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Barley Varieties (barley + variety)
Selected AbstractsBarley Autotoxicity as Influenced by Varietal and Seasonal VariationJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 4 2005O. Oueslati Abstract Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely cultivated in the semi-arid region of Tunisia for grain production and grazing, which often occurs during the same season. We previously demonstrated autotoxic effects of barley among varieties. The present study was conducted to test the effects of barley variety and seasonal variation on the expression of autotoxicity by barley. Four barley varieties were grown in a field experiment over three growing seasons (1999,2000, 2000,01, 2001,02). In the laboratory, germination and seedling growth bioassays were used to assess autotoxicity potential of field-harvested barley. Barley autotoxicity was fully expressed based on inhibition of radicle growth detected in seedling bioassays. Stems were often the most allelopathic plant component. Allelopathic activity of the barley varieties differed across growing seasons suggesting the influence of a seasonal effect due to the extent of water deficit during the dry season and monthly rainfall variability. The results suggest that when planning to integrate barley within cropping sequences, barley producers should carefully select appropriate barley varieties to minimize autotoxicity, which can be more severe under drought conditions. [source] MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of hordeins: rapid approach for identification of malting barley varietiesJOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 9 2009alplachta Abstract A procedure for identification of malting barley varieties using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) of ethanol-soluble barley proteins (hordeins) is described. The hordeins were first extracted from milled barley grains by several extraction protocols (using different extraction agents and conditions). Hordein extracts were then analyzed directly via MALDI-TOF MS without any preliminary purification or separation step, and the protein profiles of analyzed hordein extracts were compared in order to find out the most suitable extraction procedure for mass spectrometric analysis. The optimized procedure was successfully applied to identification of 13 malting barley varieties. Our results revealed that the proposed mass spectrometry-based approach provides characteristic mass patterns of extracted hordeins, which can be advantageously used for barley variety identification. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Investigation of relationships between barley stress peptides and beer gushing using SDS-PAGE and MS screeningJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 23-24 2009Blanka Hégrová Abstract The relationship between gushing and antifungal peptides in barley and malt kernels was examined for five barley varieties produced in the Czech Republic with four conditions of infection and treatment. Proteome changes during pathogen-seed interaction were observed with SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS. These methods were applied as a fast screening for observing the relationship between gushing and peptides/proteins. It was found that the presence of basic peptides, presumably hordothionins and non-specific lipid transfer protein type 1, did not correlate with the degree of gushing for malt (,r,,<0.07, 0.34>), (,r,,<0.01, 0.49>), respectively, as detected by both methods. [source] Drought stress effects on photosystem I content and photosystem II thermotolerance analyzed using Chl a fluorescence kinetics in barley varieties differing in their drought tolerancePHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 2 2009Abdallah Oukarroum Drought stress has multiple effects on the photosynthetic system. Here, we show that a decrease of the relative contribution of the I-P phase, ,VIP = ,VI = (FM,FI)/(FM, Fo), to the fluorescence transient OJIP is observed in 10 drought-stressed barley and 9 chickpea varieties. The extent of the I-P loss in the barley varieties depended on their drought tolerance. The relative loss of the I-P phase seems to be related to a loss of photosystem (PS) I reaction centers as determined by 820-nm transmission measurements. In the second part of this study, the interaction of drought and heat stress in two barley varieties (the drought tolerant variety A¨t Baha and the drought sensitive variety Lannaceur) was studied using a new approach. Heat stress was induced by exposing the plant leaves to temperatures of 25,45°C and the inactivation of the O2 -evolving complex (OEC) was followed measuring chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence using a protocol consisting of two 5-ms pulses spaced 2.3 ms apart. In active reaction centers, the dark interval is long enough to allow the OEC to recover from the first pulse; whereas in heat-inactivated reaction centers it is not. In the latter category of reaction centers, no further fluorescence rise is induced by the second pulse. Lannaceur, under well-watered conditions, was more heat tolerant than Aït Baha. However, this difference was lost following drought stress. Drought stress considerably increased the thermostability of PS II of both varieties. [source] Tolerance of barley seed germination to cold- and drought-stress expressed as seed vigourPLANT BREEDING, Issue 3 2003O. Chloupek Abstract In barley, high seed vigour is a precondition for rapid and homogenous field emergence and good malting quality. Seed vigour was defined as germination percentage under stress conditions (10°C, drought stress - 2 Bars) in 7-8 barley varieties grown in 7-8 locations in the Czech Republic over 7 years. Three of the 7 years were not suitable for high seed quality, probably because of unsuitable weather, as average seed vigour reached only 61, 77 and 86%, respectively. In the remaining 4 years, the average vigour exceeded 94%. The impact of variety on seed vigour was higher in the ,bad years' and the impact of location was higher in the other years. Varieties with higher vigour from all locations in the ,bad years' were identified. Lower vigour was related to the high occurrence of fungi (indicated by ergosterol assays) and to lower field emergence rates of seed samples. The results support the possibility of selecting for improvement of barley seed vigour, which is related to tolerance to various conditions during emergence and to homogenous malting. [source] Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy in extruded diets from cultivars of barley and wheat selected for nutritional quality in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykissAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2009T.G. GAYLORD Abstract A digestibility trial was conducted to elucidate potential differences in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines and varieties as a first step in defining their potential for use in aquafeeds. A diverse group of six barley lines having six combinations of selected attributes, normal versus low phytic acid, normal versus waxy, and hulled versus hull-less, were chosen for evaluation along with a waxy wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soft white wheat. The experimental diets were manufactured by cooking extrusion and consisted of a 70% reference diet that was formulated to contain a minimal level of phosphorus and 30% test ingredient. Phosphorus availability ranged from 17 to 78% and was influenced by starch type in wheat. Apparent protein digestibility ranged from 53 to 125% and differences were observed between wheat varieties based on starch type. Apparent energy digestibility ranged from 32 to 63%, with waxy barley varieties having higher energy digestibility coefficients than normal starch varieties. Waxy starch varieties had higher starch digestibility in both barley and wheat because of the greater digestibility of amylopectin than amylose. In summary, the higher energy digestibility of waxy barley lines suggests that these varieties warrant further attention as feed ingredients for rainbow trout. [source] Molecular chemical structure of barley proteins revealed by ultra-spatially resolved synchrotron light sourced FTIR microspectroscopy: Comparison of barley varietiesBIOPOLYMERS, Issue 4 2007Peiqiang Yu Abstract Barley protein structure affects the barley quality, fermentation, and degradation behavior in both humans and animals among other factors such as protein matrix. Publications show various biological differences among barley varieties such as Valier and Harrington, which have significantly different degradation behaviors. The objectives of this study were to reveal the molecular structure of barley protein, comparing various varieties (Dolly, Valier, Harrington, LP955, AC Metcalfe, and Sisler), and quantify protein structure profiles using Gaussian and Lorentzian methods of multi-component peak modeling by using the ultra-spatially resolved synchrotron light sourced Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (SFTIRM). The items of the protein molecular structure revealed included protein structure ,-helices, ,-sheets, and others such as ,-turns and random coils. The experiment was performed at the National Synchrotron Light Source in Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL, US Department of Energy, NY). The results showed that with the SFTIRM, the molecular structure of barley protein could be revealed. Barley protein structures exhibited significant differences among the varieties in terms of proportion and ratio of model-fitted ,-helices, ,-sheets, and others. By using multi-component peaks modeling at protein amide I region of 1710,1576 cm,1, the results show that barley protein consisted of approximately 18,34% of ,-helices, 14,25% of ,-sheets, and 44,69% others. AC Metcalfe, Sisler, and LP955 consisted of higher (P < 0.05) proportions of ,-helices (30,34%) than Dolly and Valier (,-helices 18,23%). Harrington was in between which was 25%. For protein ,-sheets, AC Metcalfe, and LP955 consisted of higher proportions (22,25%) than Dolly and Valier (13,17%). Different barley varieties contained different ,-helix to ,-sheet ratios, ranging from 1.4 to 2.0, although the difference were insignificant (P > 0.05). The ratio of ,-helices to others (0.3 to 1.0, P < 0.05) and that of ,-sheets to others (0.2 to 0.8, P < 0.05) were different among the barley varieties. It needs to be pointed out that using a multi-peak modeling for protein structure analysis is only for making relative estimates and not exact determinations and only for the comparison purpose between varieties. The principal component analysis showed that protein amide I Fourier self-deconvolution spectra were different among the barley varieties, indicating that protein internal molecular structure differed. The above results demonstrate the potential of the SFTIRM to localize relatively pure protein areas in barley tissues and reveal protein molecular structure. The results indicated relative differences in protein structures among the barley varieties, which may partly explain the biological differences among the barley varieties. Further study is needed to understand the relationship between barley molecular chemical structure and biological features in terms of nutrient availability and digestive behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85:308,317, 2007. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The "Published Online" date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com [source] Economic Returns to Feed Barley Yield-increasing and Disease Resistance Research at the Alberta Field Crop Development CentreCANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2003Joseph G. Nagy The Alberta Field Crop Development Centre (FCDC) at Lacombe has carried out an extensive research and development program on feed barley since 1973. Prior to 2002, FCDC released 11 hulled and six hull-less barley varieties that have been adopted by farmers. The primary objective of this study is to estimate an economic rate of return to the FCDC barley research and development program from 1973 to 2001. A secondary objective is to include benefits arising from research that improved feed barley disease resistance in new cultivars in addition to benefits from purely higher-yielding cultivar research. The analysis uses an ex post economic surplus methodology. Benefits are identified and empirically investigated for three separate FCDC feed barley research thrusts: , benefits arising from FCDC research that developed new, higher-yielding feed barley cultivars that give a yield advantage , benefits arising from FCDC research that improved feed barley disease resistance in new cultivars that result in yield loss avoidance from disease , benefits arising from FCDC research that developed new feed barley cultivars that yield higher silage production. Of the total benefits from research on feed grain varieties, 52% can be attributed to yield advantage research and 48% to yield loss avoidance research. The overall internal rate of return with base elasticity parameters is estimated at 27%, ranging between 23% and 31%, depending on the assumptions made about the yield advantage and base variety. The IRR was sensitive to changes in supply elasticities and ranges from 20% (,= 1.5) to 54% (,= 0.1). L'Alberta Field Crop Development Center (FCDC) de Lacombe poursuit un vaste programme de recherche et de dáveloppement sur l'orge fourragàre depuis 1973. Avant 2002, le FCDC a homologuá onze variátás d'orge ordinaire et six à grains nus que les agriculteurs ont par la suite adoptáes. La prásente átude devait estimer la rentabilitá du programme entre 1973 et 2001. Un objectif secondaire consistait à inclure les retombáes rásultant des cultivars plus rásistants à la maladie à celles dérivant uniquement de l'amélioration du rendement. L'analyse reposait sur la méthode ex-post des excédents économiques. L'auteur a identifié les retombées et les a examinées en fonction de trois courants distincts de la recherche entreprise au FCDC: (1) les retombées issues des cultivars d'orge fourragère à rendement plus élevé; (2) celles venant des travaux sur la résistance des variétés qui ont abouti à un meilleur rendement grâce à de moins grandes pertes attribuables à la maladie; (3) celles résultant de la création de cultivars d'orge fourragère produisant plus d'ensilage. Sur les retombées totales de la recherche, 52 % résultaient de l'amélioration du rendement et 48 % de la réduction des pertes associées à la maladie. On situe le taux de rentabilité interne global à 27 % avec les élasticités de base, soit entre 23 et 31 % selon les hypothèses sur l'amélioration du rendement et la variété de départ. Le taux de rentabilité interne est sensible à la variation des élasticités de l'offre et fluctue de 20 ,= 1, 5) à 54% (,= 0,1). [source] Barley Autotoxicity as Influenced by Varietal and Seasonal VariationJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 4 2005O. Oueslati Abstract Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely cultivated in the semi-arid region of Tunisia for grain production and grazing, which often occurs during the same season. We previously demonstrated autotoxic effects of barley among varieties. The present study was conducted to test the effects of barley variety and seasonal variation on the expression of autotoxicity by barley. Four barley varieties were grown in a field experiment over three growing seasons (1999,2000, 2000,01, 2001,02). In the laboratory, germination and seedling growth bioassays were used to assess autotoxicity potential of field-harvested barley. Barley autotoxicity was fully expressed based on inhibition of radicle growth detected in seedling bioassays. Stems were often the most allelopathic plant component. Allelopathic activity of the barley varieties differed across growing seasons suggesting the influence of a seasonal effect due to the extent of water deficit during the dry season and monthly rainfall variability. The results suggest that when planning to integrate barley within cropping sequences, barley producers should carefully select appropriate barley varieties to minimize autotoxicity, which can be more severe under drought conditions. [source] Identification of barley mutants in the cultivar ,Lux' at the Dhn loci through TILLINGPLANT BREEDING, Issue 4 2009S. Lababidi Abstract TILLING is a reverse genetic strategy that allows screening for mutations in genes with known sequences in a plant mutant population. A TILLING population has been developed for the Danish barley variety ,Lux' (Hordeum vulgare L.), by using sodium azide to induce mutations. Scoring of four visible phenotypic characters of barley seedling in reference to the parental cultivar ,Lux' in the M3 plants showed over 3.5% lethality. A series of pool ratios of mixed DNA from mutant lines were tested and 10-fold pools appeared to be the practical mixing ratio for the detection of fragments in the 500,700 bp range. Two of the 13 known dehydrin genes, Dhn12 and Dhn13, respectively, were examined and five independent missense mutations were obtained from a population of 9575 barley mutant plants. This corresponds to a mutation density of approximately one mutation every two and half million base pairs for these two genes. The mutant population of approximately 10 000 lines was screened for mutations in two genes in a short time due to high pooling ratio. [source] | ||||||||||||||||