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Systematic
Terms modified by Systematic Selected AbstractsGLOBAL SYSTEMATIC AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF SARGASSUM IN THE GULF OF MEXICO, CARIBBEAN AND PACIFIC BASINJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2000N. Phillips Sargassum is one of the most species-rich genera in the brown algae with over 400 described species worldwide. The bulk of these species occurs in Pacific-Indian ocean waters with only a small portion found on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama. Sargassum also has one of the most subdivided and complex taxonomic systems used within the algae. Systematic distinctions within the genus are further complicated by high rates of phenotypic variability in several key morphological characters. Molecular analyses in such systems should allow testing of systematic concepts while providing insights into speciation and evolutionary patterns. Global molecular phylogenetic analyses using both conserved and variable regions of the Rubisco operon (rbcL and rbcL-IGS-rbcS) were performed with species from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Pacific basin. Results confirm earlier analyses based on rbcL-IGS- rbcS from Pacific species at the subgeneric and sectional level while providing additional insights into the systematics and phylogenetics on a global scale. For example, species east of the Isthmus of Panama form a distinct well-resolved clade within the tropical subgenus. This result in sharp contrast to traditional systematic treatments but provides a window into the evolutionary history of this genus in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins and a possible means to time speciation events. [source] Zoning Marine Protected Areas through Spatial Multiple-Criteria Analysis: the Case of the Asinara Island National Marine Reserve of ItalyCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Ferdinando Villa Systematic, objective approaches to site selection and design can help reconcile conflicting interests, represent stakeholders' viewpoints fairly and evenly, and extend the scope of planning studies from single reserves to networks. We illustrate the use of spatial multiple-criteria analysis for determining the suitability of marine areas for different uses and levels of protection. This technique couples geographic information systems (GIS) for land assessment and evaluation with a formal statement of the design priorities as seen from the different viewpoints of all involved stakeholders. The planning process, while staying focused on the main purposes of conservation and feasibility, involves all the main interest groups in the definition of priorities so that conflicts and tensions are kept under control. We used multiple-criteria analysis to integrate objective data with the contrasting priorities of different stakeholders in the planning of a marine protected area. The results of the analysis can be used to define an optimal spatial arrangement of different protection levels. As a case study, we developed a zoning plan for one of the first marine protected areas in Italy, the Asinara Island National Marine Reserve. Resumen: Puesto que el papel de las áreas marinas protegidas está siendo mejor entendido y se está volviendo más sofisticado, la planeación para abordar eficientemente estas áreas se está volviendo más complicada para las personas que toman decisiones. Las metodologías sistemáticas y objetivas para la selección de sitios y el diseño de reservas pueden ayudar a reconciliar los conflictos de intereses, representar los puntos de vista de los usuarios de manera equitativa y balanceada y extender la dimensión de los estudios de planeación para reservas individuales o en redes. Ilustramos el uso de un análisis de criterios espaciales múltiples para determinar la viabilidad de áreas marinas para diferentes usos y niveles de protección. Esta técnica une sistemas de información geográfica (GIS) para estimación y evaluación de suelos con una declaración de prioridades de diseño tal y como es percibida por los diferentes usuarios involucrados. El proceso de planeación, al mismo tiempo que se enfoca en los propósitos principales de la conservación y en su viabilidad, involucra a los principales grupos interesados en la definición de prioridades de tal manera que los conflictos y tensiones pueden ser manejadas. Utilizamos el análisis de criterios espaciales múltiples para integrar datos objetivos con las prioridades contrastantes de los diferentes usuarios en la planeación de un área marina protegida. Los resultados del análisis pueden ser usados como una guía para definir arreglos espaciales óptimos con diferentes niveles de protección. Como caso de estudio desarrollamos un plan de desarrollo de zonificación para una de las áreas marinas protegidas de Italia, la Reserva Nacional Marina de la Isla Asinara. [source] Systematic and morphological studies of the genus Chaetopleurophora Schmitz (Diptera: Phoridae) occurring in JapanENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007Hiroto NAKAYAMA Abstract Japanese species of the genus Chaetopleurophora are reviewed. All belong to the C. erythronota group. The following three species from Japan are described: C. rhomboidea sp. nov., C. pygidialis Schmitz and C. dividua sp. nov. The male and female genitalia are studied and further examples of unique characters of the genus including asymmetric features are added. The male aedeagus of the genus is illustrated for the first time. The aedeagus of the species treated in this study consists of only two components, the inner core plate and the outer jacket plate. The jacket plate wraps sinistrally around the core plate. The combination of the core plate and the jacket plate forms complex, asymmetric features of the aedeagus in the Phoridae. The structure around the genital opening in the female genitalia protrudes posteriorly under the segment IX + X, and shows asymmetric features in C. rhomboidea sp. nov. with a bilaterally different degree of sclerotization, shifted genital opening to the right side and a membranous ribbon just on the left side. In addition, C. dividua sp. nov. is different from most of the species in the C. erythronota group, and very closely related to C. multiseriata (known in North America) in the male and female genitalia, wing venation and bristle formation on the scutellum. It is suggested that C. dividua sp. nov. forms a monophyletic group with C. multiseriata and the related species. [source] Model,data synthesis in terrestrial carbon observation: methods, data requirements and data uncertainty specificationsGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005M. R. Raupach Systematic, operational, long-term observations of the terrestrial carbon cycle (including its interactions with water, energy and nutrient cycles and ecosystem dynamics) are important for the prediction and management of climate, water resources, food resources, biodiversity and desertification. To contribute to these goals, a terrestrial carbon observing system requires the synthesis of several kinds of observation into terrestrial biosphere models encompassing the coupled cycles of carbon, water, energy and nutrients. Relevant observations include atmospheric composition (concentrations of CO2 and other gases); remote sensing; flux and process measurements from intensive study sites; in situ vegetation and soil monitoring; weather, climate and hydrological data; and contemporary and historical data on land use, land use change and disturbance (grazing, harvest, clearing, fire). A review of model,data synthesis tools for terrestrial carbon observation identifies ,nonsequential' and ,sequential' approaches as major categories, differing according to whether data are treated all at once or sequentially. The structure underlying both approaches is reviewed, highlighting several basic commonalities in formalism and data requirements. An essential commonality is that for all model,data synthesis problems, both nonsequential and sequential, data uncertainties are as important as data values themselves and have a comparable role in determining the outcome. Given the importance of data uncertainties, there is an urgent need for soundly based uncertainty characterizations for the main kinds of data used in terrestrial carbon observation. The first requirement is a specification of the main properties of the error covariance matrix. As a step towards this goal, semi-quantitative estimates are made of the main properties of the error covariance matrix for four kinds of data essential for terrestrial carbon observation: remote sensing of land surface properties, atmospheric composition measurements, direct flux measurements, and measurements of carbon stores. [source] Twelve-year course and outcome predictors of anorexia nervosaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue 2 2006Dipl-Psych, Manfred M. Fichter MD Abstract Objective The current study presents the long-term course of anorexia nervosa (AN) over 12 years in a large sample of 103 patients diagnosed according to criteria in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Method Assessments were made at the beginning of therapy, at the end of therapy, at the 2-year follow-up, at the 6-year follow-up, and at the 12-year follow-up. Self-rating and an expert-rating interview data were obtained. Results The participation rate at the 12-year follow-up was 88% of those alive. There was substantial improvement during therapy, a moderate (in many instances nonsignificant) decline during the first 2 years posttreatment, and further improvement from 3 to 12 years posttreatment. Based on a global 12-year outcome score, 27.5% had a good outcome, 25.3% an intermediate outcome, 39.6% had a poor outcome, and 7 (7.7%) were deceased. At the 12-year follow-up 19.0% had AN, 9.5% had bulimia nervosa-purging type (BN-P), 19.0% were classified as eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). A total of 52.4% showed no major DSM-IV eating disorder and 0% had binge eating disorder (BED). Systematic,strictly empirically based,model building resulted in a parsimonious model including four predictors of unfavorable 12-year outcome explaining 45% of the variance, that is, sexual problems, impulsivity, long duration of inpatient treatment, and long duration of an eating disorder. Conclusion Mortality was high and symptomatic recovery protracted. Impulsivity, symptom severity, and chronicity were the important factors for predicting the 12-year outcome. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] WHO-ILAR-COPCORD in the Asia-Pacific: the past, present and futureINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES, Issue 1 2008Syed Atiqul HAQ Abstract The aim of the Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Disorders (COPCORD) is reduction of community burden of rheumatic disorders, particularly in developing communities. Stage I entails estimation of prevalence and incidence of musculoskeletal pain and rheumatic disorders. Stage II is dedicated to education of health workers, patients and the community. Stage III deals with identification of risk factors for common rheumatic disorders and development of strategies for their primary and secondary prevention. So far Stage I data have been reported from 15 countries in the Asia-Pacific countries. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain has varied from 11.6% to 45.4%. The commonest sites of pain were low back, knee, neck and shoulder. Commonest rheumatic disorders were osteoarthritis of knees, non-specific low back pain and soft tissue rheumatism. A few scattered educational activities have been reported from Indonesia and India. Systematic case-controlled or cohort studies aimed at finding out the risk factors for common rheumatic disorders were scanty. However, several associations were reported from cross-sectional prevalence surveys. It is imperative that the COPCORD investigators in the Asia-Pacific region focus on finding out the modifiable risk factors for rheumatic disorders with properly designed studies, develop preventive strategies on the basis of identified risk factors and carry out interventional studies to test the efficacy of the strategies with validated outcome instruments. [source] Systematic and statistical error in histogram-based free energy calculationsJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2003Mark N. Kobrak Abstract A common technique for the numerical calculation of free energies involves estimation of the probability density along a given coordinate from a set of configurations generated via simulation. The process requires discretization of one or more reaction coordinates to generate a histogram from which the continuous probability density is inferred. We show that the finite size of the intervals used to construct the histogram leads to quantifiable systematic error. The width of these intervals also determines the statistical error in the free energy, and the choice of the appropriate interval is therefore driven by the need to balance the two sources of error. We present a method for the construction of the optimal histogram for a given system, and show that the use of this technique requires little additional computational expense. We demonstrate the efficacy of the technique for a model system, and discuss how the principles governing the choice of discretization interval could be used to improve extended sampling techniques. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 1437,1446, 2003 [source] Keeping the spirit high: why trauma team training is (sometimes) implementedACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 3 2008T. WISBORG Background: Systematic and multiprofessional trauma team training using simulation was introduced in Norway in 1997. The concept was developed out of necessity in two district general hospitals and one university hospital but gradually spread to 45 of Norway's 50 acute-care hospitals over the next decade. Implementation in the hospitals has varied from being a single training experience to becoming a regular training and part of quality improvement. The aim of this study was to better understand why only some hospitals achieved implementation of regular trauma team training, despite the intentions of all hospitals to do so. Methods: Focus group interviews were conducted with multiprofessional respondents in seven hospitals, including small and large hospitals and hospitals with and without regular team training. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a Grounded Theory approach. Results: ,Keeping the spirit high' appeared to be the way to achieve implementation. This was achieved through ,enthusiasm,',strategies and alliances,' and ,using spin-offs.' It seems that the combination of enthusiasts, managerial support, and strategic planning are key factors for professionals trying to implement new activities. Conclusions: Committed health professionals planning to implement new methods for training and preparedness in hospitals should have one or more enthusiasts, secure support at the administrative level, and plan the implementation taking all stakeholders into consideration. [source] Meta-analysis: isosorbide-mononitrate alone or with either beta-blockers or endoscopic therapy for the management of oesophageal varicesALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 7 2010L. L. Gluud Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 859,871 Summary Background, The evidence concerning the use of isosorbide-mononitrate (IsMn) for oesophageal varices is equivocal. Aim, To assess the effects of IsMn for patients with oesophageal varices and no previous bleeding (primary prevention) or previous variceal bleeding (secondary prevention). Methods, Systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized trials on IsMn alone or with beta-blockers or endoscopic therapy for oesophageal varices. Electronic and manual searches were combined. Randomized trials on primary and secondary prevention were included. The primary outcome measure was mortality. Intention-to-treat random effects meta-analyses were performed. The robustness of the results was assessed in trial sequential analyses. Results, Ten randomized trials on primary and 17 on secondary prevention were included. Evidence of bias was identified. No apparent effect of IsMn on mortality compared with placebo or beta-blockers or IsMn plus beta-blockers vs. beta-blockers was identified. Compared with endoscopic therapy, IsMn plus beta-blockers had no apparent effect on bleeding, but did seem to reduce mortality in secondary prevention (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59,0.89), but not in primary prevention. The effect of IsMn plus beta-blockers on mortality in secondary prevention was not confirmed in trial sequential analysis. Conclusions, Isosorbide-mononitrate used alone or in combination with beta blockers does not seem to offer any reduction in bleeding in the primary or secondary prevention of oesophageal varices. Compared with endoscopic therapy, there may be a survival advantage in using IsMn and beta-blockers, but additional large multicentre trials are needed to verify this finding. [source] Meta-analysis: folic acid in the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas and colorectal cancerALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 7 2010C. CARROLL Aliment Pharmacol Ther,31, 708,718 Summary Background, Folic acid has been identified as a possible agent for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Aim, To assess the effectiveness of folic acid in reducing the recurrence of adenomas (precursors of colorectal cancer) among populations with a history of adenomas and the incidence of colorectal cancer within average-risk populations. Methods, Systematic review of randomized controlled trials comparing folic acid alone, or with other agents, vs. placebo. Eight databases were searched for relevant trials. Meta-analysis was performed. Results, The literature search retrieved 3785 citations. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of three studies in individuals with a history of adenomas showed no statistically significant difference in the relative risk of adenoma recurrence (RR 0.93, P = 0.27). A sensitivity analysis of the two higher quality trials changed the direction of effect (RR 1.16, P = 0.11). Meta-analysis of three trials in general populations demonstrated no statistically significant effect on the relative risk of colorectal cancer (RR 1.13, P = 0.54). In all three analyses, outcome event rates were higher in individuals receiving folic acid. Conclusion, There is no evidence that folic acid is effective in the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas or colorectal cancer for any population. [source] Systematic review: molecular chemoprevention of colorectal malignancy by mesalazineALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2010A. LYAKHOVICH Summary Background, Mesalazine (mesalamine) (5-ASA) is considered an anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. It is well tolerated by most patients and induces mucosal healing specifically in ulcerative colitis. Besides its anti-inflammatory properties, 5-ASA has been studied for cancer inhibitory activities as it seems to reduce colorectal cancer incidence in patients using this drug for long periods of time. However, detailed molecular mechanisms of drug action are vague. Aims, To evaluate known molecular mechanisms of 5-ASA on chemoprevention of colorectal malignancy. Methods, Systematic review with search terms ,5 aminosalicylic acid, mesalazine, 5-ASA, mesalazine, molecular mechanisms, chemoprevention' between 2006 and August 2009. Results, A total of 48 studies were retrieved that link 5-ASA chemopreventive properties to five distinct pathways. These include interference with cell cycle progression (12 references), scavenging of reactive oxygen- or nitrogen-derived metabolites (16 references), TNF-,/TGF-ß signalling (11 references), WNT/,-catenin signalling (5 references) and anti-bacterial properties (4 references). Conclusions, In the recent years, a large amount of molecular data has accumulated supporting the notion that 5-ASA biological effects interfere with colorectal cancer development. These molecular pathways are of special interest in the search for 5-ASA's molecular target(s) and development of novel chemopreventive compounds. Aliment Pharmacol Ther,31, 202,209 [source] Systematic review: endoscopic and imaging-based techniques in the assessment of portal haemodynamics and the risk of variceal bleedingALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 10 2009S. N. SGOUROS Summary Background, Invasive measurement of the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is regarded as the gold standard for risk stratification and the evaluation of pharmaceutical agents in patients with portal hypertension. Aim, To review the techniques for endoscopic and imaging-based assessment of portal haemodynamics, with particular emphasis on trials where the results were compared with HVPG or direct portal pressure measurement. Methods, Systematic search of the MEDLINE electronic database with keywords: portal hypertension, variceal bleeding, variceal pressure, endoscopic ultrasound, Doppler ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography, CT angiography, hepatic venous pressure gradient. Results, Computed tomography angiography and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) have been both employed for the diagnosis of complications of portal hypertension and for the evaluation of the efficacy of endoscopic therapy. Colour Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography has given discrepant results. Endoscopic variceal pressure measurements either alone or combined with simultaneous EUS, correlate well with HVPG and risk of variceal bleeding and have a low interobserver variability. Conclusions, Endoscopic and imaging-based measurements of portal haemodynamics provide an alternate means for the assessment of complications of portal hypertension. Further studies are required to validate their use in risk stratification and the evaluation of drug therapies in patients with portal hypertension. [source] Systematic review: standard- and double-dose proton pump inhibitors for the healing of severe erosive oesophagitis , a mixed treatment comparison of randomized controlled trialsALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 6 2009S. J. EDWARDS Summary Background, No randomized controlled trial (RCT) has compared all European-licensed standard- and double-dose PPIs for the healing of severe erosive oesophagitis. Aim, To compare the effectiveness of licensed doses of PPIs for healing severe erosive oesophagitis (i.e. esomeprazole 40 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg, omeprazole 20 mg and 40 mg, pantoprazole 40 mg and rabeprazole 20 mg). Methods, Systematic review of CENTRAL, EMBASE and MEDLINE for RCTs in patients with erosive oesophagitis (completed October 2008). Endoscopically verified healing rates at 4 and 8 weeks were extracted and re-calculated if not analysed by intention-to-treat. A mixed treatment comparison was used to combine direct treatment comparisons with indirect trial evidence while maintaining randomization. Odds ratios (OR) are reported compared to omeprazole 20 mg. Results, A total of 3021 papers were identified in the literature search; 12 were of sufficient quality to be included in the analysis. Insufficient data were available to included rabeprazole. Esomeprazole 40 mg was found to provide significantly higher healing rates at 4 weeks [OR 1.84, 95% Credible Interval (95% CrI): 1.50 to 2.22] and 8 weeks (OR 1.91, 95% CrI: 1.13 to 2.88). No other PPI investigated had significantly higher healing rates than omeprazole 20 mg. Conclusion, Esomeprazole 40 mg consistently demonstrates higher healing rates compared with licensed standard- and double-dose PPIs. [source] Cost-effectiveness of biological therapy for Crohn's disease: Markov cohort analyses incorporating United Kingdom patient-level cost dataALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 3 2009K. BODGER Summary Background, Anti-TNF-alpha agents for Crohn's disease (CD) have good clinical efficacy but high acquisition cost compared to rival drugs. Aim, To assess the cost-effectiveness of infliximab and adalimumab for Crohn's disease from the perspective of the UK NHS, incorporating recent trial and observational data. Methods, Lifetime Markov analyses constructed to simulate quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs. CD was represented by four health-states representing: Full response, partial response, nonresponse, surgery and death. The course of CD under standard care was based on the Olmsted county cohort. Systematic review identified ACCENT I (infliximab) and CHARM (adalimumab) as sources for efficacy data. We modelled an intention-to-treat strategy for biologics including surgical rates based on observational data, cost estimates from our UK dataset and utilities from an algorithm converting CDAI to EQ-5D utilities. Results, The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) compared to standard care for 1-year of treatment with infliximab or adalimumab were £19 050 and £7190 per QALY gained, respectively. Lifetime therapy was dominated by standard care. Analyses over shorter time horizons, matched to treatment duration, resulted in unfavourable ICERs. Conclusion, The model suggests acceptable ICERs for biological agents when considering a lifetime horizon with periods of up to 4 years continuous therapy. As with all economic evaluations, the results may not be generalizable beyond the perspective of analysis. [source] Systematic review: impaired drug absorption related to the co-administration of antisecretory therapyALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 12 2009E. LAHNER Summary Background, Due to suppression of gastric acidity during antisecretory therapy, an impaired absorption of co-administered drugs may occur. Aim, To review evidence of impaired drug absorption related to the use of co-administered PPIs or H2RAs. Methods, Systematic search of MEDLINE/EMBASE/SCOPUS databases (1980,September 2008) for English articles with keywords: drug malabsorption and absorption, stomach, anti-secretory/acid inhibitory drugs, histamine H2 antagonists, PPIs, gastric acid, pH, hypochlorhydria, gastric hypoacidity. From 2126 retrieved articles, 16 randomized crossover studies were identified investigating impaired absorption of nine different drugs in association with co-administration of PPIs or H2RAs. Information on investigated drug, study type, features of investigated subjects, study design, type of intervention, and study results were extracted. Results, The identified studies investigated the absorption kinetics of nine drugs. Acid suppression reduced absorption of ketoconazole, itraconazole, atazanavir, cefpodoxime, enoxacin and dipyridamole (median Cmax reduction by 66.5%). An increased absorption of nifedipine and digoxin (median AUC increase by 10%) and a 2-fold-increase in alendronate bioavailability were observed. Conclusions, Gastric pH appears relevant for absorption of some cardiovascular or infectious disease agents. Antisecretory treatment may significantly modify the absorption of co-administered drugs. [source] Systematic review: the global incidence and prevalence of peptic ulcer diseaseALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 9 2009J. J. Y. SUNG Summary Background, Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is most commonly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The management of H. pylori infection has improved radically in recent years; however, the prescription of ASA and NSAIDs has increased over the same period. Aim, To evaluate the current global incidence and prevalence of PUD by systematic review of the literature published over the last decade. Methods, Systematic searches of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library. Results, The annual incidence rates of PUD were 0.10,0.19% for physician-diagnosed PUD and 0.03,0.17% when based on hospitalization data. The 1-year prevalence based on physician diagnosis was 0.12,1.50% and that based on hospitalization data was 0.10,0.19%. The majority of studies reported a decrease in the incidence or prevalence of PUD over time. Conclusions, Peptic ulcer disease remains a common condition, although reported incidence and prevalence are decreasing. This decrease may be due to a decrease in H. pylori -associated PUD. [source] Systematic review: does concurrent therapy with 5-ASA and immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease improve outcomes?ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 5 2009J. M. ANDREWS Summary Background, With greater use of immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is uncertain whether concurrent therapy with both 5-aminosalicylic acid [5-ASA, mesalazine (mesalamine)] and an immunomodulator is necessary. Aim, To determine whether concurrent therapy with both 5-ASA and immunomodulator(s) improves outcomes in IBD. Methods, Systematic review with search terms ,azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiopurine(s), 5 aminosalicylic acid, mesalazine, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, immunosuppressant(s), immunomodulator and methotrexate' in November 2007 to identify clinical trials on concurrent 5-ASA and immunomodulator therapy. Results, Two small controlled studies were found. Neither showed a benefit on disease control beyond immunomodulator monotherapy. Potential pharmacological interactions exist between 5-ASA and thiopurines. Whilst circumstantial, epidemiological and laboratory evidence suggests that 5-ASA may assist colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention, it may simply be via anti-inflammatory effects. With changes in practice, ethical issues and the long lead-time needed to demonstrate or disprove an effect, no clinical studies can/will directly answer this. The costs of avoiding one CRC in IBD may be as low as 153 times the annual cost of 5-ASA therapy. Conclusions, It is unclear whether concurrent 5-ASA and immunomodulator therapy improves outcomes of disease control, drug toxicity or compliance. Concurrent therapy of 5-ASA and immunomodulators may decrease CRC risk at ,acceptable' cost. [source] Herbal medicinal products for non-ulcer dyspepsiaALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 10 2002J. Thompson Coon Summary Background : Non-ulcer dyspepsia is predominantly a self-managed condition, although it accounts for a significant number of general practitioner consultations and hospital referrals. Herbal medicinal products are often used for the relief of dyspeptic symptoms. Aims : To critically assess the evidence for and against herbal medicinal products for the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia. Methods : Systematic searches were performed in six electronic databases and the reference lists located were checked for further relevant publications. No language restrictions were imposed. Experts in the field and manufacturers of identified herbal extracts were also contacted. All randomized clinical trials of herbal medicinal products administered as supplements to human subjects were included. Results : Seventeen randomized clinical trials were identified, nine of which involved peppermint and caraway as constituents of combination preparations. Symptoms were reduced by all treatments (60,95% of patients reported improvements in symptoms). The mechanism of any anti-dyspeptic action is difficult to define, as the causes of non-ulcer dyspepsia are unclear. There appear to be few adverse effects associated with these remedies, although, in many cases, comprehensive safety data were not available. Conclusions : There are several herbal medicinal products with anti-dyspeptic activity and encouraging safety profiles. Further research is warranted to establish their therapeutic value in the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia. [source] Is the prevalence of asthma declining?ALLERGY, Issue 2 2010Systematic review of epidemiological studies To cite this article: Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OCP, Sheikh A. Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Allergy 2010; 65: 152,167. Abstract Asthma prevalence has increased very considerably in recent decades such that it is now one of the commonest chronic disorders in the world. Recent evidence from epidemiological studies, however, suggests that the prevalence of asthma may now be declining in many parts of the world, which, if true is important for health service planning and also because this offers the possibility of generating and testing new aetiological hypotheses. Our objective was to determine whether the prevalence of asthma is declining worldwide. We undertook a systematic search of EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science and Google Scholar, for high quality reports of cohort studies, repeat cross-sectional studies and analyses of routine healthcare datasets to examine international trends in asthma prevalence in children and adults for the period 1990,2008. There were 48 full reports of studies that satisfied our inclusion criteria. The large volume of data identified clearly indicate that there are, at present, no overall signs of a declining trend in asthma prevalence; on the contrary, asthma prevalence is in many parts of the world still increasing. The reductions in emergency healthcare utilization being reported in some economically developed countries most probably reflect improvements in quality of care. There remain major gaps in the literature on asthma trends in relation to Africa and parts of Asia. There is no overall global downward trend in the prevalence of asthma. Healthcare planners will for the foreseeable future, therefore, need to continue with high levels of anticipated expenditure in relation to provision of asthma care. [source] Critical review of the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2007 report on ,evidence of the long-term effects of breastfeeding: systematic reviews and meta-analysis' with respect to obesityOBESITY REVIEWS, Issue 6 2008M. B. Cope Summary Obesity among children and adults has become a highly recognized public health concern and there is an increasing need to discover causes and evaluate preventative measures. One putatively causal influence on obesity is breastfeeding (BF). The World Health Organization (WHO) recently published a report (WR) on ,Evidence of the Long-Term Effects of Breastfeeding: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis' and concluded ,that the evidence suggests that breastfeeding may have a small protective effect[emphasis added] on the prevalence of obesity . . . [and] the effect of breastfeeding was not likely to be due to publication bias or confounding.' Here we provide a critical overview of the WR's section on BF and obesity by addressing eight questions: Q1: Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that BF is associated with lower rates of obesity in children? Q2: Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that BF is associated with lower rates of obesity among breastfed offspring once they reach adulthood? Q3: If there are such associations, what are their magnitudes in comparison with other putatively causal factors and with respect to the potential impact on individual or population levels of obesity? Q4: Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that BF causes a reduction in risk of obesity during childhood? Q5: Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that BF does not cause a reduction in risk of obesity during childhood? Q6: Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that BF causes a long-term reduction in risk of obesity that persists into adulthood? Q7: Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that BF does not cause a long-term reduction in risk of obesity that persists into adulthood? Q8: What further research might be done to address these questions? We conclude that, while BF may have benefits beyond any putative protection against obesity, and benefits of BF most likely outweigh any harms, any statement that a strong, clear or consistent body of evidence shows that BF causally reduces the risk of overweight or obesity is unwarranted at this time. [source] An integrative review of Canadian childhood obesity prevention programmesOBESITY REVIEWS, Issue 1 2007S. Conroy Summary To examine successful Canadian nursing and health promotion intervention programmes for childhood obesity prevention during gestation and infancy, an integrative review was performed of the literature from 1980 to September 2005. The following databases were used: PubMed; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Cochrane Controlled Trials Register; Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects; ACP Journal Club; MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; Scopus; Sociological Abstracts; Sport Discus; PsycInfo; ERIC and HealthStar. MeSH headings included: infancy (0,24 months), gestation, gestational diabetes, nutrition, prenatal care, pregnancy, health education, pregnancy outcome, dietary services with limits of Canadian, term birth. Of 2028 articles found, six Canadian childhood obesity prevention programmes implemented during gestation and/or infancy were found; three addressed gestational diabetes with five targeting low-income Canadian urban and/or Aboriginal populations. No intervention programmes specifically aimed to prevent childhood obesity during gestation or infancy. This paucity suggests that such a programme would be innovative and much needed in an effort to stem the alarming increase in obesity in children and adults. Any attempts either to develop new approaches or to replicate interventions used with obese adults or even older children need careful evaluation and pilot testing prior to sustained use within the perinatal period. [source] Cattell,Horn,Carroll cognitive-achievement relations: What we have learned from the past 20 years of researchPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 7 2010Kevin S. McGrew Contemporary Cattell,Horn,Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities has evolved over the past 20 years and serves as the theoretical foundation for a number of current cognitive ability assessments. CHC theory provides a means by which we can better understand the relationships between cognitive abilities and academic achievement, an important component of learning disabilities identification and instructional planning. A research synthesis of the extant CHC cognitive-achievement (COG-ACH) research literature is reported. Systematic and operationally defined research synthesis procedures were employed to address limitations present in the only prior attempted synthesis. Nineteen studies met the criteria for inclusion, which yielded 134 analyses. The 134 analyses were organized by three age groups (6,8, 9,13, and 14,19) and by four achievement domains (basic reading skills, reading comprehension, basic math skills, and math reasoning). The results reveal a much more nuanced set of CHC COG-ACH relations than was identified in the only prior review because of (a) breadth of cognitive abilities and measures (broad vs. narrow), (b) breadth of achievement domains (e.g., basic reading skills and reading comprehension vs. broad reading), and (c) developmental (age) status. The findings argue for selective, flexible, and referral-focused intelligence testing, particularly in the context of emerging Response to Intervention (RTI) assessment models. The results suggest that narrow CHC abilities should be the primary focus of instructionally relevant intelligence testing. Furthermore, the finding that more than 90% of the available research is based on the Woodcock,Johnson Battery argues for significant caution in generalizing the findings to other batteries. CHC-based COG-ACH research with other intelligence batteries is recommended. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Patient's delay in oral cancer: a systematic reviewCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Suzanne E. Scott Abstract,,, Detecting oral cancer at an early stage is the most effective means of improving survival and reducing morbidity from this disease, yet a significant proportion of patients delay seeking help after the self-discovery of symptoms of oral cancer. The literature on factors associated with patient delay was searched systematically to access relevant data published between 1975 and 2005. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. In these studies, most clinical/tumour factors, sociodemographic variables, and patient health-related behaviours were not related to the duration of patient delay. Healthcare factors and psychosocial factors may play a role but the research in this area is sparse, atheoretical and of poor quality. Patient delay is a problem in oral cancer and yet at present the reasons for such delays are poorly understood and under-researched. Systematic, high-quality and theory-driven research in this area is urgently required. [source] A program for the design of linear time invariant control systems: CDMCADCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION, Issue 3 2004M. Koksal Abstract Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM) is a new method proposed for the analysis and design of linear time-invariant control systems. The control system design by this method results with satisfactory stability, time response and robustness properties compatible with, and in most cases better than, the ones obtained by the other present design methods. In this study, the design procedure described in the literature for CDM is improved so that a systematic and easy tool with understandable sufficient detail is presented. A visual toolbox, which can be used efficiently both for education and research, is obtained based on the procedure presented by using MATLAB. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 12: 165,174, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20011 [source] Achieving Integrative, Collaborative Ecosystem ManagementCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006HEATHER L. KEOUGH beneficios sociales y ecológicos; gestión; participación pública; toma de decisiones cooperativa Abstract:,Although numerous principles have been identified as being important for successfully integrating social and ecological factors in collaborative management, few authors have illustrated how these principles are used and why they are effective. On the basis of a review of the ecosystem management and collaboration literature, we identified eight factors important for integrative, collaborative ecosystem management,integrated and balanced goals, inclusive public involvement, stakeholder influence, consensus group approach, collaborative stewardship, monitoring and adaptive management, multidisciplinary data, and economic incentives. We examined four cases of successful ecosystem management to illustrate how the factors were incorporated and discuss the role they played in each case's success. The cases illustrate that balancing social and ecosystem sustainability goals is possible. Collaborative efforts resulted in part from factors aimed at making plans economically feasible and from meaningful stakeholder participation in ongoing management. It also required participation in monitoring programs to ensure stakeholder interests were protected and management efforts were focused on agreed-upon goals. Data collection efforts were not all-inclusive and systematic; rather, they addressed the ecological, economic, and social aspects of key issues as they emerged over time. Economic considerations appear to be broader than simply providing economic incentives; stakeholders seem willing to trade some economic value for recreational or environmental benefits. The cases demonstrate that it is not idealistic to believe integrative, collaborative ecosystem management is possible in field applications. Resumen:,Aunque numerosos principios han sido identificados como importantes para la integración exitosa de factores sociales y ecológicos en la gestión cooperativa, pocos autores han ilustrado como son utilizados estos principios y porque son efectivos. Con base en una revisión de la literatura sobre gestión de ecosistemas y colaboración, identificamos cinco factores,metas integradas y balanceadas, inclusive participación pública, influencia de grupos de interés, estrategia de consenso en el grupo, gestión cooperativa, gestión adaptativa y monitoreo, datos multidisciplinarios e incentivos económicos,que son importantes para la gestión integradora y cooperativa de ecosistemas. Examinamos cuatro casos de gestión exitosa de ecosistemas para ilustrar como fueron incorporados los factores y discutimos el papel que jugaron en el éxito de cada caso. Los casos ilustran que el balance de metas de sustentabilidad social y ecológica es posible. En parte, los esfuerzos cooperativos resultaron de factores orientados a hacer que los planes fueran económicamente viables y de la participación significativa de grupos de interés en la gestión en curso. También se requirió la participación en programas de monitoreo para asegurar que los intereses de los grupos fueran protegidos y los esfuerzos de gestión se enfocaran en las metas acordadas. No todos los esfuerzos de recolecta de datos fueron incluyentes y sistemáticos, más bien, eran dirigidos a los aspectos ecológicos, económicos y sociales de temas clave a medida que emergían. Las consideraciones económicas parecen ser más amplias que simplemente proporcionar incentivos económicos, los grupos de interés parecen dispuestos a cambiar algo de valor económico por beneficios recreativos o ambientales. Los casos demuestran que no es idealista pensar que es posible aplicar la gestión integradora y cooperativa de ecosistemas en el campo. [source] Earnings Quality and the Equity Risk Premium: A Benchmark Model,CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 3 2006Kenton K. Yee Abstract This paper solves a model that links earnings quality to the equity risk premium in an infinite-horizon consumption capital asset pricing model (CAPM) economy. In the model, risk-averse traders hold diversified portfolios consisting of risk-free bonds and shares of many risky firms. When constructing their portfolios, traders rely on noisy reported earnings and dividend payments for information about the risky firms. The main new element of the model is an explicit representation of earnings quality that includes hidden accrual errors that reverse in subsequent periods. The model demonstrates that earnings quality magnifies fundamental risk. Absent fundamental risk, poor earnings quality cannot affect the equity risk premium. Moreover, only the systematic (undiversified) component of earnings-quality risk contributes to the equity risk premium. In contrast, all components of earnings-quality risk affect earnings capitalization factors. The model ties together consumption CAPM and accounting-based valuation research into one price formula linking earnings quality to the equity risk premium and earnings capitalization factors. [source] The implementation of socially responsible purchasingCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2010Charlotte Leire Abstract Social and ethical issues in the supply chain are gaining importance in all types of organizations. Therefore some public and private organizations have already started to introduce socially responsible purchasing practices. However, current practices are limited and seem unsystematic. There is also a difference between few front-running organizations and the rest. It is therefore useful at this early stage to disseminate the knowledge and experiences based on the best-performing organizations. This paper does that by developing a model of the socially responsible purchasing process that is based on the empirical and secondary data. The model reveals the five elementary steps that are necessary in the implementation of systematic socially responsible purchasing practices: developing internal policies; setting purchasing criteria that regard social issues; applying assurance practices; managing supplier relations; and building internal capacity. The model also points to the different activities in the process and their associated challenges. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] The Product Piracy Conflict Matrix , Finding Solutions to Prevent Product PiracyCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2009Günther Schuh Product and brand piracy has developed into a worldwide mass phenomenon. Affected companies are not only burdened with commercial losses such as lost sales volume and lower sales prices, but also by decreasing brand value and company reputation, lower licence revenues and, finally, costs for counteracting product piracy. Companies are gradually facing up to the challenge and taking action. Besides legal measures, an increasing number of firms are also willing to implement strategic and technical measures in their organizations or products respectively. A number of non-legal mechanisms have recently been identified, and efforts to structure these mechanisms are in progress. However, so far systematic, methodological guidance in matching mechanisms with specific products and corporate boundary conditions is basically non-existent. Focusing on this issue, the paper introduces a new TRIZ-based method to create solutions concerning product piracy. The so-called Product Piracy Conflict matrix (PPC matrix) resembles the well-established TRIZ contradiction table and has been designed to help companies create powerful protection concepts while avoiding undesired or harmful effects within their own value chains. [source] The Impact of Technological Opportunities and Innovative Capabilities on Firms' Output InnovationCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2003María J. Oltra In this study, we analyse the effect that external sources of knowledge and absorptive capacity exert on a firm's output innovation. In addition, we examine the moderating influence of absorptive capacity on the effect that technological opportunities have on output innovation. Empirical research was carried out on a sample of 91 Spanish firms from the ceramic tile industry. Absorptive capacity is operationalized by ,systematic or continuous R&D' and output innovation by ,percentage of sales from new products'. Technological opportunities are divided into several industry and non-industry related variables. Our results show the positive effect that both the industry's technological opportunities and a systematic approach to R&D exert on output innovation. Moreover, firms with a systematic approach to R&D usually achieve higher innovation output than firms which do not follow this approach. The innovation results of this second group decrease as a result of embedded technology acquisition. [source] Culturally appropriate health education for Type 2 diabetes in ethnic minority groups: a systematic and narrative review of randomized controlled trialsDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 6 2010K. Hawthorne Diabet. Med. 27, 613,623 (2010) Abstract To determine if culturally appropriate health education is more effective than ,usual' health education for people with diabetes from ethnic minority groups living in high- and upper-middle-income countries. A systematic review with meta-analysis, following the methodology of the Cochrane Collaboration. Electronic literature searches of nine databases were made, with hand searching of three journals and 16 author contacts. The criteria for inclusion into the analysis were randomized controlled trials of a specified diabetes health education intervention, and a named ethnic minority group with Type 2 diabetes. Data were collected on HbA1c, blood pressure, and quality-of-life measures. A narrative review was also performed. Few studies fitted the selection criteria, and were heterogeneous in methodologies and outcome measures, making meta-analysis difficult. HbA1c showed an improvement at 3 months [weighted mean difference (WMD) ,0.32%, 95% confidence interval (CI) ,0.63, ,0.01] and 6 months post intervention (WMD ,0.60%, 95% CI ,0.85, ,0.35). Knowledge scores also improved in the intervention groups at 6 months (standardized mean difference 0.46, 95% CI 0.27, 0.65). There was only one longer-term follow-up study, and one formal cost-effectiveness analysis. Culturally appropriate health education was more effective than ,usual' health education in improving HbA1c and knowledge in the short to medium term. Due to poor standardization between studies, the data did not allow determination of the key elements of interventions across countries, ethnic groups and health systems, or a broad view of their cost-effectiveness. The narrative review identifies learning points to direct future research. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||