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System

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences22%
Life Sciences18%
Chemistry15%
Engineering13%
Polymers and Materials Science5%
Humanities and Social Sciences4%
Earth and Environmental Science4%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting4%
Physics and Astronomy3%
Information Science and Computing2%
Mathematics and Statistics2%
3 Other Domains8%

Kinds of System

  • LC/MS/M system
  • Recirculat system
  • ablation system
  • absorption system
  • ac system
  • ac transmission system
  • acceptor system
  • access system
  • accountability system
  • accounting system
  • acid system
  • acquisition system
  • acrylate system
  • activated sludge system
  • activation system
  • activator system
  • active catalytic system
  • active system
  • actual system
  • adaptive control system
  • adaptive immune system
  • adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
  • adaptive optics system
  • adaptive system
  • addiction system
  • additive system
  • adenoviral expression system
  • adhesion system
  • adhesive system
  • administration system
  • administrative system
  • adrenergic system
  • adsorbent Recirculat system
  • adsorbent recirculating system
  • adsorption system
  • adult central nervous system
  • adult mammalian central nervous system
  • adult nervous system
  • adverse event reporting system
  • affective picture system
  • affine system
  • african rift system
  • agent system
  • agricultural system
  • agroforestry system
  • air conditioning system
  • air-conditioning system
  • alarm system
  • aldosterone system
  • alert system
  • algebra system
  • algebraic system
  • allocation system
  • alloy system
  • alluvial system
  • almost ideal demand system
  • alternative system
  • amine system
  • amplicon expression system
  • amplification system
  • analogous system
  • analysis system
  • analytical system
  • angiography system
  • angiotensin system
  • animal model system
  • animal system
  • another system
  • antenna system
  • anti-oxidant system
  • antioxidant defence system
  • antioxidant defense system
  • antioxidant system
  • application system
  • appraisal system
  • area system
  • aromatic ring system
  • aromatic system
  • array system
  • arterial system
  • artificial system
  • assessment monitoring system
  • assessment system
  • assimilation system
  • assistance system
  • asylum system
  • atmosphere system
  • atomic system
  • atrp system
  • attachment system
  • attractive model system
  • attractive system
  • auditory system
  • authoritarian system
  • automate system
  • automatic system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • autonomic system
  • autonomous nervous system
  • autonomous system
  • available system
  • bacterial expression system
  • bacterial system
  • baculoviru expression system
  • bag system
  • banking system
  • barrier system
  • base isolation system
  • base system
  • basic system
  • basin system
  • batch system
  • beam system
  • bearing system
  • behavioral activation system
  • behavioral risk factor surveillance system
  • belief system
  • benefit system
  • bethesda system
  • bicyclic system
  • bilayer system
  • biliary system
  • bilinear system
  • binary system
  • biocatalytic system
  • biofilm system
  • biological system
  • bioreactor system
  • bioremediation system
  • biotransformation system
  • biphasic system
  • biventricular system
  • black hole system
  • blend system
  • blood group system
  • blood system
  • board system
  • body system
  • bond system
  • bonding system
  • brain reward system
  • brain system
  • braking system
  • breathing system
  • breeding system
  • bretton wood system
  • brånemark system
  • buffer system
  • building system
  • bulk system
  • business system
  • c system
  • cad system
  • cage system
  • calibration system
  • calpain system
  • cam system
  • camera system
  • canal system
  • cancer staging system
  • cannabinoid system
  • capillary electrophoresis system
  • capillary system
  • capitalist system
  • capture system
  • cardiac autonomic nervous system
  • cardiac conduction system
  • cardiovascular system
  • care delivery system
  • care system
  • carotid system
  • carrier system
  • cartesian coordinate system
  • caste system
  • catalyst system
  • catalytic system
  • catheter system
  • cave system
  • cd system
  • cdma system
  • ce system
  • cell adhesion system
  • cell culture system
  • cell expression system
  • cell system
  • cell-free protein synthesis system
  • cell-free system
  • cellular immune system
  • cellular system
  • central nervous system
  • centralized system
  • chain reaction system
  • chain system
  • chamber system
  • channel system
  • chaotic system
  • chemical delivery system
  • chemical system
  • chemiluminescence system
  • chemosensory system
  • chemotaxis system
  • child protection system
  • child welfare system
  • chip system
  • cholinergic system
  • chromatographic system
  • chromatography system
  • chromosome system
  • circadian clock system
  • circadian system
  • circulation system
  • circulatory system
  • cl system
  • classical system
  • classification system
  • classificatory system
  • clay system
  • climate system
  • climatic system
  • clinical decision support system
  • clinical information system
  • clinical scoring system
  • clinical staging system
  • clinical system
  • clock system
  • closed system
  • closed-loop system
  • cloud system
  • cluster system
  • co-culture system
  • co-ordinate system
  • coagulation system
  • coastal system
  • coastal upwelling system
  • coating system
  • coculture system
  • coding system
  • cogeneration system
  • cognitive system
  • coherent system
  • coli expression system
  • collecting system
  • collection system
  • colloidal system
  • column system
  • column-switching system
  • combined system
  • combustion system
  • commercial system
  • committee system
  • communication system
  • compensation system
  • complement system
  • complete system
  • complex adaptive system
  • complex biological system
  • complex system
  • complicated system
  • component system
  • composite system
  • compound system
  • comprehensive system
  • compression refrigeration system
  • compression system
  • computer algebra system
  • computer system
  • computerized system
  • computing system
  • concentrator system
  • conditioning system
  • conduction system
  • conduit system
  • conjugated system
  • conjugation system
  • construction system
  • contact system
  • containment system
  • continuous glucose monitoring system
  • continuous system
  • continuous-time linear system
  • continuous-time nonlinear system
  • continuous-time system
  • control system
  • controlled release system
  • controlled system
  • controlled-release system
  • convective system
  • conventional system
  • conversion system
  • cooling system
  • cooperative system
  • coordinate system
  • coordination system
  • copolymer system
  • copolymerization system
  • core system
  • coronary venous system
  • corporate governance system
  • correction system
  • correlated electron system
  • corticospinal system
  • coupled system
  • court system
  • cre/loxp system
  • criminal justice system
  • crop production system
  • cropping system
  • crystal system
  • crystalline system
  • crystallization system
  • crystallographic system
  • cultivation system
  • cultural system
  • culture system
  • curing system
  • current classification system
  • current diagnostic system
  • current health care system
  • current system
  • curvilinear co-ordinate system
  • cutaneous warming system
  • cylindrical co-ordinate system
  • cytochrome p450 system
  • d system
  • da system
  • da vinci surgical system
  • dairy system
  • data acquisition system
  • data assimilation system
  • data collection system
  • data system
  • database management system
  • database system
  • decentralized system
  • decision support system
  • decision-making system
  • deep venous system
  • defence system
  • defense system
  • defensive system
  • degradation system
  • delay system
  • delayed system
  • delivery system
  • demand system
  • democratic system
  • dense linear system
  • dental implant system
  • depositional system
  • described system
  • descriptor system
  • design system
  • detection system
  • detector system
  • determination system
  • detoxification system
  • developed system
  • developing central nervous system
  • developing nervous system
  • development system
  • developmental system
  • diagnosis system
  • diagnostic classification system
  • diagnostic system
  • dialysis system
  • different adhesive system
  • different experimental system
  • different implant system
  • different solvent system
  • different system
  • differential equation system
  • differential system
  • digestive system
  • digital imaging system
  • digital system
  • dimensional system
  • discrete singular system
  • discrete singular time-delay system
  • discrete system
  • discrete-time linear system
  • discrete-time system
  • disease system
  • disordered system
  • dispensing system
  • dispersed system
  • display system
  • distributed parameter system
  • distributed system
  • distribution system
  • diversity system
  • dna repair system
  • documentation system
  • domestic system
  • dopamine system
  • dopaminergic nigrostriatal system
  • dopaminergic system
  • dot system
  • drainage system
  • drive system
  • drug administration system
  • drug delivery system
  • drug-delivery system
  • drying system
  • ds-cdma system
  • dual catalyst system
  • dual system
    		•
  • duct system
  • ductal system
  • dune system
  • dynamic system
  • dynamical system
  • early warning scoring system
  • early warning system
  • earth system
  • east african rift system
  • ecmwf ensemble prediction system
  • ecological system
  • economic system
  • education system
  • educational system
  • effective system
  • effector system
  • efficient catalyst system
  • efficient catalytic system
  • efficient system
  • efflux system
  • elastic system
  • electoral system
  • electrical system
  • electrochemical system
  • electrolyte system
  • electron system
  • electron transport system
  • electronic injury surveillance system
  • electronic system
  • electrophoresis system
  • element system
  • elisa system
  • elliptic system
  • embedded system
  • embolic protection system
  • emotional system
  • ems system
  • emulsion system
  • endocannabinoid system
  • endocrine system
  • endogenous cannabinoid system
  • endogenous opioid system
  • endomembrane system
  • endothelin system
  • energy conversion system
  • energy storage system
  • energy system
  • ensemble prediction system
  • enteric nervous system
  • enterprise resource planning system
  • enterprise system
  • entire system
  • entry system
  • environmental management system
  • environmental system
  • enzymatic system
  • enzyme system
  • epoxy system
  • equation system
  • equivalent system
  • erp system
  • error system
  • escherichia coli expression system
  • estuarine system
  • et system
  • ether system
  • eu system
  • european monetary system
  • european system
  • evaluation system
  • event reporting system
  • excellent model system
  • excellent system
  • exchange rate system
  • exchange system
  • exciton system
  • existing system
  • exoplanetary system
  • expansion system
  • experimental system
  • expert system
  • exposure system
  • expression system
  • extended system
  • extension system
  • extraction system
  • extrasolar planetary system
  • extrusion system
  • eye-tracking system
  • factor surveillance system
  • factor system
  • family system
  • fan system
  • farming system
  • fault system
  • federal system
  • feedback control system
  • feedback system
  • feeding system
  • female reproductive system
  • fenton system
  • fermentation system
  • fiber system
  • fibre system
  • fibrinolytic system
  • field system
  • filled system
  • film system
  • filtering error system
  • filtration system
  • finance system
  • financial reporting system
  • financial system
  • financing system
  • finite element system
  • first-order system
  • fiscal system
  • flexible system
  • floodplain system
  • flow system
  • flow-injection system
  • flow-through system
  • fluid system
  • fluoroscopic system
  • fluvial system
  • food system
  • forced-air warming system
  • forecast system
  • forecasting system
  • forest system
  • formal system
  • fossil system
  • foster care system
  • fracture system
  • franchise system
  • free system
  • freshwater system
  • frontal system
  • fuel cell system
  • full system
  • function classification system
  • functional system
  • fusion system
  • fuzzy expert system
  • fuzzy inference system
  • fuzzy system
  • gabaergic system
  • gal4-uas system
  • galaxy system
  • gallery system
  • gastrointestinal system
  • gc system
  • ge system
  • gel system
  • gelling system
  • gene delivery system
  • gene expression system
  • gene system
  • general system
  • generating system
  • generation system
  • genetic model system
  • genetic system
  • genital system
  • geographic information system
  • geographical information system
  • geothermal system
  • german system
  • glass system
  • global economic system
  • global positioning system
  • global system
  • glucose monitoring system
  • glutamatergic system
  • good model system
  • governance system
  • governing system
  • gradient system
  • grading system
  • grassland system
  • grazing system
  • grid system
  • gross motor function classification system
  • ground water system
  • grounding system
  • groundwater flow system
  • groundwater system
  • group system
  • growth factor system
  • guest system
  • guidance system
  • h system
  • h2o system
  • h2o2 system
  • haematopoietic system
  • hamiltonian system
  • harvesting system
  • haversian system
  • healing system
  • health care delivery system
  • health care system
  • health insurance system
  • health service system
  • health surveillance system
  • health system
  • health-care system
  • healthcare delivery system
  • healthcare system
  • hearing system
  • heat storage system
  • heating system
  • hematopoietic system
  • hemostatic system
  • heterocyclic ring system
  • heterocyclic system
  • heterogeneous system
  • heterologous expression system
  • heterologous system
  • hexagonal system
  • hierarchical system
  • high-throughput system
  • higher education system
  • highly efficient catalytic system
  • his-purkinje system
  • histaminergic system
  • histopathological scoring system
  • hla system
  • hole system
  • homogeneous system
  • hormonal system
  • hospital information system
  • hospital system
  • host defence system
  • host immune system
  • host innate immune system
  • host system
  • host-parasite system
  • housing system
  • hplc system
  • human cell system
  • human central nervous system
  • human immune system
  • human system
  • human visual system
  • humoral immune system
  • hvac system
  • hybrid system
  • hydraulic system
  • hydrogel system
  • hydrogenation system
  • hydrothermal system
  • hyperbolic system
  • icd system
  • ideal demand system
  • ideal model system
  • ideal system
  • identification system
  • igf system
  • igf-i system
  • iii secretion system
  • image analysis system
  • image-plate detector system
  • imaging system
  • imidazole system
  • immune system
  • immunity system
  • immunoassay system
  • immunological system
  • implant system
  • import system
  • important system
  • improved system
  • incentive system
  • income tax system
  • inducible expression system
  • inducible viral amplicon expression system
  • industrial relations system
  • industrial system
  • inference system
  • infinite-dimensional system
  • inflammatory system
  • information retrieval system
  • information system
  • infusion system
  • inhibition system
  • inhibitory system
  • inhomogeneous system
  • initiating system
  • initiation system
  • initiator system
  • injectable system
  • injection system
  • injury surveillance system
  • innate immune system
  • innovation system
  • insect immune system
  • inspection system
  • insular system
  • insulin delivery system
  • insurance system
  • intact system
  • integrate system
  • integration system
  • intelligent system
  • intelligent transportation system
  • intensive system
  • interacting system
  • interactive system
  • interconnected power system
  • interconnected system
  • intercropping system
  • interesting model system
  • interferon system
  • international affective picture system
  • international classification system
  • international financial system
  • international monetary system
  • international prognostic scoring system
  • international staging system
  • international system
  • intrauterine system
  • inventory system
  • invertebrate nervous system
  • invertebrate system
  • investigated system
  • ir system
  • iron transport system
  • irrigation system
  • island system
  • isolation system
  • it system
  • iti dental implant system
  • iv secretion system
  • iv system
  • ivr system
  • joint system
  • judicial system
  • jump system
  • jumping system
  • justice system
  • juvenile justice system
  • karstic system
  • kinase system
  • kinin system
  • kinship system
  • knockout system
  • knowledge management system
  • knowledge system
  • l system
  • laboratory system
  • lacrimal system
  • lactoperoxidase system
  • lagoon system
  • lake system
  • lamé system
  • land use system
  • land-use system
  • language system
  • large linear system
  • large molecular system
  • large power system
  • large sparse linear system
  • large system
  • large-scale system
  • larger system
  • laser system
  • lateral line system
  • lattice system
  • layer system
  • layered system
  • lc system
  • lead system
  • learning system
  • legacy system
  • legal system
  • level system
  • levonorgestrel intrauterine system
  • levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system
  • licensing system
  • ligand system
  • light system
  • light-harvesting system
  • limbic system
  • line system
  • linear control system
  • linear discrete-time system
  • linear dynamic system
  • linear stochastic system
  • linear switching system
  • linear system
  • linear time-delay system
  • linear time-invariant system
  • linear time-varying system
  • linear uncertain system
  • linoleic acid system
  • liposome system
  • liquid chromatography system
  • liquid system
  • liver support system
  • liver system
  • loading system
  • local co-ordinate system
  • local food system
  • local system
  • loop system
  • lotic system
    		•
  • low pressure system
  • low-input system
  • low-pressure system
  • lpv system
  • lti system
  • lur'e system
  • lymphatic system
  • lymphoid system
  • lysosomal system
  • machine vision system
  • magnetic navigation system
  • magnetic system
  • major river system
  • male reproductive system
  • mammalian central nervous system
  • mammalian immune system
  • mammalian nervous system
  • mammalian system
  • management control system
  • management system
  • manipulator system
  • manufacturing system
  • many organ system
  • many system
  • many-body system
  • mapping system
  • marine system
  • marker system
  • market system
  • marketing system
  • markov jump system
  • markovian jump system
  • markovian system
  • mass spectrometry system
  • masticatory system
  • mate recognition system
  • material system
  • maternal immune system
  • mating system
  • matrix system
  • mature central nervous system
  • mature nervous system
  • maxwell system
  • mc-cdma system
  • measurement system
  • measuring system
  • mechanical system
  • mechanosensory system
  • mechatronic system
  • media system
  • medical care system
  • medical system
  • membrane system
  • memory system
  • mental health system
  • mesolimbic dopamine system
  • mesolimbic system
  • mesoscale convective system
  • mesoscopic system
  • messenger system
  • metabolic system
  • metallic system
  • metavir scoring system
  • micellar system
  • micelle system
  • micro system
  • microarray system
  • microbial system
  • microcosm system
  • microelectromechanical system
  • microemulsion system
  • microfluidic system
  • microreactor system
  • microscope system
  • microwave system
  • migration system
  • migratory system
  • mimo system
  • miniemulsion system
  • mirror neuron system
  • mixed mating system
  • mixed system
  • mixing system
  • mmr system
  • mobile communication system
  • mobile system
  • mobile telecommunication system
  • model membrane system
  • model system
  • modeling system
  • modelling system
  • modified system
  • modulatory system
  • molecular adsorbent Recirculat system
  • molecular adsorbent recirculating system
  • molecular system
  • monetary system
  • monitoring system
  • monoamine system
  • monoaminergic system
  • monoclinic crystal system
  • monoclinic system
  • monsoon system
  • motion analysis system
  • motion capture system
  • motion system
  • motivational system
  • motor function classification system
  • motor system
  • mountain system
  • mouse central nervous system
  • mouse model system
  • mouse olfactory system
  • mr system
  • mri system
  • mucosal immune system
  • multi-agent system
  • multi-body system
  • multi-component system
  • multiagent system
  • multibody system
  • multicomponent system
  • multienzyme system
  • multilayer system
  • multiphase flow system
  • multiphase system
  • multiple neural system
  • multiple organ system
  • multiple system
  • multiprocessor system
  • multivariable system
  • muscle system
  • musculoskeletal system
  • mutation system
  • myoneme system
  • n system
  • nanocomposite system
  • nanoparticle system
  • national electronic injury surveillance system
  • national health system
  • national innovation system
  • national pension system
  • national political system
  • national system
  • natural system
  • navigation system
  • navx system
  • nerve system
  • nervous system
  • network management system
  • network system
  • networked control system
  • networked system
  • neural system
  • neuro-fuzzy inference system
  • neurochemical system
  • neuroendocrine system
  • neuromuscular system
  • neuron system
  • neuronal system
  • neurostimulation system
  • neurotransmitter system
  • neutral system
  • new catalytic system
  • new classification system
  • new heterocyclic system
  • new ring system
  • new staging system
  • new system
  • ni system
  • nigrostriatal dopaminergic system
  • nigrostriatal system
  • nile tilapia production system
  • nmr system
  • no system
  • no-fault compensation system
  • non-linear dynamical system
  • non-linear system
  • nonholonomic system
  • nonlinear continuous-time system
  • nonlinear control system
  • nonlinear discrete-time system
  • nonlinear dynamic system
  • nonlinear system
  • nonlinear uncertain system
  • noradrenergic system
  • notification system
  • novel delivery system
  • novel elisa system
  • novel model system
  • novel system
  • number system
  • numerical system
  • nursing system
  • o system
  • o2 system
  • object-oriented system
  • observing system
  • oct system
  • of system
  • ofdm system
  • oil system
  • okuda staging system
  • olfactory system
  • one system
  • one-dimensional system
  • oocyte expression system
  • open system
  • operating system
  • operational system
  • opioid system
  • optical system
  • optics system
  • optimization system
  • optoelectronic system
  • oral health care delivery system
  • order system
  • organ allocation system
  • organ culture system
  • organ system
  • organic system
  • organizational system
  • organized system
  • original system
  • orthorhombic crystal system
  • orthorhombic system
  • other neurotransmitter system
  • other organ system
  • other system
  • oxidase system
  • oxidation system
  • oxide system
  • p450 system
  • pacemaker system
  • pacing system
  • packaging system
  • parabolic system
  • parallel system
  • parameter system
  • parameter-varying system
  • parasite system
  • parasitoid system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
  • parliamentary system
  • partial differential equation system
  • particle system
  • particulate system
  • partition system
  • party system
  • passive system
  • pastoral system
  • patch system
  • pathway system
  • pay system
  • payment system
  • pcr system
  • pde system
  • penal system
  • pendulum system
  • pension system
  • peptide system
  • perceptual system
  • performance appraisal system
  • performance management system
  • performance measurement system
  • performance support system
  • performance system
  • perfusion system
  • periodic system
  • peripheral nervous system
  • personal communication system
  • perturbed system
  • pest system
  • petroleum system
  • pharmacovigilance system
  • phase system
  • phase-field system
  • phone system
  • phosphorylation system
  • phosphotransferase system
  • photoinitiator system
  • photosynthetic system
  • photovoltaic system
  • physical system
  • physiological system
  • picture system
  • pipe system
  • pipeline system
  • planetary system
  • planning system
  • plant system
  • plant vascular system
  • plasma system
  • plasminogen activator system
  • plate system
  • plumbing system
  • point system
  • poisson system
  • policy system
  • political system
  • pollination system
  • polyculture system
  • polycyclic system
  • polydisperse system
  • polygynous mating system
  • polymer blend system
  • polymer system
  • polymer-blend system
  • polymerase chain reaction system
  • polymeric system
  • polymerization system
  • polynomial system
  • pond system
  • population system
  • pore system
  • portable system
  • portal system
  • positioning system
  • power distribution system
  • power generation system
  • power system
  • practical system
  • prediction system
  • pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system
  • present system
  • pressure system
  • pressure ulcer classification system
  • prevention system
  • prey system
  • price system
  • primary care system
  • primary culture system
  • primer system
  • prison system
  • probe system
  • process system
  • processing system
  • product system
  • production system
  • productive system
  • profiling system
  • prognostic scoring system
  • prognostic system
  • promising system
  • promoter system
  • property system
  • proposed control system
  • proposed system
  • propulsion system
  • prospective payment system
  • proteasome system
  • protection system
  • protective system
  • protein secretion system
  • protein synthesis system
  • protein system
  • proteolytic system
  • prototype system
  • pseudobinary system
  • public health surveillance system
  • public health system
  • public pension system
  • public system
  • pump system
  • pumping system
  • purification system
  • purified system
  • pv system
  • pyrimidine system
  • quality control system
  • quality management system
  • quality system
  • quantum dot system
  • quantum system
  • quasilinear hyperbolic system
  • quaternary system
  • queueing system
  • quorum sensing system
  • quorum-sensing system
  • quota system
  • radar system
  • radio system
  • radiographic system
  • railway system
  • random dynamical system
  • random system
  • rapid response system
  • rat central nervous system
  • rate system
  • rating system
  • reaction system
  • reaction-diffusion system
  • reactive system
  • reactor system
  • reagent system
  • real system
  • real-time system
  • real-world system
  • rearing system
  • reasoning system
  • recall system
  • receptor system
  • recirculating aquaculture system
  • recirculating system
  • recirculating water system
  • recirculation system
    		•
  • recognition system
  • recombinant expression system
  • recombination system
  • recommendation system
  • record system
  • recording system
  • recovery system
  • recycling system
  • redox initiator system
  • redox system
  • reduced system
  • reducing system
  • reduction system
  • reef system
  • reference system
  • referral system
  • refractory mutation system
  • refrigeration system
  • regenerating system
  • regeneration system
  • regional system
  • registration system
  • regulation system
  • regulatory system
  • reimbursement system
  • relate system
  • relations system
  • release system
  • reliable system
  • reminder system
  • removal system
  • renal data system
  • renal system
  • rendering system
  • renin angiotensin system
  • renin-angiotensin system
  • renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • repair system
  • repairable system
  • reporter system
  • reporting system
  • representation system
  • representational system
  • reproductive system
  • reputation system
  • research system
  • reserve system
  • reservoir system
  • residential cogeneration system
  • resin system
  • resolution system
  • resource management system
  • resource planning system
  • resources system
  • respiratory system
  • response system
  • resulting closed-loop system
  • resulting system
  • reticuloendothelial system
  • retirement system
  • retrieval system
  • reverse micellar system
  • review system
  • reward system
  • rfid system
  • ridge system
  • rift system
  • right system
  • rigid system
  • ring system
  • riparian system
  • risk assessment monitoring system
  • risk assessment system
  • risk factor surveillance system
  • risk management system
  • risk scoring system
  • river system
  • riverine system
  • road system
  • robot system
  • robotic manipulator system
  • robotic system
  • robust system
  • rod system
  • root canal system
  • root system
  • safety system
  • salt system
  • same system
  • sampled-data system
  • sampling system
  • satellite system
  • scada system
  • scavenging system
  • scheduling system
  • school system
  • score system
  • scoring system
  • screening system
  • sealing system
  • seawater system
  • second messenger system
  • second-order system
  • secretion system
  • secretory system
  • security system
  • sediment system
  • sedimentary system
  • selection system
  • self-etching system
  • self-incompatibility system
  • semiconductor system
  • sensing system
  • sensitive system
  • sensor system
  • sensory system
  • separation system
  • septic system
  • series system
  • serotonergic system
  • serotonin system
  • server system
  • service delivery system
  • service system
  • services system
  • servo system
  • settlement system
  • several system
  • sex chromosome system
  • sex determination system
  • sexual system
  • sharing system
  • shell system
  • shift system
  • signal transduction system
  • signaling system
  • signalling system
  • similar system
  • simple model system
  • simple scoring system
  • simple system
  • simulation system
  • single system
  • singular linear system
  • singular system
  • singular time-delay system
  • skeletal system
  • slip system
  • sludge system
  • slurry system
  • sm system
  • small system
  • social protection system
  • social security system
  • social support system
  • social system
  • socio-economic system
  • software system
  • soil system
  • solar system
  • solid system
  • solution system
  • solvent system
  • solvent-free system
  • somatosensory system
  • song control system
  • space system
  • sparse linear system
  • specific brain system
  • specific system
  • spectrometry system
  • spectroscopy system
  • spin system
  • spray system
  • spring system
  • sputtering system
  • stable system
  • staging system
  • standard system
  • star system
  • state pension system
  • state system
  • states renal data system
  • static reaction system
  • static system
  • statistical system
  • stellar system
  • stimulation system
  • stochastic system
  • stomatogastric nervous system
  • storage system
  • stratification system
  • stream system
  • stream-aquifer system
  • stress system
  • structural system
  • structure system
  • structured system
  • studied system
  • study system
  • subduction system
  • subsidy system
  • successional system
  • suction system
  • sugar system
  • suitable system
  • supply system
  • support system
  • supramolecular system
  • surface display system
  • surfactant system
  • surgery system
  • surgical system
  • surveillance system
  • survey system
  • suspension system
  • sustainable system
  • switched system
  • switching system
  • sydney system
  • symbiotic system
  • symbolic system
  • symmetric system
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • sympathetic system
  • synthesis system
  • synthetic system
  • tagging system
  • tank system
  • targeting system
  • taste system
  • tat system
  • tax system
  • taxation system
  • taxonomic system
  • technical system
  • technological system
  • telecommunication system
  • telemedicine system
  • telemetry system
  • teleoperation system
  • temperate system
  • temperature control system
  • tenure system
  • ternary system
  • terrestrial system
  • test system
  • testing system
  • tet-off system
  • tet-on system
  • the earth system
  • theoretical system
  • therapy system
  • thermal system
  • thermosetting system
  • three-component system
  • three-dimensional culture system
  • three-phase system
  • thrust system
  • tilapia production system
  • tillage system
  • tilt system
  • time delay system
  • time system
  • time-delay system
  • time-invariant system
  • time-varying system
  • tissue culture system
  • tissue system
  • tomography system
  • total system
  • traceability system
  • tracking system
  • tractable system
  • trade system
  • trading system
  • traditional system
  • training system
  • transcription system
  • transdermal delivery system
  • transdermal system
  • transduction system
  • transfer system
  • transformation system
  • transgenic system
  • transient expression system
  • translation system
  • transmission system
  • transmitter system
  • transport system
  • transportation system
  • transporter system
  • trapping system
  • trauma system
  • treatment system
  • triclinic crystal system
  • triclinic system
  • trigeminovascular system
  • tutoring system
  • two-component regulatory system
  • two-component signal transduction system
  • two-component system
  • two-dimensional system
  • two-hybrid system
  • two-level system
  • two-party system
  • two-phase solvent system
  • two-phase system
  • type iii secretion system
  • type iv secretion system
  • type system
  • ubiquitin-proteasome system
  • ulcer classification system
  • ultrasonic system
  • ultrasound system
  • uncertain linear system
  • uncertain nonlinear system
  • uncertain singular system
  • uncertain system
  • uncertain time-delay system
  • unique system
  • unit system
  • united states renal data system
  • universal mobile telecommunication system
  • universal system
  • university system
  • unsaturated system
  • unstable system
  • updated sydney system
  • uptake system
  • upwelling system
  • urban system
  • urinary system
  • urogenital system
  • use system
  • used system
  • useful model system
  • useful system
  • uwb system
  • vaccine delivery system
  • validated scoring system
  • value system
  • variety of system
  • various system
  • vascular system
  • vasopressin system
  • vector system
  • vehicle system
  • vein system
  • venous drainage system
  • venous system
  • ventilation system
  • ventricular system
  • versatile system
  • vertebrate central nervous system
  • vertebrate nervous system
  • vertebrate system
  • vesicle system
  • vessel system
  • vestibular system
  • video system
  • vinci surgical system
  • viral amplicon expression system
  • vision system
  • visual system
  • visualization system
  • vitro cell culture system
  • vitro culture system
  • vitro model system
  • vitro system
  • vitro transcription system
  • vivo model system
  • vivo system
  • volterra system
  • vomeronasal system
  • voting system
  • wall system
  • warming system
  • warning scoring system
  • warning system
  • waste management system
  • wastewater treatment system
  • water distribution system
  • water resources system
  • water supply system
  • water system
  • water treatment system
  • weather system
  • welfare system
  • wetland system
  • who classification system
  • whole system
  • window system
  • wireless communication system
  • wireless system
  • wood system
  • work system
  • workers compensation system
  • workers' compensation system
  • world system
  • y system
  • yeast system
  • yeast two-hybrid system
  • youth justice system

    • Terms modified by System

  • system able
  • system abnormality
  • system accuracy
  • system activation
  • system activity
  • system agent
  • system analysis
  • system applicable
  • system application
  • system approach
  • system architecture
  • system around the world
  • system atrophy
  • system availability
  • system available
  • system b
  • system behavior
  • system behaviour
  • system being
  • system biology
  • system biology analysis
  • system biology approach
  • system boundary
  • system capable
  • system capacity
  • system cell
  • system change
  • system characteristic
  • system characterization
  • system coefficient
  • system common
  • system complexity
  • system complications
  • system component
  • system condition
  • system configuration
  • system consisting
  • system constraint
  • system containing
  • system context
  • system control
  • system cost
  • system damage
    		•
  • system data
  • system database
  • system decrease
  • system decreased
  • system design
  • system designer
  • system developers
  • system development
  • system differentiation
  • system disease
  • system disorder
  • system disorders
  • system disturbance
  • system dynamics
  • system dysfunction
  • system effectiveness
  • system effects
  • system efficiency
  • system embedded
  • system engineer
  • system equation
  • system error
  • system evaluation
  • system evolution
  • system experiment
  • system factor
  • system failure
  • system feature
  • system for children
  • system frequency
  • system function
  • system functioning
  • system gene
  • system history
  • system homeostasi
  • system identification
  • system implant
  • system implementation
  • system incorporated
  • system increase
  • system infections
  • system inhibitor
  • system injury
    		•
  • system input
  • system integration
  • system interaction
  • system intervention
  • system inventory
  • system involvement
  • system justification
  • system koh
  • system lead
  • system lesion
  • system level
  • system lifetime
  • system ly
  • system lymphoma
  • system make
  • system malformation
  • system management
  • system matrix
  • system measurement
  • system model
  • system modelling
  • system models
  • system need
  • system only
  • system operating
  • system operation
  • system operations
  • system operator
  • system order
  • system other
  • system output
  • system parameter
  • system pathology
  • system performance
  • system performance measure
  • system perspective
  • system plume
  • system pressure
  • system problem
  • system property
  • system protein
  • system reliability
  • system requirement
    		•
  • system resource
  • system response
  • system result
  • system reveal
  • system science
  • system security
  • system sensitivity
  • system showing
  • system shows
  • system similar
  • system simulation
  • system simulator
  • system size
  • system software
  • system stability
  • system state
  • system states
  • system structure
  • system studies
  • system subject
  • system suitable
  • system support
  • system symptom
  • system technology
  • system temperature
  • system testing
  • system theory
  • system throughput
  • system today
  • system tract
  • system tumor
  • system uncertainty
  • system underlying
  • system use
  • system used
  • system variable
  • system variation
  • system vasculitis
  • system work

    • Selected Abstracts

    CRIME (CONTROL) IS A CHOICE: DIVERGENT PERSPECTIVES ON THE ROLE OF TREATMENT IN THE ADULT CORRECTIONS SYSTEM

    CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 2 2005
    JAMES M. BYRNE
    [source]

    FEDERAL LEGISLATION AND GUN MARKETS: HOW MUCH HAVE RECENT REFORMS OF THE FEDERAL FIREARMS LICENSING SYSTEM REDUCED CRIMINAL GUN SUPPLIERS?,

    CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 2 2002
    CHRISTOPHER S. KOPER
    Research Summary: Following reforms of the federal firearms licensing system, nearly 70% of the nation's retail gun dealers active in 1994 dropped out of business by 1998. Dropout dealers supplied one-third of guns recovered and traced by police but were linked to fewer crime guns than were other dealers, most likely because dropouts tended to be lower volume dealers. It is not clear if guns sold by dropouts had a higher probability of being used in crime, but guns supplied by dropouts did not move into criminal channels more quickly. Policy Implications: If federal reforms have reduced the availability of guns to criminals, the effect has probably been more modest than suggested by the overall reduction in dealers. Producing further reductions in the flow of guns to criminals through oversight of gun dealers will require refinement in the identification of problematic gun dealers. [source]

    DIAGNOSIS OF COLONIC ADENOMAS BY NEW AUTOFLUORESCENCE IMAGING SYSTEM: A PILOT STUDY

    DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 2007
    Noriya Uedo
    Detection and removal of adenoma by colonoscopy is an important means of preventing cancer. Autofluorescence endoscopy can visualize flat or isochromatic tumor that was not detectable by white light endoscopy by the difference in tissue fluorescence properties. Recently, a new autofluorescence imaging system (AFI, Olympus Medical Systems) using a combination of autofluorescence and reflection imaging has been developed. The purpose of the present paper was to investigate its feasibility in detection of colonic adenoma in a clinical setting. A total of 64 patients were randomly assigned to AFI or white light groups, and the distal sigmoid colon and the rectum was observed under autofluorescence or white light followed by the other mode of observation by a different endoscopist. The diagnostic ability of each method for detection of neoplasms was compared in relation to the histology as a reference standard. Sensitivity and specificity of AFI for detection of neoplastic polyps was 84% and 60%, respectively, and were similar to those of white light colonoscopy: 90% and 64%. Conventional colonoscopy overlooked more flat lesions including one adenocarcinoma. AFI has the potential to detect more flat lesions but efficacy was unable to be demonstrated in the restricted population. Further investigations are needed to determine optimum usage. [source]

    MAGNIFICATION ENDOSCOPIC VIEW OF AN EARLY GASTRIC CANCER USING ACETIC ACID AND NARROW-BAND IMAGING SYSTEM

    DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 2006
    Hideki Toyoda
    A 62-year-old woman was referred to Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan, for examination of upper gastrointestinal tract. The conventional endoscopy showed a slightly depressed lesion on the greater curvature at the gastric body. The surface of surrounding non-neoplastic mucosa using magnification endoscopy with acetic acid was gyrus-villous pattern whereas the surface of the lesion was rough. Furthermore, magnification endoscopy using acetic acid and narrow-band imaging system visualized clearer fine surface pattern of carcinoma. The lesion had a rough mucosa with irregularly arranged small pits. The lesion was resected completely by endoscopic mucosal resection with insulated-tip electrosurgical knife. Narrow-band imaging system with acetic acid may be able to visualize not only the capillary pattern but also the fine surface pattern of gastric carcinoma. [source]

    OPTICAL/DIGITAL CHROMOENDOSCOPY DURING COLONOSCOPY USING NARROW-BAND IMAGING SYSTEM

    DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 2005
    Yasushi Sano
    This review is regarding the narrow-band imaging (NBI) system which has been developed at National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan. The technology of the NBI system is based on modifying the spectral features by narrowing the bandwidth of spectral transmittance using various optical filters. The NBI system consists of three filters, 415,30 nm, 445,30 nm, and 500,30 nm, which are used as observing the fine capillaries in the superficial mucosa is essential to identify gastrointestinal neoplasms. The NBI system has been in development since 1999 and the first report of it's efficacy for gastrointestinal tract use was reported in 2001. In our pilot study, the NBI system may be sufficient to differentiate hyperplastic polyp from adenomatous polyp, and to visualize neoplasia with image processing in real-time during colonoscopy without the need for dye spraying. Herein, we propose the term ,optical/digital chromoendoscopy' using the NBI system and hope that this instrument will become standard endoscopy for in the 21st century. To estimate the feasibility and efficacy of using the NBI system for surveillance or screening examination, randomized control trials should be conducted in the future. [source]

    THE YOUNG HELD TO RANSOM , A PUBLIC CHOICE ANALYSIS OF THE UK STATE PENSION SYSTEM

    ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2008
    Philip Booth
    As populations age, it will become increasingly difficult to reform state pension systems. Reform will not be impossible, but the process of ,buying off' interest groups will be expensive. State pension provision must use the contributory principle combined with an accruals system , though private pension provision would be better still. There are serious flaws in the so-called ,citizens pension' much promoted by interest groups in the UK. [source]

    REFORM OF THE PERSONAL INCOME TAX SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

    ECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 4 2005
    Jeff Pope
    This paper examines the case for reform of Australia's Personal Income Tax (PIT), argues that it is outdated, and demonstrates a growing consensus for reform. The importance of tax avoidance, particularly the use of trusts, in the Australian PIT system, and arguably its abrogation of modern-day criteria of what constitutes a ,good tax', is emphasised. Three possible ,reform' options are identified: the ,tinkering and tokenism' approach of current Government policy; moderate reform and a proposed ,significant reform option' costing around $22 billion. Essentially this comprises company and top PIT rate equalisation and a doubling of the tax-free threshold. But funding this is problematical. Two key arguments of the paper are that: (real) simplification i.e. lower compliance costs, is an important yet usually down-played objective in reform proposals; savings from reform denying PIT deductions such as work expenses are insufficient to achieve significant PIT reform. An increase in the rate of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) from 10% to 15% (with a compensation package) is therefore advocated in a revenue-neutral analysis ignoring current Government budget surpluses. The overall outcome would be a simplified, more equitable and incentive-driven PIT system that would move Australia closer to the PIT and GST policies of other OECD countries. But the political difficulties of reform mean that the Government's ,tinkering' approach is likely to continue. [source]

    ON THE ROLE OF THE PRIMARY SYSTEM IN CANDIDATE SELECTION

    ECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 2 2006
    MANDAR P. OAK
    How does the type of the primary system affect political outcomes? We address this issue by constructing a simple model that accounts for intra-party as well as inter-party political competition. Our model suggests that allowing non-partisan voters to participate in the primaries (i.e. a semi-open primary system) indeed improves the chances of a moderate candidate getting elected. However, this need not necessarily happen in the case of a completely open primary system. Under such a system there arise multiple equilibria, some of which may lead to a greater degree of extremism than the closed primary system. Thus, our model contributes to the current debate on the choice of primary systems from an analytical perspective and helps explain some of the empirical findings. [source]

    THEORIZING THE UNIVERSITY AS A CULTURAL SYSTEM: DISTINCTIONS, IDENTITIES, EMERGENCIES

    EDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 3 2006
    Mark Considine
    In this essay, Mark Considine argues that the prospect of such changes requires us to reflect carefully upon the theoretical and normative underpinnings of universities and to delineate the structures and processes through which they might seek to negotiate their identities. Considine re-theorizes the university as a higher education system composed by distinctions and networks acting through an important class of boundary objects. He moves beyond an environmental analysis, asserting that systems are best theorized as cultural practices based upon actors making and protecting important kinds of distinctions. Thus, the university system must be investigated as a knowledge-based binary for dividing knowledge from other things. This approach, in turn, produces an identity-centering (cultural) model of the system that assumes universities must perform two different acts of distinction to exist: first, they must distinguish themselves from other systems (such as the economy, organized religion, and the labor market), and, second, they must operate successfully in a chosen resource environment. Ultimately, Considine argues that while environmental problems (such as cuts in government grants) may generate periodic crises, threats within identities produce emergencies generating a radical kind of problematic for actor networks. [source]

    DIRECT AND CORRELATED RESPONSES TO SELECTION IN A HOST,PARASITE SYSTEM: TESTING FOR THE EMERGENCE OF GENOTYPE SPECIFICITY

    EVOLUTION, Issue 8 2007
    Thibault Nidelet
    Genotype × environment interactions can facilitate coexistence of locally adapted specialists. Interactions evolve if adaptation to one environment trades off with performance in others. We investigated whether evolution on one host genotype traded off with performance on others in long-term experimental populations of different genotypes of the protozoan Paramecium caudatum, infected with the bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. A total of nine parasite selection lines evolving on three host genotypes and the ancestral parasite were tested in a cross-infection experiment. We found that evolved parasites produced more infections than did the ancestral parasites, both on host genotypes they had evolved on (positive direct response to selection) and on genotypes they had not evolved on (positive correlated response to selection). On two host genotypes, a negative relationship between direct and correlated responses indicated pleiotropic costs of adaptation. On the third, a positive relationship suggested cost-free adaptation. Nonetheless, on all three hosts, resident parasites tended to be superior to the average nonresident parasite. Thus genotype specificity (i.e., patterns of local adaptation) may evolve without costs of adaptation, as long as direct responses to selection exceed correlated responses. [source]

    EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS OF A KEY FLORAL TRAIT IN AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS (RANUNCULACEAE): GENETIC VARIATION IN HERKOGAMY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE MATING SYSTEM

    EVOLUTION, Issue 7 2007
    Christopher R. Herlihy
    The mating system of flowering plant populations evolves through selection on genetically based phenotypic variation in floral traits. The physical separation of anthers and stigmas within flowers (herkogamy) is expected to be an important target of selection to limit self-fertilization. We investigated the pattern of phenotypic and genetic variation in herkogamy and its effect of self-fertilization in a broad sample of natural populations of Aquilegia canadensis, a species that is highly selfing despite strong inbreeding depression. Within natural populations, plants exhibit substantial phenotypic variation in herkogamy caused primarily by variation in pistil length rather than stamen length. Compared to other floral traits, herkogamy is much more variable and a greater proportion of variation is distributed among rather than within individuals. We tested for a genetic component of this marked phenotypic variation by growing naturally pollinated seed families from five populations in a common greenhouse environment. For three populations, we detected a significant variation in herkogamy among families, and a positive regression between parental herkogamy measured in the field and progeny herkogamy in the greenhouse, suggesting that there is often genetic variation in herkogamy within natural populations. We estimated levels of self-fertilization for groups of flowers that differed in herkogamy and show that, as expected, herkogamy was associated with reduced selfing in 13 of 19 populations. In six of these populations, we performed floral emasculations to show that this decrease in selfing is due to decreased autogamy (within-flower selfing), the mode of selfing that herkogamy should most directly influence. Taken together, these results suggest that increased herkogamy should be selected to reduce the production of low-quality selfed seed. The combination of high selfing and substantial genetic variation for herkogamy in A. canadensis is enigmatic, and reconciling this observation will require a more integrated analysis of how herkogamy influences not only self-fertilization, but also patterns of outcross pollen import and export. [source]

    MASKING INTERFERENCE AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN THE AMAZONIAN DENDROBATID FROG ALLOBATES FEMORALIS

    EVOLUTION, Issue 9 2006
    Adolfo Amézquita
    Abstract The efficacy of communication relies on detection of species-specific signals against the background noise. Features affecting signal detection are thus expected to evolve under selective pressures represented by masking noise. Spectral partitioning between the auditory signals of co-occurring species has been interpreted as the outcome of the selective effects of masking interference. However, masking interference depends not only on signal's frequency but on receiver's range of frequency sensitivity; moreover, selection on signal frequency can be confounded by selection on body size, because these traits are often correlated. To know whether geographic variation in communication traits agrees with predictions about masking interference effects, we tested the hypothesis that variation in the male-male communication system of the Amazonian frog, Allobates femoralis, is correlated with the occurrence of a single species calling within an overlapping frequency range, Epipedobates trivittatus. We studied frogs at eight sites, four where both species co-occur and four where A. femoralis occurs but E. trivittatus does not. To study the sender component of the communication system of A. femoralis and to describe the use of the spectral range, we analyzed the signal's spectral features of all coactive species at each site. To study the receiver component, we derived frequency-response curves from playback experiments conducted on territorial males of A. femoralis under natural conditions. Most geographic variation in studied traits was correlated with either call frequency or with response frequency range. The occurrence of E. trivittatus significantly predicted narrower and asymmetric frequency-response curves in A. femoralis, without concomitant differences in the call or in body size. The number of acoustically coactive species did not significantly predict variation in any of the studied traits. Our results strongly support that the receiver but not the sender component of the communication system changed due to masking interference by a single species. [source]

    THE EFFECTS OF MATING SYSTEM AND GENETIC VARIABILITY ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TREMATODE PARASITES IN A FRESHWATER SNAIL, LYMNAEA STAGNALIS

    EVOLUTION, Issue 12 2004
    Mikael Puurtinen
    Abstract The amount and distribution of genetic variability in host populations can have significant effects on the outcome of host-parasite interactions. We studied the effect of mating system and genetic variability on susceptibility of Lymnaea stagnalis snails to trematode parasites. Mating system of snails from eight populations differing in the amount of genetic variability was manipulated, and self- and cross-fertilized offspring were exposed to naturally occurring trematode parasites in a controlled lake experiment. Susceptibility of snails varied between populations, but mating-system treatment did not have a significant effect. Heterozygosity of snails was negatively correlated with the probability of trematode infection, however, suggesting that parasitic diseases may pose a serious threat to populations lacking genetic variability. [source]

    FAMILY-LEVEL COVARIATION BETWEEN PARASITE RESISTANCE AND MATING SYSTEM IN A HERMAPHRODITIC FRESHWATER SNAIL

    EVOLUTION, Issue 7 2002
    Jürgen Wiehn
    Abstract Genetic compatibility, nonspecific defenses, and environmental effects determine parasite resistance. Host mating system (selfing vs. outcrossing) should be important for parasite resistance because it determines the segregation of alleles at the resistance loci and because inbreeding depression may hamper immune defenses. Individuals of a mixed mating hermaphroditic freshwater snail, Lymnaea ovata, are commonly infected by a digenetic trematode parasite, Echinoparyphium recurvatum. We examined covariation between quantitative resistance to novel parasites and mating system by exposing snail families from four populations that differed by their inbreeding coefficients. We found that resistance was unrelated to inbreeding coefficient of the population, suggesting that the more inbred populations did not carry higher susceptibility load than the less inbred populations. Most of the variation in resistance was expressed among the families within the populations. In the population with the lowest inbreeding coefficient, resistance increased with outcrossing rate of the family, as predicted if selfing had led to inbreeding depression. In the other three populations with higher inbreeding coefficients, resistance was unrelated to outcrossing rate. The results suggest that in populations with higher inbreeding some of the genetic load has been purged, uncoupling the predicted relationship between outcrossing rate and resistance. Snail families also displayed crossing reaction norms for resistance when tested in two environments that presented low and high immune challenge, suggesting that genotype-by-environment interactions are important for parasite resistance. [source]

    A FIELD-TESTING SYSTEM FOR EXPERIMENTAL BRIDGE EVALUATION

    EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, Issue 6 2001
    D. V. Jáuregui
    First page of article [source]

    MONITORING SYSTEM PROVES ROOFTOP SAFE AFTER SEATTLE EARTHQUAKE

    EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, Issue 3 2001
    Vincent P. Wnuk
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    A CASE FOR REFORM OF THE CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM

    FAMILY COURT REVIEW, Issue 4 2007
    Miriam Aroni Krinsky
    There are more than half a million children in our nation's foster care system. While foster care is intended to provide a temporary safe harbor for abused and neglected children, too many of these youth spend years in foster care limbo,experiencing a turbulent life in motion as they move from placement to placement, community to community, and school to school. Youth in foster care commonly fail to receive basic health and psychological care, and nearly 20,000 youth age out of foster care every year to an adult path of homelessness, unemployment, and despair. Our entire community must work together to more responsibly parent these youth. This article will address how lawyers and child advocates can advocate for new approaches and enhanced support on behalf of the voiceless and most vulnerable members of our community. It will address existing hurdles and systemic challenges that have helped to create the current disheartening status quo. The article will then discuss strategies that advocates can employ to turn the corner on behalf of these youth at risk. [source]

    BUILDING A MULTIDISCIPLINARY, COLLABORATIVE CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM

    FAMILY COURT REVIEW, Issue 4 2003
    The Challenge to Law Schools
    The process of preparing lawyers and other professionals to work for the benefit of troubled children requires an understanding of concepts that extend far beyond the traditional course structure currently employed in American law schools. It is clear that mental health problems of children and families, compounded by substance abuse, influence behavior, resulting in children entering family and juvenile courts as victims of abuse or neglect and committing criminal acts. It is incumbent on law schools to incorporate training in fields far different from the traditional didactic experience in legal curricula if they are to address the current needs of children and familes who are ensnared in the nation's juvenile justice system. The beginning point of this process is within the legal training apparatus of America. Law schools must expand their curriculum to incorporate other disciplines to produce an advocate capable of serving the interest of children and society. [source]

    E-GOVERNMENT SERVICE INNOVATION IN THE SCOTTISH CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SYSTEM

    FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2010
    Tony Kinder
    The paper features an original case study of integration of the Scottish criminal justice information systems, charting the ten-year history of the project. After briefing referencing international e-government experience, it critically assesses e-government in the UK, arguing that following an auspicious start laying infrastructure, e-government now focuses on cost-saving process improvements and is less successful at inter-organisational integration and citizen interactions, responding poorly to the challenges of interactive Internet (Web2) and service interoperability. Surveying literature on the use of project management techniques, it argues that popular e-government tools prescribe closed innovation when more open innovation frameworks (Chesbrough, 2006) may be appropriate to e-government. Two themes emerge: that the nature of e-government project management is closed rather than open and secondly, that e-government is often inadequately conceptualised in technical and organisational terms. [source]

    PLANT COLONIZATION IN CONDESA NIVATION HOLLOW, SIERRA DE GUADARRAMA (SPANISH CENTRAL SYSTEM)

    GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2009
    JULIO MUÑOZ JIMÉNEZ
    ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to determine plant distribution at a nivation hollow located in a Mediterranean high mountain area and to analyse the effects of snow cover, wind exposure, proximity to moisture and the characteristics of the substrate on the vegetation. We analyse these factors and interpret concurrent effects due to recent climate change. The nivation hollow, called Ventisquero de la Condesa, is located at 2258 m a.s.l., 40°47,10,N and 3°58,35,W, in the Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid, Spain). We established 579 small sample plots in the study area, and grouped them into 29 transects where snow duration, wind exposure, availability of meltwater, geomorphologic instability and surface rockiness were examined directly and indirectly. The types of plants and the number of individuals per species were registered for each plot to establish ecological affinities among the 28 distinguishable species. Six showed the highest level of chionophily while nine showed the lowest adaptation to snow cover duration. A statistical study incorporating other variables applied in the research revealed that wind exposure, moisture capture and the intensity of geomorphologic dynamics have a highly significant correlation with nivation, while surface rockiness is a virtually independent factor. Due to environmental changes caused by recent global warming, several plant species, especially adapted to survival in snow conditions, coexist in the hollow with saxicolous plants that have invaded the site from adjacent grass and shrublands. [source]

    THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF THE CENTRAL PLACE SYSTEM IN TRØNDELAG, NORWAY, OVER THE PAST 40 YEARS , VIEWED IN THE LIGHT OF OLD AND RECENT THEORIES AND TRENDS

    GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2007
    Britt Dale
    ABSTRACT. The IGU Symposium on Urban Geography in Lund in 1960 was a path-breaking event towards new nomothetic thinking within the discipline. In nearly half of the papers, the state of the art in central place research was presented and debated. The symposium was the main source of inspiration for a study of the central place system in Midt-Norge in the 1960s, a research project that has been followed up in stages over a 40-year period. The result is a unique collection of data, covering all central places in the region and the location of approximately 200 service functions of different categories in the 1960s, 1980s and c. 2000. Despite the profound changes that have taken place on the part of the consumer, as well as the supplier, the main structure of the central place hierarchy has been surprisingly stable. However, when looking at the growth and decline of each of the different service functions, considerable dynamics have been found. There are tendencies of centralization/concentration as well as decentralization/dispersion. Furthermore, the functional division of labour by vertical steps and tiers in the 1960s has been supplemented by horizontal specialization between places, and also in the lower levels of the central place hierarchy. In this paper, we present and discuss some of the main changes that have taken place in the system in the light of older and newer theories and trends. [source]

    Role of topical and nutritional supplement to modify the oxidative stress,

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 6 2002
    P. Morganti
    Synopsis Background: Evidence suggests that signs of skin ageing such as wrinkling, ragging and actinic lentigines, may be connected to cumulative oxidative damage incurred throughout our lifetimes. To counteract this oxidative injury, skin is equipped with a network on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, such as tocopherols, ascorbate polyphenols. All these compounds administered topically by cosmetics or by oral route by diet supplements, have been shown to exert an antioxidant/protective effect in skin or skin cells. Objective: The object of this study was to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo the activity performed by different topical antioxidants and nutritional supplements. Methods: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was carried out for 8 weeks on 30 dry-skinned elderly volunteers, women aged between 48 and 59 years, with moderate xerosis and photoageing. Surface skin lipids, skin hydration and MDA determination were topically detected by 3C System. ROS was evaluated on the blood serum and on IL-3 stimulated human leukocytes by ROS Meter System at 505 nm. All the subjects applied twice a day for 2 months a nanocolloidal gel and/or take a diet supplement by oral route at the quantity of two capsules per day. All the formulations used were antioxidant-enriched (ascorbic acid, tocopherol, alpha-lipoic acid, melatonin, emblica). Results: Oxidative stress and consequently lipids peroxidation decreased from 30 to 40% (P < 0.005) in blood serum of all the subjects treated with antioxidant compounds topically and by oral route. Both free radicals recovered in blood serum and on skin (in vivo) and ROS induced by irradiation of leucocytes with UVB light (in vitro), appear sensibly lower in subjects antioxidant-treated. Conclusions: From the obtained data, it seems possible to conclude that all the compounds used play interesting role as topical and systemic photoprotectants, thanks to their interesting antioxidant property. Moreover, the antioxidant treatment seems to be a promising therapeutic approach also in reducing the oxidative stress of people affected by photoaging. Résumé Les faits semblent montrer que les signes du vieillissement cutané tels que les rides, la perte d'élasticité ou les taches de vieillesse, peuvent être liés aux effets oxydants cumulés subis tout au long de la vie. Pour contrer ces effets oxydants, la peau est équipée d'un réseau de systèmes antioxydants enzymatiques et non enzymatiques tels que les tocophérols, l'ascorbate et les polyphénols. Tous ces composés, administrés par voie topique par des cosmétiques ou par voie orale avec des suppléments alimentaires, se sont révélés exercer un effet antioxydant/protecteur sur la peau ou les cellules de la peau. L'objet de cette étude était d'évaluer aussi bien in-vitro qu'in-vivo l'activité de différents antioxydants topiques et suppléments alimentaires. Une étude randomisée contre placebo en double aveugle a été conduite sur 8 semaines avec 30 volontaires,gés à peau sèche, des femmes de 48 à 59 ans, présentant une xérose et un viellissement modéré. Les lipides à la surface de la peau, l'hydratation de la peau et la MDA ont été suivis de façon topique par le SYSTEM 3 C. Les ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) ont été déterminés dans le sérum sanguin et sur les leucocytes humains 12-3 stimulés par un SYSTEM ROS-METER à 505 nm. Tous les sujets ont appliqué deux fois par jour pendant deux mois un gel nanocolloïdal et/ou pris des suppléments alimentaires par voie orale à raison de deux gélules par jour. Toutes les formulations utilisées étaient enrichies en antioxydant (acide ascorbique, tocophérol, acide alpha-lipoïque, mélatonine, emblica). Le stress oxydant et par conséquent la péroxydation des lipides diminue de 30 à 40% (p < 0.005) dans le sérum sanguin de tous les sujets traités avec des composés antioxydants par voie topique ou orale. Les radicaux libres retrouvés aussi bien dans le sérum sanguin que dans la peau (in-vivo) et la ROS induite par l'irradiation des leucocytes avec la lumière ultraviolette (in-vitro) apparaissent significativement moins élevés chez les sujets traités aux antioxydants par voie topique ou orale. D'après les données obtenues il semble possible de conclure que tous les composés utilisés jouent un rôle intéressant comme photoprotecteurs topiques et systémiques grâce à leurs intéressantes propriétés antioxydantes. De plus, le traitement antioxydant semble être une approche thérapeutique prometteuse en ce qu'elle réduit aussi le stress oxydant des personnes touchées par le vieillissement. [source]

    TROSPIUM CHLORIDE IS UNDETECTABLE IN THE OLDER HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

    JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2010
    David Staskin MD
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    INACTIVATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS EXPOSED TO DENSE-PHASE CARBON DIOXIDE IN A BATCH SYSTEM

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2009
    HUACHUN HUANG
    ABSTRACT The inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus exposed to dense-phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) was investigated, and the kinetics of come-up time (CUT) in pressurization was monitored with come-down time (CDT) and temperature fluctuation in depressurization. CUT was about 2.5, 3.5, 4.0 and 4.0 min; CDT was 3.4, 3.7, 4.5 and 4.5 min; lowest temperature of samples in depressurization was 4, ,1, ,15 and ,22C, corresponding to 10, 20, 30 and 40 MPa at 37C. The inactivation behavior of S. aureus was closely related to the variables of process pressure, holding-pressure time (HPT), process temperature and process cycling. The log reduction of S. aureus at 40 MPa for 30-min HPT was significantly greater (P < 0.05), but the inactivation effect at 10, 20 and 30 MPa was similar. The log reduction of S. aureus at 30 and 40 MPa for 60-min HPT was similar and significantly greater (P < 0.05), while the inactivation effect at 10 and 20 MPa was similar. The inactivation of S. aureus against HPT conformed to a fast,slow biphase kinetics; the two stages were well fitted to a first-order model with higher regression coefficients R2 = 1.000 and 0.9238; their respective D values (decimal reduction time) were 16.52 and 70.42 min. As the process temperature increased, the log reduction of S. aureus increased significantly (P < 0.05); the inactivation kinetics of S. aureus versus process temperature was characterized with a fast inactivation rate from 32 to 45C and a slow inactivation rate from 45 to 55C. As compared to one-process cycling for a total of 60-min HPT, four-process cycling resulted in a significant reduction of S. aureus, and its maximal reduction was near to 5 log cycles, indicating that more process cycling caused more inactivation of S. aureus under identical pressure and temperature with equal HPT. However, the maximal reduction was 0.09 and 0.12 log cycles for two- and four-process cyclings with 0-min HPT, indicating that pressurization and depressurization had a lesser effect on the inactivation of S. aureus, while HPT was significant in DPCD to inactivate S. aureus. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Dense-phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) is a novel technology to achieve cold pasteurization and/or sterilization of liquid and solid materials, and is likely to replace or partially substitute currently and widely applied thermal processes. This study showed that DPCD effectively inactivated Staphylococcus aureus inoculated in 7.5% sodium chloride broth, and the inactivation behavior of S. aureus was closely related to the pressure, holding-pressure time, temperature and process cycling. Based on this observation, the technology of DPCD can be applied in the pasteurization of foods such as milk and various fruit juices, especially thermal-sensitive materials. [source]

    SHELF LIFE OF FRESH NOODLES AS AFFECTED BY THE FOOD GRADE MONOLAURIN MICROEMULSION SYSTEM

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2008
    XIAOWEI FU
    ABSTRACT Food grade monolaurin (the glycerol monoester of lauric acid) microemulsions (MMEs) based on multicomponent mixtures and the effects of MMEs on the shelf life of fresh noodles were studied. A microemulsion system consisting of monolaurin (M), surfactants (Tween 20 and Tween 80, Wenzhou Qingming Chemical Engineering Company, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China ) and cosurfactant (pentanol and dodecanol) dispersed in distilled water was used. The influence of surfactants on the phase behavior was studied in this article. Subsequently, two MMEs with large oil in water regions have demonstrated the enhanced antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium digitatum, compared to monolaurin (M) alone. In addition, the shelf life of fresh noodles prepared with monolaurin (M) alone was about 4 days, whereas MMEs extended shelf life by 10 days at least when stored at 37C. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The effect of monolaurin microemulsion (MME) as antimicrobial agents in foods, especially those neutral foods such as noodles, is obvious, and MME has demonstrated a much longer shelf life of fresh noodles than M alone. In addition, for those neutral foods other than fresh noodles, the application of MMEs can also be studied. [source]

    SAFETY and QUALITY EVALUATION of A YOGURT-BASED DRINK PROCESSED BY A PILOT PLANT PEF SYSTEM

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2004
    G.A. EVRENDILEK
    ABSTRACT Yogurt-based drink samples were prepared by mixing plain yogurt, water, sugar, and strawberry flavored fruit syrup. the samples were treated by both the mild heat (60C for 30 s) combined with a pilot plant pulsed electric field (PEF) system and the mild heat only in order to determine changes in the product safety and quality. Changes in the product safety were measured as microbial count, and changes in the product quality as L, a, b, oBrix and pH values. the treated and control samples were stored at 4 and 22C for microbial, physical and sensory evaluations. Since the 60C-treated samples exploded after 14-day storage, the safety and quality evaluations for 91 days were performed for the 60C? and control samples, only. Microbial count of the 60C? samples was significantly lower than that of the control samples at the two temperatures for the 91-day storage (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the L, a, b values, oBrix and pH between the control and 60C? samples (P < 0.05). the control and 60C? samples revealed no significant difference in the selected sensory attributes (P < 0.05). [source]

    RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) HEATING OF STARCH SOLUTIONS UNDER CONTINUOUS FLOW CONDITIONS: EFFECT OF SYSTEM AND PRODUCT PARAMETERS ON TEMPERATURE CHANGE ACROSS THE APPLICATOR TUBE

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2002
    G.B. AWUAH
    ABSTRACT Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of system and product parameters on the temperature change (,T) across a 1.5 kW radio frequency heater operating at 27.12 MHz. Starch solutions (1 to 4% w/w) were used at three different flow rates (0.35, 0.5 and 1 L/min) and four power levels (672, 912, 1152 and 1392 W). The average heating rate of starch solutions varied from 6 to 19C/min depending on flow rate, concentration and power level. The corresponding residence time varied from 1.5 to 4.3 min. Central composite designs involving power (830 to 1234 W) and starch concentration (1 to 4% w/w) at 0.5 L/min were used to study the effects of salt, pH and sugar. As expected fluid flow rate, power level and salt concentration had significant impact (P ± 0.05) on temperature change (,T) across the applicator tube. Although the interaction effect of salt and concentration influenced ,T (P < 0.05), observed trends were not clear cut. Sugar and pH had no significant (P >0.05) influence on ,T due probably to their relatively lower conductivities. However, the interaction effect of sugar and starch concentration affected ,T. Correlations were developed for estimating ,T across the tube as a function of power level, concentration, pH, added salt and sugar. Finally, dimensionless correlations involving the generalized Reynolds, Prandtl, Grashof numbers, dimensionless power and loss-factor ratios were developed for estimating the temperature ratio (U) across the RF applicator. [source]

    A NEW APPROACH TO MODELING AND CONTROL OF A FOOD EXTRUSION PROCESS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2001
    OTILIA POPESCU
    ABSTRACT The paper presents a new approach to the modeling of the start-up part of a food extrusion process. A neural network model is proposed and its parameters are determined. Simulation results with real data are also presented. The inputs and outputs of the model are among those used by the human operator during the start-up process for control. An intelligent controller structure that uses an expert system and "delta-variations" to modify inputs is also proposed. [source]

    COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EGG WHITE PROTEIN AND EGG ALTERNATIVES USED IN AN ANGEL FOOD CAKE SYSTEM

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 2010
    MAHMOUD ABU-GHOUSH
    ABSTRACT Comparisons of the physical and sensory properties of several commercial egg alternatives in angel food cake formulation were studied. Fourteen samples were investigated for foaming properties at 10 and 20 min whipping time: collagen, Cryogel gelatin, Solugel collagen hydroysates, gelatin, whey protein concentrate, fish protein, whey protein isolate (95% WPI, 90%WPI), hydrolyzed whey protein isolate, pea protein, rice protein concentrate, soy protein, corn zein and casein. However, only eight samples showed potential and were moved forward for further evaluation. Only the WPI alternative was able to maintain a meringue during baking. All other foams collapsed during the baking process. The angel food cake formulated with WPI exhibited a significantly firmer crust and crumb compared with the egg white control. The L value, height and volume of control cake were also significantly higher than the egg alternative. The control significantly outperformed the angel food cake formulated with the egg alternative in all sensory categories evaluated. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The egg alternatives were used to replace egg as a functional ingredient in angel cake productions. These alternatives can deliver functionality at a lower cost and can be incorporated to produce a suitable angle cake, especially whey protein isolate (WPI). These results may help producers in formulating angle cake that rely on WPI as an egg alternative. [source]

    WATER ACTIVITY AND THE INACTIVATION OF ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE INOCULATED IN CHOCOLATE LIQUOR AND A MODEL SYSTEM BY PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD TREATMENT

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 5 2002
    S. MI
    Effects of water activity (aw) on the inactivation of Enterobacter cloacae inoculated in chocolate liquor and in a model system of 0.1% (w/v) peptone water and glycerol by pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment were investigated. An electric field strength of 24.5 kV/cm, a total treatment time of 320 ,s, a pulse duration time of 4 ,s, a pulse delay time of 15 ,s, and a pulse cycle time of 15 s were selected for PEF treatment. The inactivation ofE. cloacae by PEF increased significantly as aw increased (P < 0. 05). As aw of chocolate liquor increased from 0.48 to 0.89, the log reduction of E. cloacae increased from 0.1 to 1.3. The measured temperature change inside the PEF treatment chamber was 0.4C when the log reduction was 1. 3. Similarly, as aw increased from 0. 51 to 0.91 in the model system, the log reduction increased from 0.4 to 1.3. E. cloacae surviving a low aw environment had high resistance to PEF. PEF inactivated E. cloacae in the chocolate liquor with aw of 0.85 by 1 log at O h incubation. However, the log reduction was only 0.1 when PEF treatment was applied to E. cloacae which was incubated for 2 h in the chocolate liquor with aw of 0.85 before PEF treatment. E. cloacae surviving the low aw environment might have resistance not only to the low aw but also to PEF. The resistance to low aw environment may need to be considered when the inactivation of microorganisms by PEF is evaluated. [source]