps forward in our understanding of cellular and molecular biology that have given us the framework by which to understand tissue organization and tissue function on a range of scales. However, although the progress has been great, the more we have discovered, the more we are aware of what we don't yet know. In this article, I would like to flag up some issues of cartilage biology, function and pathology where we still have significant ignorance. As scientists we all provide contributions to add to the greater understanding of science and progress is on a broad front, but gaps are left where particular difficulty is encountered and in life sciences it is no different. Progress is fast where new knowledge and techniques pave the way, but where study is complex and relevant techniques poorly developed the gaps are left behind. In cartilage research and matrix biology, the gaps can particularly be seen at interfaces between disciplines and where technology development has lagged behind and in the particular challenges of understanding how molecular properties can explain tissue macro properties. [source] Agricultural innovation and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa: Tracing connections and missing linksJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2010Julius T. Mugwagwa Abstract Grounded in research carried out by researchers investigating different aspects of technological and institutional innovation in agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this special issue seeks to make a contribution to empirical evidence and literature on agricultural innovation globally. The contributors explore the relationship between technology, policy and public engagement approaches and wider concepts of technology development and governance, and collectively argue for a broadened perspective on innovation towards generating new ways of thinking that can ultimately improve upon existing practices in the quest for sustainable solutions to food insecurity. Overall, this is not a negative story. Instead of the now common despair about the abilities of Africa to meet it is own food-security requirements, this issue presents articles which demonstrate how much is already in place, with reflections and suggestions on how such resources can be made to work together for the greater socio-economic good of the continent Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Beamline X28C of the Center for Synchrotron Biosciences: a National Resource for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics Experiments Using Synchrotron FootprintingJOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, Issue 3 2007Sayan Gupta Structural mapping of proteins and nucleic acids with high resolution in solution is of critical importance for understanding their biological function. A wide range of footprinting technologies have been developed over the last ten years to address this need. Beamline X28C, a white-beam X-ray source at the National Synchrotron Light Source of Brookhaven National Laboratory, functions as a platform for synchrotron footprinting research and further technology development in this growing field. An expanding set of user groups utilize this national resource funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health. The facility is operated by the Center for Synchrotron Biosciences and the Center for Proteomics of Case Western Reserve University. The facility includes instrumentation suitable for conducting both steady-state and millisecond time-resolved footprinting experiments based on the production of hydroxyl radicals by X-rays. Footprinting studies of nucleic acids are routinely conducted with X-ray exposures of tens of milliseconds, which include studies of nucleic acid folding and their interactions with proteins. This technology can also be used to study protein structure and dynamics in solution as well as protein,protein interactions in large macromolecular complexes. This article provides an overview of the X28C beamline technology and defines protocols for its adoption at other synchrotron facilities. Lastly, several examples of published results provide illustrations of the kinds of experiments likely to be successful using these approaches. [source] Effects of viscosity and surface roughness on gear contact tribological layersLUBRICATION SCIENCE, Issue 1 2007T. C. Jao Abstract The increasing dependence on more robust additive chemistry to improve gear pitting resistance requires the additive technology development to rely less on a trial-and-error approach and more on a better basic understanding of the influence of additive chemistry on tribological contact layers' physical and chemical changes. The use of secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) and nanoindenter to analyse tribological contact layers had been carried out by Inacker and co-workers at NMI. They found that the alkyl structure of zinc dithiophosphate (ZDTP) and the type of cation have a profound effect on the thickness and nanohardness of the tribological layer. An extension to that study has been carried out in this investigation, which involves a design experiment of two variables (oil viscosity and surface roughness) while keeping the additive chemistry constant to determine their impact on the tribological layer. The methods used to analyse the tribological layers include SNMS, nanoindenter and SEM coupled with focused ion beam imaging of the rectangular well-shaped cross section. The results in general are in agreement with the findings of Inacker and his co-workers, namely greater micropitting reduces the thickness of the tribological layer and brings closer the depth of nanohardness maximum to the surface. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Craniofacial imaging informatics and technology developmentORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 2003MW Vannier Structured Abstract Author, Vannier MW Purpose , ,Craniofacial imaging informatics' refers to image and related scientific data from the dentomaxillofacial complex, and application of ,informatics techniques' (derived from disciplines such as applied mathematics, computer science and statistics) to understand and organize the information associated with the data. Method , Major trends in information technology determine the progress made in craniofacial imaging and informatics. These trends include industry consolidation, disruptive technologies, Moore's law, electronic atlases and on-line databases. Each of these trends is explained and documented, relative to their influence on craniofacial imaging. Results , Craniofacial imaging is influenced by major trends that affect all medical imaging and related informatics applications. The introduction of cone beam craniofacial computed tomography scanners is an example of a disruptive technology entering the field. An important opportunity lies in the integration of biologic knowledge repositories with craniofacial images. Conclusion , The progress of craniofacial imaging will continue subject to limitations imposed by the underlying technologies, especially imaging informatics. Disruptive technologies will play a major role in the evolution of this field. [source] Thirty years of plant transformation technology developmentPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007Philippe Vain Summary Technology development is seminal to many aspects of basic and applied plant transgenic science. Through the development and commercialization of genetically modified crops, the evolution of plant transgenic technologies is also relevant to society as a whole. In this study, literature statistics were used to uncover trends in the development of these technologies. Publication volume and impact (citation) over the past 30 years were analysed with respect to economic zones, countries, species and DNA delivery method. This revealed that, following a dramatic expansion in the 1980s, publications focusing on the development of transgenic technology have been slowing down worldwide since the early mid-1990s, except in a few leading Asian countries. The implications of these trends on the future of plant transgenic science as a whole are discussed. [source] Disruptive technologies, stakeholders and the innovation value-added chain: a framework for evaluating radical technology developmentR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2005Jeremy K. Hall Contemporary frameworks for evaluating technological innovations contend that innovative success is dependent upon the ability of firms to acquire and assimilate new knowledge without disrupting value chain members such as suppliers, customers and complementary innovators. These frameworks, however, provide little advice on how to deal with radical, controversial innovations that may also introduce new undesirable environmental, health, and social side affects. In addition to technological, commercial and organisational uncertainties, the developers of such technology typically must resolve social uncertainties, a particularly difficult activity because of the added complexities and often conflicting and/or difficult-to-reconcile concerns from secondary stakeholders. Attempts must be made to address the potential unintended and unforeseen consequences of the technology, as well as its potential benefits, if it is to be successfully applied. Using Monsanto's development of agricultural biotechnology as an illustration, we suggest an evaluation framework that incorporates stakeholder theory, innovation management concepts and Popper's evolutionary learning methodology of science and its extension to social issues. [source] Tackling the paradox: can attaining global research excellence be compatible with local technology development?R & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2004Johan Van Helleputte This paper uses the case of the IMEC (microelectronics research centre) to examine the compatibility between strategic IPR management of large independent research centres, and regional industrial policy missions given to such centres in return for government funding. In particular, the issue of whether a balance can be found between a necessary drive for international recognition and critical mass of funding, and a policy of IPR valorization towards regional firms is examined. The first section sets out the mission of IMEC and the evolution over time of its strategic approach to building global industrial partnerships based on a sophisticated model of IPR management. Drawing on a recent evaluation, the subject of the second section is the extent to which the results of the industrial and exploratory research activities of IMEC are then commercialized in local Flemish industry. The concluding section offers policy conclusions in terms of the instruments and objectives which public policy makers can apply to maximize the local impact of large globally operating research centres. [source] An Introduction to a Special Issue on Large-Scale Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Restoration Research in the Chesapeake Bay: 2003,2008RESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Deborah Shafer The Chesapeake Bay is one of the world's largest estuaries. Dramatic declines in the abundance and distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Chesapeake Bay over the last few decades led to a series of management decisions aimed at protecting and restoring SAV populations throughout the bay. In 2003, the Chesapeake Bay Program established a goal of planting 405 ha of SAV by 2008. Realizing that such an ambitious goal would require the development of large-scale approaches to SAV restoration, a comprehensive research effort was organized, involving federal and state agencies, academia, and the private sector. This effort differs from most other SAV restoration programs due to a strong emphasis on the use of seeds rather than plants as planting stock, a decision based on the relatively low labor requirements of seeding. Much of the research has focused on the development of tools and techniques for using seeds in large-scale SAV restoration. Since this research initiative began, an average of 13.4 ha/year of SAV has been planted in the Chesapeake Bay, compared to an average rate of 3.6 ha/year during the previous 21 years (1983,2003). The costs of conducting these plantings are on a downward trend as the understanding of the limiting factors increases and as new advances are made in applied research and technology development. Although this effort was focused in the Chesapeake Bay region, the tools and techniques developed as part of this research should be widely applicable to SAV restoration efforts in other areas. [source] Perspective: Economic Conditions, Entrepreneurship, First-Product Development, and New Venture Success,THE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2010Lisa Z. Song Entrepreneurial ventures have a significant impact on new job creation and economic growth, but existing evidence indicates that most entrepreneurial ventures fail. This paper reports key insights from VENSURV, a new database that tracks the success and failure of ventures founded since 1998. Based on an analysis of 539 new ventures founded during the years 1991,2001, the following conclusions are reached. First, consistent with prior research, less than half of the 539 ventures survived more than two years. Second, economic downturns lead to higher failure rates for new ventures. Third, new venture success is highly correlated with first-product success. Fourth, first-product success is enhanced when those products are introduced into markets with emerging market needs but with established industry standards. Finally, first-product and venture performance are significantly higher for products based on ideas that came from the founders. In addition, the most successful first products are based on ideas that reflect both technology development and an analysis of customer needs. [source] The Policies and Politics of Industrial Upgrading in Thailand during the Thaksin Era (2001,2006)ASIAN POLITICS AND POLICY, Issue 3 2009Laurids S. Lauridsen What happens when developing countries can no longer grow by simply exploiting their existing comparative advantages in natural resources or cheap labor? When entering the 21st century Thailand was confronted with that question, but in comparison with other East Asian countries it was also a laggard in relation to industrial technology development. Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra placed industrial upgrading high on the policy agenda. This article combines a policy cycle analysis with a political analysis. It examines the ability and willingness of the Thaksin government to design and implement an adequate and coherent set of industrial upgrading policies with a particular emphasis on implementation issues. It is argued that although many initiatives were taken during the Thaksin era, they did not add up to an adequate and coherent set of industrial upgrading policies. This was partly due to institutional legacies in the bureaucratic system but mainly a result of the logic of politics, including the nature of political coalition-building. [source] Biofuels in China: past, present and futureBIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOREFINING, Issue 3 2010Cheng Zhong Abstract Energy security and environmental stress force China to seek and develop biofuels as a substitute of fossil energy. Meanwhile, China has great potential to provide a large quantity of feedstocks for biofuel production due to its vast amount of non-food crops, such as tuberous crops, sweet sorghum, cellulosic biomass, and algae. Recently, the study and the industrial-scale production of biofuels, particularly, fuel ethanol and biodiesel, have progressed remarkably in China as a result of government preferential policies and funding supports. We have briefly reviewed the historical development of biofuels in China with special emphasis on current feedstock utilization and process technology development. The bottlenecks of utilizing various feedstocks have also been analyzed and the prospects for future biofuel development in China have been explored. Biorefineries integrating reliable, low-cost and sufficient non-food feedstock supplies with highly efficient, environmentally friendly process technologies could sustain a bright future for biofuel development in China. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [source] Fast pyrolysis technology developmentBIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOREFINING, Issue 2 2010RH Venderbosch Abstract While the intention of slow pyrolysis is to produce mainly charcoal, fast pyrolysis is meant to convert biomass to a maximum quantity of liquids (bio-oil). Both processes have in common that the biomass feedstock is densified to reduce storage space and transport costs. A comfortable, more stable and cleaner intermediate energy carrier is obtained, which is much more uniform and well defined. In this review, the principles of fast pyrolysis are discussed, and the main technologies reviewed (demo scale: fluid bed, rotating cone and vacuum pyrolysis; pilot plant: ablative and twin screw pyrolysis). Possible product applications are discussed in relation to the bio-oil properties. General mass and energy balance are provided as well, together with some remarks on the economics. Challenges for the coming years are (1) improvement of the reliability of pyrolysis reactors and processes; (2) the demonstration of the oil's utilization in boilers, engines and turbines; and (3) the development of technologies for the production of chemicals and biofuels from pyrolysis oils. One important conclusion in relation to biofuel production is that the type of oxygen functionalities (viz. as an alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, ether, or ester) in the oil should be controlled, rather then merely focusing on a reduction of just the oxygen content itself. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [source] Reworking the NAFTA: Departures from Traditional FrameworksCANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2001Garth J. Holloway This paper reviews the treatment of intellectual property rights in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and considers the welfare-theoretic bases for innovation transfer between member and nonmember states. Specifically, we consider the effects of new technology development from within the union and question whether it is efficient (in a welfare sense) to transfer that new technology to nonmember states. When the new technology contains stochastic components, the important issue of information exchange arises and we consider this question in a simple oligopoly model with Bayesian updating. In this context, it is natural to ask the optimal price at which such information should be transferred. Some simple, natural conjugate examples are used to motivate the key parameters upon which the answer is dependent. L'article que void analyse comment I' Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALENA) traite la protection de la propriété intellectuelle et s,attarde sur les principes théoriques du bien-Aêtre résultant du transfert de I' innovation entre etats membres et non membres. Plus précisément, I'auteur examine les consequences de I'élaboration d'une nouvelle technologie au sein de I'union économique et s'interroge sur I'efficacité (sous I'angle du bien-être social) du transfert de cette technologie aux états non membres. L'importante question du partage de l'information surgit dès que la nouvelle technologie inclut des elements stochastiques. L'auteur étudie cette question en prenant pour modèle un simple oligopole actualisé par la méthode bayesienne. Dans un tel contexte, il est naturel de réclamer le prix optimal auquel il devrait y avoir partage de I' information. Quelques exemples simples, à conjugué naturel, servent à faire ressortir les principaux paramètres sur lesquels repose la réponse è la question examinée. [source] Gravity gradiometer systems , advances and challengesGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 4 2009Daniel DiFrancesco ABSTRACT The past few years have witnessed significant advances and unparalleled interest in gravity gradiometer instrument technology as well as new deployment scenarios for various applications. Gravity gradiometry is now routinely considered as a viable component for resource exploration activities as well as being deployed for global information gathering. Since the introduction of the torsion balance in the 1890s, it has been recognized that gravity gradient information is valuable , yet difficult and time-consuming to obtain. The recent acceptance and routine use of airborne gravity gradiometry for exploration has inspired many new technology developments. This paper summarizes advances in gravity gradient sensor development and also looks at deployment scenarios and gradiometer systems that have been successfully fielded. With projected improved system performance on the horizon, new challenges will also come to the forefront. Included in these challenges are aspects of instrument and system intrinsic noise, vehicle dynamic noise, terrain noise, geologic noise and other noise sources. Each of these aspects is briefly reviewed herein and recommendations for improvements presented. [source] Structural materials underpinning functional materials: teaching old dogs new tricksPOLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2008William A MacDonald Abstract ,Structural' polymers are finding new applications underpinning new technology developments based on functional polymers. This paper discusses the use of polyester films as base substrates for flexible electronic applications based on conjugated polymers and low-temperature hydrogenated amorphous silica processing, and discusses the challenges involved in successfully developing substrates ,fit for purpose'. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Detecting Genomic Aberrations Using Products in a Multiscale AnalysisBIOMETRICS, Issue 3 2010Xuesong Yu Summary Genomic instability, such as copy-number losses and gains, occurs in many genetic diseases. Recent technology developments enable researchers to measure copy numbers at tens of thousands of markers simultaneously. In this article, we propose a nonparametric approach for detecting the locations of copy-number changes and provide a measure of significance for each change point. The proposed test is based on seeking scale-based changes in the sequence of copy numbers, which is ordered by the marker locations along the chromosome. The method leads to a natural way to estimate the null distribution for the test of a change point and adjusted,p -values for the significance of a change point using a step-down maxT permutation algorithm to control the family-wise error rate. A simulation study investigates the finite sample performance of the proposed method and compares it with a more standard sequential testing method. The method is illustrated using two real data sets. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||