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Synergetic Effects (synergetic + effects)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences40%
Humanities and Social Sciences40%

Selected Abstracts

Authority through synergism: the roles of climate change linkages

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE, Issue 5 2006
Björn-Ola Linnér
Abstract This article examines the conceptual basis of synergies between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and other international organizations and agreements. It discusses why synergies are made, what kinds there are and their potential consequences. Considering actors' divergent goals, synergies do not necessarily imply win,win outcomes. The article distinguishes between positive and negative synergetic effects, which should be explicated at different levels, such as the differing goals of various agreements, institutions, parties and social groups. Efforts of international organizations to increase synergy can be regarded as attempts to build authority. Yet, synergy is also used by countries to influence this process. Current synergetic efforts may profoundly affect the relocation of authority in global environmental governance, not only by streamlining mandates, practices and objectives, but also by leading to more powerful international organizations (e.g. WTO) increasingly taking precedence over climate change agreements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source]

The combination of polymorphisms within MCP-1 and IL-1, associated with ulcerative colitis

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS, Issue 3 2009
K.-S. Li
Summary Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine involved in monocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation. Raised level of MCP-1 has been widely demonstrated in the intestinal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), suggesting an important role of MCP-1 in the pathogenesis of UC. The ,2518A/G polymorphism in the promoter region of MCP-1 gene affecting its transcriptional activation has been reported recently. In order to assess the potential role of this polymorphism in UC, we examined its distribution in 162 unrelated UC patients and 203 healthy controls. In addition, considering the gene regulatory association between interleukin-1, (IL-1,) and MCP-1, we further examined whether the gene polymorphisms between MCP-1 and IL-1, exert synergetic effects on risk of UC. Our results show that the distribution of MCP-1 genotype or allele frequencies between UC patients and controls was not significantly different; however, the association between the polymorphism of MCP-1 ,2518 GG and the polymorphism of IL-1,,511 T in UC patients is significant (OR 2.062, 95% CI 1.034,4.113, P = 0.038). This is the first report describing the association between MCP-1 polymorphism and UC, and our data suggest that the MCP-1 ,2518 polymorphism itself does not represent an independent genetic risk factor for UC. In contrast, the combination polymorphisms between MCP-1 and IL-1, can increase UC risk significantly, which might help us understand the molecular mechanism underlying the development of UC. [source]

European best practice in blood transfusion: improvement of quality-related processes in blood establishments

ISBT SCIENCE SERIES: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT, Issue 1 2007
Christian Seidl
Transfusion medicine is an expanding field comprising the interaction between several medical disciplines. Looking at the ,vein to vein process' covering the donation of blood by the voluntary donor up to the application of blood components to patients, modern blood transfusion services comprise a large variety of sociomedical functions. The production of standard cellular blood components, such as erythrocyte and thrombocyte concentrates, plasmatic blood components as well as special cellular components such as blood stem cells, mesenchymal cells or granulocytes will require an extensive laboratory testing repertoire to monitor product quality and safety. The European blood legislation has defined several key quality elements to achieve good manufacturing practice in the field of blood transfusion. In addition, GMP/GLP and ISO standards are used inter alia by blood establishments. Following the call for proposal in the field of public health by the European Commission, a consortium of blood establishments from 16 European member, acceding and EFTA states has been established in order to survey the individual quality management systems used by the participants and to developed guidelines for quality systems. These guidelines are aimed at assisting blood establishments in preparing for government inspections as required by Directive 2002/98/EC. They could also be used to adapt existing procedures to comply with current EU requirements and/or to prepare for accreditation and certification of these institutions. Major benefits from those quality management systems are (1) the definition of an overall quality policy, (2) improved personnel responsibility, qualification and training, (3) error and risk assessment system, (4) continuous improvement, (5) improved resource management, (6) performance improvement. The definition of cost,benefit relation between certification and accreditation of blood establishments will depend on the individual institution itself and the amount of processes covered. With the release of the new EU Directive 2005/62/EC, there are currently EU requirements available that describe in detail relevant processes to be covered by quality system following good practice used in blood establishments. A future challenge for transfusion medicine would be optimizing the synergetic effects expressed by the EU directive, GMP and ISO standards. [source]

Changing economies of scale , synergies between implementation of an ecological tax reform and development of industrial ecosystems

BUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 6 2001
Christoph Bey
In this paper an investigation is presented into the long-term effects of an ecological tax reform. Exploring time frames of different length, the paper considers the reform's effects on manufacturing systems, especially on economies of scale. Industrial ecology, a framework for restructuring into industrial ecosystems, is one attempt at transforming the socio-economic system for sustainability. The paper points out the synergetic effects an ecological tax reform has with those restructuring efforts for sustainable industry and society. For that purpose, the economies of scale in the current linear production system and those found in the closed-loop circular structures of industrial ecosystems are compared, and the paper is concluded by a discussion of opportunity costs of implementation of an ecological tax reform and industrial ecological restructuring. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [source]

Photothermocatalytic Synergetic Effect Leads to High Efficient Detoxification of Benzene on TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 Nanocomposite

CHEMCATCHEM, Issue 9 2010
Prof. Yuanzhi Li
Photothermocatalyticexpialadocious: The highly efficient photothermocatalytic detoxification of benzene is realized by coating nano TiO2 on the surfaces of a UV lamp without using an additional heater. Its high photothermocatalytic efficiency can be significantly enhanced by supporting well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles on TiO2. The excellent photothermocatalytic performance of TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 is due to the existence of new photothermocatalytic synergetic effects. [source]