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Sylvestris
Kinds of Sylvestris Terms modified by Sylvestris Selected AbstractsPercolation characteristics of a water-repellent sandy forest soilEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2008G. Wessolek Summary In a tracer experiment TDR transect measurements were made to study percolation behaviour in a 120-year-old pine stand (Pinus sylvestris) on a water-repellent sandy soil (Haplic Arenosol). The experiment (with potassium iodide) showed an 80% labelling of the total flow in organic layers, whereas the area of transport in the mineral soil was sharply reduced to 12,30%. The average diameters of these preferential flow paths were about 8,15 cm. The TDR measurements indicate a homogeneous flow only for a short period from February until April. At this time of the year preferential flow is insignificant, because the soil is at approximately field capacity and not repellent to water. During summer (May to September) the soil dries out, and most precipitation results in preferential flow during this period. For any daily rainfall exceeding 10 mm, water infiltrates down to 1 m depth in the soil, which nevertheless, is still within the root zone. This kind of deep percolation results in the subsoil's wetting to field capacity (pF 1.8) earlier than the topsoil. A one-dimensional numerical model (SWAP) was used to simulate mean water balance with hydraulic functions with and without a water-repellency term. From the results of our tracer experiment we showed that the de-watering process in spring could be simulated well using the traditional piston flow concept, while the rewetting behaviour could be described more realistically using the mobile,immobile concept for water repellency. [source] Antioxidant activity of six Portuguese thyme species essential oils,FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010S. Anahi Dandlen Abstract The essential oils of Thymus caespititius, T. camphoratus, T. capitellatus, T. carnosus, T. pulegioides, T. zygis subsp. zygis and T. zygis subsp. sylvestris collected in different regions of Portugal, including the Azores islands, were evaluated for preventing lipid peroxidation and scavenging free radicals, and hydroxyl and superoxide anions. T. zygis subsp. zygis oil possessed the best capacity for preventing lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 0.030 ± 0.003,mg/ml), immediately followed by the oils isolated from T. zygis subsp. sylvestris collected in different regions of Portugal. IC50 values ranged from 0.066 ± 0.003 to 0.087 ± 0.001,mg/ml in oils isolated from samples from Alcanena and Duas Igrejas, respectively. The oils isolated from T. zygis subsp. sylvestris, independent of the harvesting region, were shown to be the most effective for scavenging free radicals (0.358,0.453,mg/ml). The best capacity for scavenging hydroxyl radicals was found in the oils of T. camphoratus collected in Espartal and of T. caespititius of Lordelo, with IC50 < 0.5,mg/ml. The low oil amount did not allow IC50 values for the superoxide anion scavenging determination, therefore considering a unique oil concentration (5,mg/ml), the highest inhibition percentages (?50%) were registered with the essential oils of T. zygis subsp. sylvestris from Duas Igrejas and Covão do Coelho, and of T. capitellatus from Sines. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Survival and vitality of Gremmeniella abietina on Pinus sylvestris slash in northern SwedenFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2006J. Witzell Summary Survival and vitality of Gremmeniella abietina on Pinus sylvestris slash was studied in northern Sweden during 2003 and 2004. Once a month between September 2003 and April 2004, two to three trees were cut down and debranched. Shoots with pycnidia were sampled at the felling date and then at every consecutive month. The percentage of germinated conidia from each shoot was calculated after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation. The vitality of G. abietina pycnidia in the slash remained high the whole period. Intact pycnidia were found on slash several months after the time of conidial sporulation, which indicates that new pycnidia may be produced on dead pine branches. Sampling of shoots from slash on 13- to 18-month-old clear-cuts showed conidial germination capacity as high as in pycnidia collected in fresh slash. Due to survival of G. abietina in slash it is recommended to postpone planting of P. sylvestris seedlings in northern boreal areas to the third vegetation period after sanitary clear-cuts. Résumé La survie et la vitalité de Gremmeniella abietina dans des rémanents de Pinus sylvestris ont étéétudiées dans le nord de la Suède pendant les années 2003 et 2004. Une fois par mois entre septembre 2003 et avril 2004, 2 ou 3 arbres ont été abattus et ébranchés. Des pousses avec pycnides ont étééchantillonnées à la date d'abattage et les mois suivants. Le pourcentage de conidies germées a été calculé pour chaque pousse après 24, 48 et 72 heures d'incubation. La vitalité des pycnides de G. abietina dans les rémanents est restée élevée tout au long de la période. Des pycnides intactes ont été trouvées dans les rémanents plusieurs mois après la période de sporulation conidienne, ce qui suggère que de nouvelles pycnides peuvent être produites sur des branches mortes de pin. Des échantillonnages de pousses dans des rémanents de coupes rases réalisées 13,18 mois plus tôt ont montré une capacité de germination des conidies aussi élevée que dans les pycnides collectées dans des rémanents fraîchement coupés. Du fait de la survie de G. abietina dans les rémanents, il est conseillé de reporter la plantation des semis de P. sylvestris dans les zones septentrionales boréales à la troisième saison de végétation après les coupes sanitaires. Zusammenfassung Das Überleben und die Vitalität von Gremmeniella abietina auf Schlagabraum von Pinus sylvestris wurde in den Jahren 2003 und 2004 untersucht. Zwischen September 2003 und April 2004 wurden in jedem Monat einmal 2,3 Bäume gefällt und entastet. Zum Zeitpunkt des Fällens und in jedem folgenden Monat wurden Triebe mit Pyknidien gesammelt. Von jedem Trieb wurde die Keimrate der Konidien nach 24, 48 und 72 Stunden Inkubation bestimmt. Während der gesamten Beobachtungsdauer blieb die Vitalität der Pyknidien im Schlagabraum hoch. Mehrere Monate nach der Sporulation wurden intakte Pyknidien gefunden, ein Hinweis darauf, dass möglicherweise neue Pyknidien auf den toten Kiefernzweigen gebildet wurden. Auf dem Schlagabraum von 13,18 Monate alten Kahlschlägen war die Keimfähigkeit der Konidien ähnlich hoch wie bei Pyknidien von frischem Schlagabraum. Aufgrund des langen Überlebens von G. abietina in Schlagabraum wird für die nördlichen borealen Gebiete empfohlen, nach phytosanitären Kahlschlägen P. sylvestris -Sämlinge erst in der dritten Vegetationsperiode zu pflanzen. [source] Pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) contributes to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) mortality in the Rhone valley of SwitzerlandFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006M. Dobbertin Summary In recent years unusual high mortality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) has been observed in the Swiss Rhone Valley. The exact causes, however, are not known. At a 2-ha monitoring plot, tree mortality and crown condition have been monitored since 1996. Between 1996 and 2004, 59% of the Scots pines died, most of them following the drought periods 1996,1998 and 2003,2004, while only 15% of the deciduous trees died. Crown transparency, needle discolouration, dead branch percentage, mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) rating, Tomicus sp. shoot feeding, male flowering effect, tree stem diameter, crown shading and social tree class assessed in 1998 were used in a logistic regression model to predict tree mortality. Crown transparency, mistletoe rating and percentage of dead branches were found significant in the model and the probability of tree mortality increased with increasing rankings of these parameters. Needle discolouration could be used to substitute ,dead branch percentage' as predictor. While crown transparency increased with mistletoe rating, for trees in the same transparency class, trees with medium and heavy mistletoe infection were two to four times more likely to die than trees with no or only low mistletoe infection. For the surviving trees we found that trees with mistletoes showed a significantly higher increase in transparency in the year following a drought than trees without, while in a drought year the opposite was true. At the beginning of the observations no significant differences in transparency had been found between the trees with and without mistletoe. However, by the end of the observation period trees with mistletoe had significantly higher crown transparency. We conclude that mistletoe infection can be considered as both a predisposing factor for tree death, by increasing needle loss following drought and a contributing factor by increasing water stress during drought. Résumé Une forte mortalité des pins sylvestres (Pinus sylvestris) a été observée ces dernières années dans la vallée du Rhône en Suisse. Les causes exactes n'en sont pas connues. La mortalité des arbres et l'état des houppiers ont été suivis depuis 1996 dans une parcelle de 2 ha. Entre 1996 et 2004, 59% des pins sylvestres sont morts, la plupart après les périodes de sécheresse de 1996,98 et 2003,2004, comparéà 15% pour les feuillus. La transparence des houppiers, le jaunissement des aiguilles, le pourcentage de mortalité de branches, une note d'importance du gui (Viscum album ssp. austriacum), les attaques d'alimentation sur pousses par Tomicus sp., la floraison mâle, le diamètre du tronc, l'ombrage du houppier et le statut social des arbres, mesurés en 1998, ont été utilisés dans un modèle de régression logistique pour prédire la mortalité des arbres. La transparence des houppiers, le taux de gui et le pourcentage de branches mortes sont des variables significatives, dont l'augmentation est associée à une augmentation de la probabilité de mortalité des arbres. Le jaunissement des aiguilles pourrait être substituée à la mortalité des branches comme variable prédictrice. Tandis que la transparence des houppiers augmente avec le taux de gui, au sein de la même classe de transparence, les arbres avec une infestation de gui moyenne à forte ont une probabilité de mortalité 2 à 4 fois plus élevée que les arbres à infestation faible ou nulle. Chez les arbres survivants, on observe que les arbres porteurs de gui ont une augmentation plus forte de la transparence du houppier l'année suivant une sécheresse que les arbres sans gui, l'inverse étant vrai pendant une année sèche. La différence de transparence des houppiers entre arbres porteurs de gui et arbres sans gui n'était pas significative au début des observations, alors qu'à la fin de la période, les arbres avec gui ont une transparence plus forte. Nous concluons que l'infestation par le gui peut être considérée à la fois comme un facteur prédisposant à la mortalité, en augmentant la perte d'aiguilles après sécheresse, et un facteur contribuant, en augmentant le stress hydrique pendant la sécheresse. Zusammenfassung Seit einigen Jahren werden im Schweizer Rhonetal hohe Absterberaten der gemeinen Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris L.) beobachtet. Die genauen Ursachen sind bis jetzt unbekannt. Auf der zwei Hektar grossen langfristigen Waldökosystemfläche (LWF) Visp werden seit 1996 jährlich Absterberaten, Kronenverlichtung, Mistelbefall (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) und andere Symptome aufgenommen. Zwischen 1996 und 2004 sind 59% aller Föhren auf der Fläche abgestorben, die meisten nach den Trockenperioden 1996,98 und 2003,2004. Dagegen starben nur 15% der Laubbäume ab. Kronenverlichtung, Nadelverfärbung, Totast- und Totzweiganteil (als Indikatoren der Vitalität des Baumes), Mistelbefallsklasse, Triebabwurf durch Waldgärtner, männliche Blütenbildung, Stammdurchmesser, Kronenkonkurrenz und soziale Stellung, alle im Jahr 1998 erhoben, wurden in einer logistischen Regression zur Bestimmung der Absterbewahrscheinlichkeit auf Signifikanz getestet. Kronenverlichtung, Mistelbefallsklasse und Totastanteil waren in dem Model signifikant. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Absterbens stieg dabei mit ansteigender Kronenverlichtung, ansteigendem Mistelbefall und ansteigendem Totastanteil. Der Totastanteil konnte im Model durch die Nadelverfärbung ersetzt werden. Die Kronenverlichtung stieg mit dem Mistelbefall an. Bei gleicher Verlichtung starben jedoch Bäume mit mittlerem und starkem Mistelbefall zwei- bis viermal häufiger ab als Bäume ohne oder mit leichtem Mistelbefall. Von den überlebenden Bäumen zeigten solche mit Mistelbefall einen deutlichen Anstieg der Transparenz im Jahr nach Beginn der Trockenheit im Vergleich zu den Bäumen ohne Misteln, während im Jahr der Trockenheit das Umgekehrte der Fall war. Zu Beginn der Beobachtung ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Kronentransparenz der überlebenden Bäume mit und ohne Misteln. Am Ende der Beobachtungsperiode wiesen jedoch die Bäume mit Misteln signifikant höhere Kronenverlichtungen auf. Wir schliessen daraus, dass die Misteln auf der einen Seite den Baum langfristig schwächen, indem sie zur Reduzierung der Nadelmasse führen und sie auf der anderen Seite während Trockenheit durch erhöhten Wasserstress zum vorzeitigen Absterben beitragen. [source] Studies on anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing disease in two forest nurseries in PolandFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2006S. St, pniewska-Jarosz Summary Thirty-eight isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. were isolated from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings with damping-off symptoms, originating from two forest nurseries in central-west Poland (Wronczyn and Jarocin) and from diseased seedlings grown in soil from Wronczyn nursery. Majority of these isolates (79%) had multinucleate cells and were identified as Rhizoctonia solani. The remaining isolates were recognized as binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. R. solani isolates were characterized using hyphal anastomosis and were divided into five anastomosis groups (AG). The most prevalent was AG5 (37% of isolates), followed by AG2-1 (30%) and 27% of the isolates were identified as AG4. Groups AG1-IB and AG2-2 were only represented by single isolates. The virulence recorded as mortality (in percentage) was comparatively high for binucleate and multinucleate isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. Sequence analysis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region was used for phylogenetic analysis. The dendrogram showed that isolates were distinctly separated based on their AG types and there was no relationship between pathogenicity on Scots pine seedlings and the AG to which the isolates belong to. The results are discussed with respect to pathogenic potential of the various AG groups. Résumé Trente-huit isolats de Rhizoctonia spp. ont été isolés de semis de Pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris) présentant des symptômes de fonte, dans deux pépinières forestières du Centre-Ouest de la Pologne (Wronczyn and Jarocin) et de semis malades élevés dans du sol provenant de la pépinière de Wronczyn. La majorité de ces isolats (79%) ont des cellules multi-nucléées et ont été identifiés comme des Rhizoctonia solani. Le reste des isolats ont été reconnus comme des Rhizoctonia spp. binucléés. Les isolats de R. solani ont été caractérisés en utilisant l'anastomose d'hyphes et répartis dans cinq groupes d'anastomoses (AG). Le plus important est le groupe AG5 (37% des isolats), suivi par AG2-1 (30%) et AG4 (27%). Les groupes AG1-IB et AG2-2 sont représentés chacun par seulement un isolat. La virulence, estimée par le pourcentage de mortalité, est relativement forte pour les isolats binucléés et multinucléés de Rhizoctonia spp. L'analyse des séquences de la région ITS de l'ADNr amplifiées par PCR a été utilisée pour l'analyse phylogénétique. Le dendrogramme montre que les isolats sont séparés selon leur groupe d'anastomose mais il n'y a pas de relation entre le groupe d'anastomose et la virulence sur semis de Pin sylvestre. Les résultats sont discutés dans la perspective du pouvoir pathogène des différents groupes d'anastomoses. Zusammenfassung Von Kiefernsämlingen (Pinus sylvestris) mit Umfallkrankheit, die aus zwei Forstbaumschulen in Zentral-Westpolen stammten (Wronczyn und Jarocin) und aus erkrankten Sämlingen, die in Bodenproben aus der Baumschule Wronczyn kultiviert worden waren, wurden 38 Stämme von Rhizoctonia spp. isoliert. Die meisten dieser Isolate (79%) hatten vielkernige Zellen und wurden als R. solani identifiziert. Die restlichen Isolate waren zweikernige Rhizoctonia spp. Die Isolate von R. solani wurden durch Anastomosierungstests charakterisiert und fünf Anastomosierungsgruppen zugeordnet. Die häufigste Gruppe war AG5 (37% der Isolate), gefolgt von AG2-1 (30%) und AG4 (27%). Die Gruppe AG1-IB und AG2-2 waren nur durch einzelne Isolate vertreten. Die Virulenz (gemessen als % Mortalität) war sowohl für zweikernige als auch für vielkernige Isolate vergleichsweise hoch. Mit den Sequenzen der PCR-amplifizierten ITS-rDNA-Region wurde eine phylogenetische Analyse durchgeführt. Das Dendrogramm zeigte, dass die Isolate aufgrund ihrer Zugehörigkeit zu den Anastomosierungsgruppen deutlich voneinander getrennt waren, und es bestand keine Beziehung zwischen ihrer Virulenz gegenüber Kiefernsämlingen und der Gruppenzugehörigkeit. Die Befunde werden im Hinblick auf das pathogene Potential der verschiedenen Anastomosierungsgruppen diskutiert. [source] Identification of Lophodermium seditiosum and L. pinastri in Swedish forest nurseries using species-specific PCR primers from the ribosomal ITS regionFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2005E. Stenström Summary Lophodermium seditiosum is a serious needle pathogen on pine, particularly in nurseries, and there is a need to detect the pathogen during its latent phase. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rDNA of L. seditiosum and L. pinastri were amplified with universal primers and sequenced. Sequence comparisons of the two species allowed the design of species-specific primers for the ITS regions. The primers were between 18 and 24 bp long with a minimum of 3 bp differences between the species. These primer pairs did not give any amplification of DNA from any other of the examined fungal species or from healthy Pinus sylvestris needles. It was also possible to identify either L. seditiosum or L. pinastri in infected needles with and without signs of infection using these primer pairs. The method was found to be very useful for detection of latent infections of L. seditiosum in P. sylvestris needles in nurseries. Résumé Lophodermium seditiosum est un pathogène important des aiguilles sur pins, particulièrement en pépinières, et il serait nécessaire de détecter le pathogène dans sa phase latente. Les régions ITS de L. seditiosum et L. pinastri ont été amplifiées avec des amorces universelles et séquencées. La comparaison de la séquence des deux espèces a permis de développer des amorces spécifiques pour chaque espèce dans la région ITS. Les amorces ont une longueur de 18 à 24 paires de bases avec un minimum de 3 paires de bases de différence entre espèces. Ces amorces n'ont produit aucune amplification avec l'ADN des autres espèces de champignons testées ou les aiguilles saines de Pinus sylvestris. Il a également été possible de détecter L. seditiosum ou L. pinastri avec ces amorces dans des aiguilles infectées avec ou sans signe d'infection. Cette méthode s'avère très utile pour la détection d'infections latentes de L. seditiosum dans les aiguilles de P. sylvestris en pépinières. Zusammenfassung Lophodermium seditiosum ist ein starkes Nadelpathogen an Kiefern, speziell in Baumschulen. Für den Einsatz von Bekämpfungsmassnahmen wäre es von Vorteil, wenn man das Pathogen bereits während der Latenzperiode nachweisen könnte. Die ITS Regionen der ribosomalen DNA von L. seditiosum und L. pinastri wurden mit Standardprimern amplifiziert und sequenziert. Vergleiche der Sequenzen der beiden Arten erlaubten die Entwicklung von artspezifischen Primern für die ITS Regionen. Die Primerpaare waren zwischen 18 and 24 Basenpaaren lang und wiesen einen Unterschied von mindestens drei Nukleotiden auf. Die DNA von allen anderen untersuchten Pilzarten und von gesunden Pinus sylvestris Nadeln liessen sich mit keinem dieser Primerpaare amplifiziern. Lophodermium seditiosum und L. pinastri konnten mit den Primerpaaren in infizierten Nadeln mit und ohne Symptome direkt nachgewiesen werden. Die Methode eignete sich vorzüglich zum Nachweis von latenten Infektionen von L. seditiosum in P. sylvestris Nadeln in Baumschulen. [source] Probability models for pine twisting rust (Melampsora pinitorqua) damage in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands in FinlandFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2005U. Mattila Summary Factors affecting the probability that pine twisting rust (Melampsora pinitorqua) damage occur in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand were analysed using the 7th Finnish National Forest Inventory data (NFI7) from southern Finland in 1977,1983. The inventory was based on systematic sampling. The NFI7 data was measured in clusters, each of which consisted of 21 sample plots. In addition to the stand and site characteristics measured for forest management planning purposes, the data included records of damage by pine twisting rust and occurrence of aspens (Populus tremula, the other host plant of the pathogen) in the stands. Two multilevel logit models were developed for predicting the overall probability of pine twisting rust damage and the probability of severe pine twisting rust damage. Site and stand characteristics were used as explanatory variables in the models. Residual variance in the models was studied on the inventory crew, cluster and year levels. The occurrence of aspens and site fertility were the most important factors increasing the probability that pine twisting rust damage will occur in a stand. The damage probability also decreased with increasing effective temperature sum calculated for the location. The overall damage probability was equally high on peatlands and on mineral soil if there were aspens in the stand. If, however, there were no aspens in the stand, the probability of damage was higher on mineral soils than on peatlands. In addition, the overall probability was lower in naturally regenerated stands than in planted or sown stands, and it decreased with increasing mean age of pines. In both models, the residual variance was significant on the both the inventory crew and the cluster levels. Résumé Les facteurs de probabilité d'occurrence d'un dégât de rouille courbeuse (Melampsora pinitorqua) dans un peuplement de Pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris) ont été analysés en utilisant les données du 7 Inventaire Forestier National de Finlande (NF17) pour la Finlande du Sud et la période 1977,1983. L'inventaire est basé sur un échantillonnage systématique. Les données de NF17 sont mesurées dans des groupes constitués de 21 placettes. En plus des caractéristiques de la station et du peuplement mesurées à des fins de gestion forestière, les données comprennent des notations de dégâts par la rouille courbeuse et de présence des trembles (hôte alternant de 1'agent pathogène) dans les peuplements. Des modèles logit multiniveaux ont été développés pour prédire la probabilité globale de dégât de rouille courbeuse et la probabilité de dégât sévère. Les caractéristiques de la station et du peuplement ont été utilisées comme variables explicatives dans les modèles. La variance résiduelle des modèles a étéétudiée au niveau de 1'observateur, du groupe de placettes et de 1'année. La présence de trembles et la fertilité de la station sont les facteurs les plus importants d'augmentation de la probabilité de dégât de rouille dans un peuplement. D'autre part, la probabilité de dégât décroît avec la somme des températures effectives calculée pour le site. La probabilité globale de dégât est aussi élevée sur sols de tourbières que sur sols minéraux dans le cas où des trembles sont présents dans le peuplement. En 1'absence de trembles dans le peuplement, la probabilité de dégât est plus importante sur sols minéraux qu'en tourbières. Enfin, la probabilité de dégât est plus faible dans les peuplements régénérés naturellement que dans les peuplements semés ou plantés, et elle décroít avec 1'âge moyen des pins. Pour les deux modèles, la variance résiduelle est significative au niveau observateur et groupe de parcelles. Zusammenfassung Faktoren, die die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Schädigung durch den Kieferndrehrost (Melampsora pinitorqua) in Beständen von Pinus sylvestris beeinflussen, wurden anhand der Daten der 7. Finnischen Nationalen Forstinventur (NF17) aus den Jahren 1977,1983 in Südfinnland untersucht. Die Datenerhebung basierte auf einer systematischen Probenahme. Die NF17 Daten wurden in Clustern erhoben, jedes Cluster bestand aus 21 Probeflächen. Neben den Bestandes- und Standortsmerkmalen, die für die forstliche Planung erhoben wurden, wurden Angaben zum Befall (schwach, stark) mit Kieferndrehrost und zum Vorkommen von Zitter-Pappel (Populus tremula, alternativer Wirt des Pathogens) berücksichtigt. Es wurden zwei Multi Logit - Modelle entwickelt zur Vorhersage der Gesamtwahrscheinlichkeit einer Kieferndrehrost-Schädigung sowie der Wahrscheinlichkeit einer schweren Schädigung durch den Pilz. Die Standorts- und Bestandesmerkmale wurden als erklärende Variablen verwendet. In den Modellen wurde die Restvarianz bezüglich Inventur-Erhebungsgruppe, Cluster und Jahr geprüft. Das Vorkommen von Zitter-Pappel und die Bodenfertilität waren die wichtigsten Faktoren für eine zunehmende Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Kieferndrehrost-Schädigung auf Bestandesebene. Die Schadenswahrscheinlichkeit verringerte sich mit zunehmender Temperatursumme, die für den Standort berechnet wurde. Die Gesamtschadenswahrscheinlichkeit war auf Torf- und Mineralböden gleich hoch, sofern Zitter-Pappeln im Bestand vorkamen. Ohne Zitter-Pappeln war die Schadenswahrscheinlichkeit auf Mineralböden höher. Zudem war die Gesamtschadenswahrscheinlichkeit in natürlich regenerierten Beständen niedriger als in gepflanzten oder gesäten Beständen, und sie nahm mit zunehmendem Durchschnittsalter der Kiefern ab. In beiden Modellen war die Restvarianz auf der Ebene der Inventur-Erhebungsgruppe und der Probecluster signifikant. [source] Anisogramma virgultorum on saplings of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens in a district of northern SwedenFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 4-5 2002J. WITZELL Summary During the autumn of 1999, the occurrence of the ascomycete Anisogramma virgultorum on saplings of Betula pubescens and Betula pendula was studied in two stands of B. pubescens, two stands of B. pendula and two mixed (B. pubescens and Pinus sylvestris) stands (age approximately 10 years, mean height 2,4 m, d.b.h. 10,20 mm) in a district in the vicinity of Umeå, northern Sweden. Stem and branch cankers associated with A. virgultorum were found on 54.8% of the investigated saplings, without significant difference between B. pendula and B. pubescens. Cankers were observed on 16.0% of stems and on branches of 54.2% of the saplings. Stem cankers appeared on the current year's shoot, as well as at the base of the trees. The mean diameter of the damaged saplings was significantly greater than the mean diameter of undamaged saplings. All samples of cankers with stromata examined in the laboratory showed perithecia with asci. Résumé Anisogramma virgultorum sur jeunes plants de Betula pendula et Betula pubescens dans un district du nord de la Suède Pendant l'été 1999, le développement de l'ascomycète Anisogramma virgultorum a étéétudié sur de jeunes plants de Betula pendula et Betula pubescens dans deux peuplements de B. pubescens, deux peuplements de B. pendula et deux peuplements mélangés (B. pubescens et Pinus sylvestris) (âge: environ 10 ans, hauteur moyenne: 2 à 4 m, dbh: 10 à 20 mm), dans un district près d'Umeå au nord de la Suède. Des chancres de tige et de branches associés àA. virgultorum ont été trouvés sur 54,8% des plants, sans différences significative entre B. pendula et B. pubescens. Les chancres de tige étaient présents sur 16% des plants, et les chancres de branches sur 54,2%. Les chancres de tige étaient situés sur les pousses de l'année en cours aussi bien qu'à la base des arbres. La diamètre moyen des plants attaqués était significativement plus grand que celui des arbres sains. Tous les chancres avec stromas examinés au laboratoire présentaient des périthèces avec des asques. Zusammenfassung Anisogramma virgultorum an Sämlingen von Betula pendula und Betula pubescens in einem Distrikt in Nordschweden Im Herbst 1999 wurde das Vorkommen des Ascomyceten Anisogramma virgultorum an Betula pubescens und Betula pendula in jeweils zwei Reinbeständen dieser Baumarten sowie in zwei Mischbeständen (B. pubescens und Pinus sylvestris) in einem Distrikt in der Nähe von Umeå, Nordschweden, untersucht (Alter ca. 10 Jahre, mittlere Baumhöhe 2,4 m, DBH 10,20 mm). Bei 54,8 % der untersuchten Bäumchen wurden an Stamm und Zweigen Krebse gefunden, die für A.virgultorum typisch sind. Zwischen B. pendula und B. pubescens gab es keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Bei 16 % der Pflanzen wurden Krebse an den Stämmen, bei 54,2 % an den Zweigen beobachtet. Die Stammkrebse traten sowohl am diesjährigen Gipfeltrieb auf als auch an der Stammbasis. Der mittlere Durchmesser geschädigter Pflanzen war signifikant grösser als derjenige von ungeschädigten Pflanzen. Alle Proben von Krebsen mit Stromata, die im Labor untersucht wurden, enthielten Perithecien mit Asci. [source] Persistence of a biocontrol strain of Phlebiopsis gigantea in conifer stumps and its effects on within-species genetic diversityFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2001E. J. Vainio Fungal isolations and genetic fingerprinting were used to determine whether Phlebiopsis gigantea stump treatment against Heterobasidion annosum sl. using a single genotype (Rotstop) would affect the genetic diversity of P. gigantea populations. The survival time of P. gigantea was longer in Norway spruce (Picea abies) stumps compared to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) as no isolates were obtained from pine stumps 6 years after treatment, whereas in about half of the spruce stumps the fungus was still present. The usage of Rotstop did not seem to increase the occurrence of the fungus 5 years after the treatment in fresh (1-year-old) untreated stumps within the same forest stands. All the isolates from the 6-year-old treated spruce stumps were identical in genotype with the Rotstop-strain, whereas all isolates from the fresh untreated spruce and pine stumps differed from it. Within the treated pine stand, the biocontrol usage seemed to have caused a slight reduction in genetic markers not related to Rotstop, but there were no statistically significant differences between the marker frequencies and the local natural population. Thus, Rotstop is not likely to cause any immediate threat to the genetic diversity of P. gigantea. Persistance dans les souches de conifères d'un génotype de Phlebiopsis gigantea utilisée en lutte biologique, et effets sur la diversité génétique de l'espèce L'isolement et l'empreinte génétique ont été utilisés pour savoir si le traitement de souches contre Heterobasidion annosum avec un seul génotype de Phlebiopsis gigantea (Rotstop) peut affecter la diversité génétique des populations de P. gigantea. La durée de survie de P. gigantea a été plus longue dans les souches de Picea abies que dans celles de Pinus sylvestris. Chez celles-ci, aucun isolat n'a été obtenu six ans après le traitement alors que chez environ la moitié des souches d'épicéa le champignon était encore présent. Dans les mêmes peuplements, cinq ans après l'application du Rotstop, l'incidence du champignon ne semblait pas avoir augmenté chez les souches fraîches non traitées, âgées de un an. Tous les isolats obtenus à partir des souches traitées six ans auparavant avaient le même génotype que l'isolat du Rotstop, alors que tous ceux issus de souches fraîches non traitées d'épicéa et de pin étaient différents. Chez le peuplement de pins, le traitement biologique semblait avoir causé une légère réduction des marqueurs génétiques non liés au Rotstop, mais leur fréquence n'était pas statistiquement différente de celle de la population naturelle locale. Ainsi, il apparaît peu probable que le Rotstop soit une menace immédiate pour la diversité génétique du P. gigantea. Persistenz eines Phlebiopsis gigantea -Isolates in Koniferenstümpfen und seine Auswirkungen auf die intraspezifische genetische Diversität Mit Isolierungen und genetischem Fingerprinting wurde untersucht, ob eine Stumpfbehandlung mit einem einzelnen Genotyp von Phlebiopsis gigantea (Rotstop) gegen Heterobasidion annosum sl. die genetische Diversität von P. gigantea -Populationen beeinträchtigen könnte. P. giganteaüberlebte auf Stümpfen von Picea abies länger als auf solchen von Pinus sylvestris. Auf Kiefernstümpfen konnte der Pilz sechs Jahre nach der Behandlung nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden, während er auf 50% der Fichtenstümpfe noch vorhanden war. Eine Rotstop-Anwendung 5 Jahre zuvor hatte offenbar keinen Einfluss auf das Vorkommen von P. gigantea in frischen (einjährigen) unbehandelten Stümpfen im gleichen Bestand. Alle Isolate von den sechs Jahre alten behandelten Fichtenstümpfen hatten den gleichen Genotyp wie das Rotstop-Isolat, während alle Isolate von den frischen (unbehandelten) Fichten-und Kiefernstümpfen anderen Genotypen angehörten. In dem behandelten Kiefernbestand war die Frequenz der nicht mit dem Rotstop-Isolat assoziierten genetischen Marker etwas verringert, der Unterschied zur lokalen natürlichen Population war aber statistisch nicht signifikant. Die Anwendung von Rotstop dürfte somit keine kurzfristige Bedrohung der genetischen Diversität von P. gigantea darstellen. [source] Experiments on the susceptibility of conifers to Heterobasidion annosum in Great BritainFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Greig During the period 1960,71, experimental plantings were established at three sites in western Britain that were infested with Heterobasidion annosum: Ceri in mid-Wales, Lael in north-west Scotland and Red Marley in the West Midlands of England. At each site a randomized block experiment involving at least four species was supplemented with an ancillary trial of other species. In two of the experiments various treatments were applied to the previous stand of trees before or at felling, but only stump removal reduced the amount of disease in the succeeding crops. At Ceri, the incidence of H. annosum in stems removed at first thinning was: Picea sitchensis, 14%; Pseudotsuga menziesii 11%; Pinus contorta 3% and Abies procera 1%. At Lael, the figures were Larix decidua 59%; P. menziesii 51%; Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 37%; Abies amabilis 33% and Tsuga heterophylla 21%. There was negligible disease in A. procera;Abies grandis and Pinus sylvestris. At Red Marley, the incidence of disease was: P. menziesii 28%; T. heterophylla 18%; A. grandis 7%; Picea abies 1% and Pinus nigra var. maritima 0%. In the ancillary trial at Lael, the incidence of H. annosum in P. sitchensis was 55% and in P. abies 16%. The mean height of colonization by H. annosum within the diseased stems removed at first thinning at Lael (age 21,22 years) was 2.1 m for L. decidua, 1.4 m for P. sitchensis and 1.3 m for P. abies. Armillaria sp. caused mortality and decay in two of the experiments and these data are also presented. The results are discussed in relation to other information on the susceptibility of these species to H. annosum in the UK and elsewhere. Expérimentations sur la sensibilité des conifères à Heterobasidion annosum Entre 1960 et 1971, des plantations expérimentales ont été installées dans trois sites infectés par Heterobasidion annosum dans l'ouest de la Grande-Bretagne: à Ceri (centre du Pays de Galles), à Lael (nord-ouest de l'Écosse), et à Red Marley (ouest des Midlands, Angleterre). Dans chaque site, un essai en blocs randomisés comprenant au moins quatre espèces a été complété avec des espèces supplémentaires. Dans deux des essais, divers traitements ont été appliqués au peuplement antérieur ou au moment de son exploitation, mais seul l'arrachage des souches avait réduit la quantité de maladie. A Ceri, l'incidence de H. annosum dans les tiges enlevées à la première éclaircie était la suivante: Picea sitchensis, 14%; Pseudotsuga menziesii, 11%; Pinus contorta, 3% et Abies procera, 1%. A Lael: Larix decidua, 59%; Pseudotsuga menziesii, 51%; Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, 37%; Abies amabilis, 33%; Tsuga heterophylla, 21%. La maladie était négligeable chez A. procera, A. grandis et Pinus sylvestris. A Red Marley, l'incidence était la suivante: Pseudotsuga menziesii, 28%; Tsuga heterophylla, 18%; Abies grandis, 7%; Picea abies, 1% et Pinus nigra var. maritima, 0%. Chez les espèces supplémentaires à Lael, l'incidence était de 55% chez Picea sitchensis et de 16% chez P. abies. La hauteur moyenne de colonisation des tiges infectées par H. annosum, prélevées à la première éclaircie à Lael (age: 21,22 ans) était de 2,1 m chez Larix decidua, 1,4 m chez Picea sitchensis et 1,3 m chez P. abies. Armillaria sp. provoquait des mortalités et des altérations dans deux des essais et ces données sont également présentées. Les résultats sont discutés en relation avec d'autres informations sur la sensibilité de ces espèces àH. annosum au Royaume-Uni et ailleurs. Versuche zur Anfälligkeit von Nadelgehölzen gegen Heterobasidion annosum in Grossbritannien Während der Jahre 1960,71 wurden an drei Standorten im Westen Großbritanniens Versuchspflanzungen angelegt, die von Heterobasidion annosum befallen waren (Ceri in Mittelwales, Lael in Nordwest-Schottland und Red Marley im westlichen Mittelland von England). An jedem Standort wurde ein randomisierter Blockversuch mit mindestens vier Baumarten angelegt. Ergänzend wurden zusätzliche Arten getestet. Auf zwei Versuchsflächen wurden unterschiedliche Behandlungen des Vorbestandes bzw. der Fläche durchgeführt. Das Auftreten der Krankheit im Folgebestand konnte nur durch die Rodung der Stümpfe reduziert werden. In Ceri wurden bei den in der ersten Durchforstung entnommenen Stämmen folgende Infektionshäufigkeiten festgestellt: Picea sitchensis 14%, Pseudotsuga menziesii 11%, Pinus contorta 3% und Abies procera 1%. In Lael ergab sich folgendes Bild: Larix decidua 59%, Pseudotsuga menziesii 51%, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 37%, Abies amabilis 33% und Tsuga heterophylla 21%. Der Befall von Abies grandis, A. procera and Pinus sylvestris war vernachlässigbar gering. In Red Marley betrug die Infektionshäufigkeit bei Pseudotsuga menziesii 28%, bei Tsuga heterophylla 18%, Abies grandis 7%, Picea abies 1% und Pinus nigra var. maritima 0%. In dem Ergänzungsversuch in Lael waren Picea sitchensis zu 55% und P. abies zu 16% von H. annosum infiziert. Die mittlere Höhe der Ausbreitung von H. annosum in den erkrankten Stämmen, die bei der ersten Durchforstung entfernt wurden, betrug in Lael (Alter 21,22 Jahre) 2,1 m bei Larix decidua, 1,4 m bei Picea sitchensis und 1,3 m bei P. abies. Auch Armillaria sp. verursachte Mortalität und Fäule. Diese Daten werden ebenfalls präsentiert. Die Ergebnisse werden im Vergleich mit der verfügbaren Information zur Anfälligkeit dieser Baumarten diskutiert. [source] Susceptibility of cones and seeds to fungal infection in a pine (Pinus spp.) collectionFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2000V. Vujanovic Summary Thirty-one fungi, members of Ascomycota and Deuteromycota, were isolated from cones/seeds of 28 hosts (Pinus spp.) originating from East Asia, Europe and North America, and growing at the Montreal Botanical Garden, Canada. A total of 21 taxa of these isolated fungi are considered pathogens. The damage severity was most prevalent on Diploxylon pines of European provenance (Pinus nigra, Pinus mugo and Pinus sylvestris), and one indigenous North American species (Pinus albicaulis). Twelve fungi occurred on different hosts, i.e. Sphaeropsis sapinea (12), Herpotrichia juniperi (8), Truncatella hartigii (7), Ceuthospora sp. (5), Fusarium, spp. (5), Pestalotiopsis funerea (3), Phomopsis sp. (3), Valsa spp. (anamorph. Cytospora) (3), Diaporthe sp. (3), Fusicoccum sp. (2) and Sirococcus strobilinus (2). Sphaeropsis sapinea, Herpotrichia juniperi, Phomopsis conorum, Truncatella hartigii, Tubercularia sp. and Valsa spp. were related to high cone and seed damage. For the most frequently observed Sphaeropsis sapinea damage, the subgenus Haploxylon was less susceptible than Diploxylon, and P. sylvestris less than P. nigra and P. mugo. Pinus resinosa showed more tolerance to S. sapinea. Truncatella hartigii was more frequently associated with necrotic lesions on cones/seeds in comparison with Pestalotiopsis funerea. The results are discussed in the context of arboretum, seed orchard, nursery and quarantine management. [source] Bioinspired Design of SrAl2O4:Eu2+ PhosphorADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 4 2009Mariya H. Kostova Abstract A phosphor based on Sr0.97Al2O4:Eu0.03 with a biomorphous morphology is manufactured via vacuum assisted infiltration of wood tissue (Pinus sylvestris) with a precursor nitrate solution. The nitrate solution penetrates homogeneously into the uniform arrangement of rectangular shaped tracheidal cells of the wood tissue. According to scanning electron microscopy, the original wood cell walls are completely transformed retaining the original wood structure. The major crystalline phase is monoclinic SrAl2O4, detected by X-ray diffraction and confirmed by Rietveld refinement. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis proves the homogeneous conversion of the original wood cell wall into Sr0.97Al2O4:Eu0.03 struts. The optical properties of the resulting phosphor material are determined by photoluminescence and cathode-luminescence spectroscopy in scanning electron microscopy. The biotemplated Sr0.97Al2O4:Eu0.03 shows a characteristic green emission at 530,nm (2.34,eV). Shaping biomorphous SrAl2O4:Eu2+ phosphor with a microstructure pseudomorphous to the bioorganic template anatomy offers a novel approach for designing micropatterned phosphor materials. [source] 6000 years of forest dynamics in Suserup Skov, a seminatural Danish woodlandGLOBAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2000Gina E. Hannon Abstract 1The history of a forest stand over the last 6000 years has been reconstructed by studying pollen, macrofossils and charcoal from a small, wet hollow in Suserup Skov on the island of Sjælland in eastern Denmark. 2The earliest recorded forest was Tilia -dominated but contained an intimate mixture of many different tree species that included Acer campestre, A. platanoides, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pubescens, Corylus avellana, Frangula alnus, Fraxinus excelsior, Malus sylvestris, Populus tremula, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Salix spp., Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata and T. platyphyllos. The preserved fruits of T. platyphyllos confirm its hitherto doubtful status as a native member of the Danish flora. 3The present-day woodland developed after a period of intensive anthropogenic disturbance between , 600 bc and ad 900, during which time open canopy conditions prevailed at Suserup. Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior are the dominant trees at present, together with some Quercus robur and Ulmus glabra.4,Charcoal was present in the sediments from most time periods except at the Ulmus decline. In the last 1000 years of the sequence , the period of Fagus dominance , charcoal counts were consistently low. 5Pinus sylvestris was a natural component of this primarily deciduous forest, and the last macrofossil find dates from c. ad 900. Macrofossil Pinus cone scales recorded c. ad 1800 originate from planted individuals. Prior to Fagus dominance, the forest had an open structure partly caused by frequent, low-intensity fires associated with the presence of Pinus sylvestris. 6The replacement of Tilia by Fagus in this forest was catalysed by human activity. If the forest had not been so disturbed, the rich diversity of trees would most probably have persisted up to the present time, with only a moderate-sized Fagus population. [source] ,Suicide' of crickets harbouring hairworms: a proteomics investigationINSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2006D. G. Biron Abstract Despite increasing evidence of host phenotypic manipulation by parasites, the underlying mechanisms causing infected hosts to act in ways that benefit the parasite remain enigmatic in most cases. Here, we used proteomics tools to identify the biochemical alterations that occur in the head of the cricket Nemobius sylvestris when it is driven to water by the hairworm Paragordius tricuspidatus. We characterized host and parasite proteomes during the expression of the water-seeking behaviour. We found that the parasite produces molecules from the Wnt family that may act directly on the development of the central nervous system (CNS). In the head of manipulated cricket, we found differential expression of proteins specifically linked to neurogenesis, circadian rhythm and neurotransmitter activities. We also detected proteins for which the function(s) are still unknown. This proteomics study on the biochemical pathways altered by hairworms has also allowed us to tackle questions of physiological and molecular convergence in the mechanism(s) causing the alteration of orthoptera behaviour. The two hairworm species produce effective molecules acting directly on the CNS of their orthoptera hosts. [source] Patterns of population genetic diversity in riparian and aquatic plant species along riversJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 9 2010Olivier Honnay Abstract Aim, The downstream hydrochoric spread of seeds of aquatic and riparian plant species, without upstream compensation, can be expected to result in downstream accumulation of population genetic diversity. This idea has been termed the ,unidirectional dispersal hypothesis' and is the genetic equivalent of the more generally known ,drift paradox'. Our aim was to test this unidirectional diversity hypothesis, and to present a general synthesis of the patterns of population genetic variation across different riparian and aquatic plant species along rivers. Location, The Meuse River (Belgium) and rivers world-wide. Methods, First, we used amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to compare patterns of within- and between-population genetic diversity among three riparian plant species (Sisymbrium austriacum, Erysimum cheiranthoides and Rorippa sylvestris), typically occurring in different habitats along a gradient perpendicular to the Meuse River. Second, we performed a meta-analysis on studies reporting on the population genetic structure of riparian and aquatic plant species along rivers. Results, Along the Meuse River, we found significant genetic differentiation among populations of all three riparian species, and significant isolation by distance for one of them (R. sylvestris). There was no clear association between the typical habitat of a species and its population genetic structure. None of the three species provided evidence for the unidirectional dispersal hypothesis. The meta-analysis, based on 21 data records, did not support the unidirectional dispersal hypothesis either. Average weighted population genetic differentiation across species was significant. Main conclusions, Important mechanisms of upstream seed dispersal, probably through zoochory, together with higher seed recruitment opportunities in upstream habitats due to density dependence of recruitment, may explain the absence of downstream accumulation of genetic diversity. Also, it seems difficult to find consistent patterns in genetic variation in species from aquatic and riparian habitats. We argue that this is due to the recurrent extinctions and colonizations characteristic of these habitats, resulting in complex genetic patterns. Our results strongly support previous suggestions that stream ecology should consistently embrace metapopulation theory to be able to understand patterns of genetic diversity, as well as species diversity. [source] Descriptive biogeography of Tomicus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) species in SpainJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 12 2004D. Gallego Abstract Aim, location,Tomicus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) species are some of the principal pests of Eurasian forest and are represented by three coexisting species in Spain, Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus, 1758), Tomicus destruens (Wollaston, 1865) and Tomicus minor (Harting, 1834). The distribution of two taxa are unknown as they have until recently been considered separate species. Therefore, we model the potential distribution centres and establish the potential distribution limits of Tomicus species in Iberia. We also assess the effectiveness of different models by comparing predicted results with observed data. These results will have application in forest pest management. Methods, Molecular and morphological techniques were used to identify species from 254 specimens of 81 plots. For each plot, a Geographical Information System was used to extract a set of 14 environmental (one topographic, six climatic) and biotic variables (seven host tree distributions). General Additive Models and Ecological Niche Factor Analysis models are applied for modelling and predicting the potential distribution of the three especies of Tomicus. Results, The results of both modelling methodologies are in agreement. Tomicus destruens is the predominant species in Spain, living in low and hot areas. Tomicus piniperda occurs in lower frequency and prefers wet and cold areas of north-central Spain. We detected sympatric populations of T. destruens and T. piniperda in Northern coast of Spain, infesting mainly P. pinaster. Tomicus minor is the rarest species, and it occupies a fragmented distribution located in high and wet areas. The remarkable biotic variable is the distribution of P. sylvestris, incorporated into the models of T. destruens and T. piniperda. Main conclusions, These results indicate that in wet areas of north-central Spain where T. piniperda occurs (and possibly the high altitudes of the southern mountains), T. destruens has a climatic distribution limit. In the northern border of this area, both species overlap their distributions and some co-occurrences were detected. Tomicus minor potentially occurs in high and wet fragmented areas. [source] Fresh insights into long-term changes in flora, vegetation, land use and soil erosion in the karstic environment of the Burren, western IrelandJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Ingo Feeser Summary 1. ,The study focuses on species-rich, upland, heathy vegetation with arctic-alpine floristic affinities and Sesleria grasslands in the karstic Burren region, western Ireland. The investigations aimed at reconstructing the long-term development of these high conservation-value communities and the role of farming in their formation and long-term survival. 2. ,The methods used included pollen analysis and 14C-dating of short monoliths and investigation of grykes (fissures in karstic limestone) for evidence of soil erosion. Special attention was paid to fossil, coprophilous fungal spores as indicators of local grazing. The strong local character of the pollen records facilitated identification of inter-site differences as well as regional patterns. It is shown that open pine woodland characterized the Cappanawalla uplands between c. 1500 BC and 500 BC. It is proposed that such woodlands, with floristic affinities to Scandinavian open pine woodlands on calcareous soils, provided a suitable environment for the present-day, open heath vegetation with species such as Dryas octopetala, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Geranium sanguineum and Empetrum nigrum. 3. ,Burning of vegetation as a management tool was important in the uplands over most of the last two millennia. Firing seems to have ceased with the onset of more intensive grazing regimes in the 18th century. 4. ,Synthesis. Upland palaeoarchives, derived from shallow peaty deposits, show that the upland Burren supported mainly plagioclimax Corylus -dominated woody vegetation and grasslands from c. 1500 BC (beginning of present record), until possibly as late as the 17th century AD. In the uplands of the north-western Burren, open, species-rich pinewoods with hazel dominated. The northern-arctic elements in the present-day upland flora survived clearances, involving initially Pinus sylvestris (c. 500 BC) and subsequently Corylus avellana (c. AD 1600). Colluvial material retrieved from grykes supports the idea of considerable soil loss occurring as late as the first and early 2nd millennium AD. The investigations highlight the potential of upland palaeoarchives, consisting of short sequences, for elucidating vegetation and land-use dynamics in karstic environments such as the Burren. [source] Exploring climatic and biotic controls on Holocene vegetation change in FennoscandiaJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Paul A. Miller Summary 1We investigated the potential drivers of Holocene vegetation changes recorded at four Scandinavian pollen sites, two in Sweden and two in Finland, at a time when they were largely free of anthropogenic influence. 2We used the generalized dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS forced with climate anomaly output from an atmospheric general circulation model to simulate tree species dynamics from 10 000 years ago to the present. The model results were compared to high-resolution pollen accumulation rates gathered at the sites. 3Our results indicate that both the observed northern distributional limits of temperate trees, and the limits of Pinus sylvestris and Alnus incana at the tree line, are a result of millennial variations in summer and winter temperatures. The simulation of several distinct trends in species occurrence observed in the pollen record indicates that a time lag due to the slow spreading of species need not be invoked for most species. 4Sensitivity studies indicate that competition, natural disturbance and the magnitude of interannual variability play key roles in determining the biomass, establishment and even the presence of species near their bioclimatic limits. However, neither disturbance due to fire nor limits on establishment due to drought were likely to have been major determinants of the observed trends on the timescales considered. 5We were unable to limit the modelled occurrence of Picea abies at the study sites to the periods at which it was observed in the pollen records, indicating that we have still not completely understood the driving or limiting factors for Holocene changes in Picea abies abundance. 6Synthesis. This study shows that by combining quantitative vegetation reconstructions with a modern, process-based dynamic vegetation model, we may gain new insights into the potential biotic and abiotic drivers of Holocene vegetation dynamics, and their relative importance. This knowledge will be crucial in enabling us to assess more confidently the response of northern European vegetation to future climate change. [source] RADIO FREQUENCY-HOT WATER DIPS FOR POSTHARVEST CODLING MOTH CONTROL IN APPLES,JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 6 2006J.D. HANSEN ABSTRACT A combination radio frequency-hot water dip method was examined as a potential quarantine treatment against fifth instars of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apples, Malus sylvestris (L.) var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf., which were intended for export to Japan. The apples were initially exposed to 27.12-MHz radio frequency energy at 12 kW for 2.75 min and were then submerged in a range of hot water dips (48,50C) for different durations. Efficacious tests were at 48C for >2 h, at 49C for >50 min and at 50C for >40 min. Fruit quality tests indicated that the best hot water parameters were at 50C for 40 min. Fruit quality after 2 weeks was cultivar dependent where "Fuji" apples tolerated heat treatment better than "Delicious" and "Gala" apples. None of the treated fruits were acceptable after 60 days. Regardless of cultivar, heat treatment resulted in loss of both peel and fresh colors, coupled with reduced firmness and increased external and internal damage. [source] Sirex noctilio in North America: the effect of stem-injection timing on the attractiveness and suitability of trap treesAGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Kelley E. Zylstra 1Sirex noctilio Fabricius, an invasive woodwasp responsible for severe economic damage to pine industries in the southern hemisphere, is now established in the northeastern U.S.A. and portions of eastern Canada. 2Parts of North America are considered to be high risk for S. noctilio invasion. Effective detection tools, including trap trees, are needed to monitor and survey S. noctilio populations. 3The present study was conducted to determine the optimal time to chemically stress a tree when aiming to attract the most S. noctilio to the host substrate, as well as to determine which timing produced the most adult progeny. Both of these measures (host attraction and host suitability for development) support the main objectives of the study by offering improved methods for monitoring and management of S. noctilio. 4Red pine (Pinus resinosa) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) were treated with Dicamba at three time intervals. Multiple funnel lindgren traps were placed on these trees and, at the end of the flight season, the treatment trees were felled and brought into the laboratory. The number of S. noctilio caught in the traps (host attraction) and the number of S. noctilio emerged from the treated trees (host suitability) were determined. 5Optimal timing of the chemical girdle was dependent on host species. Significantly more female S. noctilio were captured on trap trees prepared 1 month before flight (red pine and Scots pine) or prepared at flight (Scots pine) compared with other treatments. There were also significantly more females reared from Scots pine trap trees prepared at flight and red pine trap trees prepared 1 month before and/or at flight. 6By the beginning of August, most (79%) of the S. noctilio for the flight season were caught in the traps at the trap trees. The sex ratio (males : females) was closer to 1 : 1 than previously reported in studies from other countries. 7The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that timing is important when creating a trap tree with herbicide in North America, whether for the purpose of detection or as part of a biological control effort. [source] Performance of the potentially invasive Siberian moth Dendrolimus superans sibiricus on coniferous species in EuropeAGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Natalia I. Kirichenko Abstract 1,The native range of the Siberian moth extends from the Pacific Ocean (Russian Far East, Japan and Northern Korea) across Siberia, Northern China and Mongolia to the Ural Mountains. At the beginning of the 21st Century, this species was documented west of the Ural Mountains in the Republic of Mari El, indicating range extension toward the west. 2,The Siberian moth has recently been suggested for regulation as a quarantine pest for European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization member countries. However, no specific report on European host plants for this pest has been published so far. 3,In the present study, larval host plant choice and performance was tested for the first time on coniferous tree species that are widely distributed and of commercial value in Europe. 4,Based on dual-choice tests on neonates and mortality, developmental duration and relative growth rates of the first- to sixth-instar larvae, we found European larch Larix decidua to be the most suitable host for the moth larvae, whereas European black pine Pinus nigra and Scots pine Pinus sylvestris were the poorest hosts. The remaining conifer species tested, European silver fir Abies alba, Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana, and Norway spruce Picea abies, were intermediate host plants. Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii, originating from North America, was chosen by the larvae to the same extend as European larch, and was also highly suitable for larval development. 5,If the moth is introduced to European countries, it will become damaging in stands of European larch and Douglas-fir, mixed stands of fir and spruce; however, it will be less damaging in forests dominated by two-needle pines. 6,We predict that Dendrolimus superans sibiricus will be able to survive and develop on the main European coniferous tree species, including non-native coniferous tree species, resulting in severe damage to large areas of forests. [source] Recognition and avoidance of insecticide-treated Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) by Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): implications for pest management strategiesAGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2005D. Rose Abstract 1,The feeding preferences of Hylobius abietis (L.) were studied in a series of choice and no-choice trials for insecticide-treated food, time-to-death studies and arena trials. 2,Treatment of Scots Pine twigs with a pyrethroid insecticide, lambda-cyhalothrin, was compared with twigs treated with imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid. 3,Clear avoidance of insecticide-treated food sources, with strong evidence of selection for untreated food sources, was shown. 4,In addition, it took up to 3 weeks for H. abietis to die from insecticide poisoning when fed on treated food and, during this time, it was potentially capable of finding new untreated food sources. [source] In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Pinus sylvestris and Plantago lanceolata extracts: effect on inducible NOS, COX-1, COX-2 and their products in J774A.1 murine macrophagesJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2005E. Vigo Extracts of the plant species Pinus sylvestris L. and Plantago lanceolata L. have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of certain respiratory diseases, but little is known about their precise effects and mechanisms of action. In this study, we investigated the effect of these plant extracts on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2, NO synthase (NOS) type II, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 mRNA expression in the murine macrophage cell line J774A.1. We found that Pinus sylvestris and Plantago lanceolata extracts inhibited NO production in a concentration-dependent manner in this cell line, without obvious cytotoxic effects as tested by MTT assay. The Plantago lanceolata extract at all doses used, and the Pinus sylvestris extract at high doses, showed significant scavenging of NO radicals released by the NO donor PAPA-NONOate. Our data also show that pre-treatment with these extracts significantly inhibits inducible NOS (iNOS) mRNA production in this cell line, without affecting COX-1 mRNA expression. COX-2 mRNA levels and PGE2 levels induced by lipopolysaccharide/interferon-, were not modified upon pre-treatment with the extracts. Thus, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of Pinus sylvestris and Plantago lanceolata extracts may reflect decreased NO production, possibly due to inhibitory effects on iNOS gene expression or to NO-scavenging activity. [source] Differentiation and Genetic Structure of Sclerophoma pythiophila Strains on Pinus sylvestris in PolandJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 7-8 2009Wojciech Kraj Abstract Between 1996 and 2006, 97 strains of Sclerophoma pythiophila were isolated from 3 to 10-year-old trees of Pinus sylvestris from three regions of Poland differing by climatic conditions and geographic location. On the basis of 56 random amplified microsatellites (RAMS) markers obtained with the use of five primers, very high level of genetic variability of strains (mean Jaccard's coefficient 0.56) was ascertained. Among the analysed markers only one was completely monomorphic, whereas six were monomorphic in 90%. Greater genetic similarity was ascertained for strains in southern Poland (0.58) in comparison with strains deriving from northern Poland (0.52). Correlation between the percentage share of polymorphic loci and the average annual temperature of places of strain isolation (r = 0.62) were shown, as well as the number of days with snow cover (r = 0.79). On the basis of the amova analysis, it was ascertained that 11.6% of genetic variability was located between regions of the strains origin and 88.4% within the regions. [source] Spatial variability of O layer thickness and humus forms under different pine beech,forest transformation stages in NE GermanyJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2006Oliver Bens Abstract Spatial variability of humus layer (O layer) thicknesses can have important impacts upon soil water dynamics, nutrient storage and availability, as well as plant growth. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the impact of forest-transformation practices on the spatial variability of O layer thicknesses. The study focused on the Kahlenberg forest area (NE Germany) with stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) of different age structures that form a transformation chronosequence from pure Scots pine stands towards pure European beech stands. Topsoil profiles including both, the O layer and the uppermost humic mineral soil horizon were excavated at intervals of 0.4 m along 15,20 m long transects, and spatial variability of O layer thicknesses was quantified by variogram analysis. The correlation lengths of total O layer thickness increased in the sequence consisting of pure pine stand (3.1 m) , older mixed stand (3.7 m) , pure beech stand (4.5 m), with the exception of the younger mixed stand, for which no correlation lengths of total O layer thickness could be determined. The degree of spatial correlation, i.e., the percentage of the total variance which can be described by variograms, was highest for the two monospecies stands, whereas this percentage was distinctly lower for the two mixed stands. A similar minimum for the two mixed stands was observed for the correlation lengths of the Oh horizon. These results suggest that the spatial structures of forest-transformation stands may be interpreted in terms of a disturbance (in the form of the underplanting of beech trees). After this disturbance, the forest ecosystem requires at least 100 y to again reach relative equilibrium. These findings are in line with the results of other soil-related investigations at these sites. Räumliche Variabilität der Humuslagenmächtigkeit und Humusformen in verschiedenen Stadien des Waldumbaus von Kiefer zu Buche in NO-Deutschland Die räumliche Variabilität der Humusauflagenmächtigkeit kann einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Bodenwasserdynamik, Nährstoffspeicherung und -verfügbarkeit sowie das Pflanzenwachstum haben. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Auswirkungen von Waldumbaumaßnahmen auf die räumliche Verteilung der Auflagehumusmächtigkeiten zu untersuchen. Im Forstrevier Kahlenberg, mit Beständen von Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris) und Buche (Fagus sylvatica) unterschiedlichen Alters, welche eine Transformations-Chronosequenz von einem Kiefern-Reinbestand hin zu einem reinen Buchenbestand darstellen, wurden Humusprofile entlang von 15,20 m langen Transekten in Abständen von 0,4 m aufgenommen. Die räumliche Variabilität der Mächtigkeiten der Auflagehumushorizonte wurde durch Variogramm-Analysen quantifiziert. Die Korrelationslängen der Mächtigkeiten des gesamten Auflagehumus stiegen in der Reihenfolge reiner Kiefernbestand (3,1 m) , älterer Mischbestand (3,7 m) , reiner Buchenbestand (4,5 m) an. Aus dieser Reihe fällt der jüngere Mischbestand heraus; für ihn konnten keine Korrelationslängen ermittelt werden. Der Grad der räumlichen Korrelation, d. h. der Anteil der gesamten Varianz, der durch Variogramme beschrieben wird, ist für die beiden Reinbestände am höchsten, während er für die beiden Mischbestände deutlich geringer ist. Ein ähnliches Minimum für die beiden Mischbestände ergibt sich, wenn nur die Korrelationslängen der Oh-Mächtigkeiten betrachtet werden. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die räumlichen Strukturen von Waldumbaubeständen im Sinne einer Störung gedeutet werden können (wobei die Umbaumaßnahme und der Unterbau mit Buchen die Störung darstellt). Diese Störung dauert offenbar mindestens 100 a an. Dieser Befund stimmt mit den Ergebnissen aus Studien zu weiteren relevanten Bodeneigenschaften an Forststandorten im nordostdeutschen Tiefland überein. [source] Sulfur fertilization and light exposure during storage are critical determinants of the nutritional value of ready-to-eat friariello campano (Brassica rapa L. subsp. sylvestris)JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 13 2009Giancarlo Barbieri Abstract BACKGROUND: The nutritional value of fresh vegetables can be affected at different steps within the field-to-market pipeline. Both pre- and post-harvest factors should be considered in order to increase the produce quality and to preserve it until final consumption. In this study the effects of sulfur nutrition during plant growth and light exposure during storage on the nutritional value of ready-to-eat friariello campano (Brassica rapa L. subsp. sylvestris L. Janch. var. esculenta Hort.) were studied. RESULTS: Fresh weight loss was higher in light-storage treatment. During storage, light exposure reduced leaf nitrate content, although no effect could be attributed to sulfur nutrition. Sulfur increased both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant activity. The hydrophilic antioxidant activity linearly decreased during storage, whereas the lipophilic activity increased over time. However, no differences could be attributed to light exposure during storage for this parameter. Results on colorimetric indexes and their relation with the chlorophyll content are also reported. CONCLUSIONS: Ready-to-eat friariello quality may be improved with an enhanced antioxidant activity and reduced nitrate content by combining, respectively, increased sulfur availability during plant growth and exposure to light during storage. On the other hand, light exposure caused a more rapid decline in produce fresh weight during storage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Radial growth responses to drought of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pubescens in an inner-Alpine dry valleyJOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 6 2007Pascale Weber Abstract Question: Lower montane treeline ecotones such as the inner Alpine dry valleys are regarded as sensitive to climate change. In the dry Valais valley (Switzerland) the composition of the widespread, low altitude Pinus forests is shifting towards a mixed deciduous state. The sub-boreal P. sylvestris shows high mortality rates, whereas the deciduous sub-mediterranean Quercus pubescens is spreading. These species may act as early indicators of climate change. We evaluate this hypothesis by focusing on their differences in drought tolerance, which are hardly known, but are likely to be crucial in the current forest shift and also for future forest development. Methods: We used dendroecological methods to detect species-specific patterns in the growth response to drought. The relationship between radial growth of 401 trees from 15 mixed stands and drought was analysed by calculating response functions using yearly tree-ring indices and monthly drought indices. PCA was applied to the response ratios to discover spatial patterns of drought response. Results: A species-specific response to moisture as well as a sub-regional differentiation of the response patterns were found. While Quercus showed a response mainly to the conditions of the previous autumn and those of current spring, Pinus did not start responding before May, but showed responses throughout the whole summer. Quercus may restrict physiological activity to moist periods; growth of Pinus was much more dependent on prior growth. Conclusions: Given that the climate is changing towards (1) longer summer drought periods, (2) higher mean temperatures and (3) shifted seasonally of moisture availability, Quercus may benefit from adapting better to drier conditions. Pinus may increasingly face problems related to drought stress as it depends on summer moisture and has a smaller adaptive capacity due to its long-lived photosynthetic tissue. [source] A long-term record of Quercus decline, logging and fires in a southern Swedish Fagus - Picea forestJOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 6 2002Mats Niklasson Tutin et al. (1964,1976) Abstract. We reconstructed forest development and disturbance events (fire and logging) during the last 1000 yr with tree-ring data, pollen and charcoal analysis from a semi-natural Fagus sylvatica-Picea abies forest (ca. 1 km2) in the hemiboreal zone. According to pollen analysis, Quercus robur together with Pinus sylvestris was abundant in the forest until the turn of the 18th/19th centuries when these species disappeared completely (Quercus) or nearly completely (Pinus) and were replaced by Fagus and Picea. The disappearance of Quercus was corroborated by the remarkable discovery of a single Quercus stump that had been cut in the 18th century and had become overgrown and preserved by a very old Picea. In total 11 fires were dated from 1555 to 1748 from fire scars in several Pinus stumps cut 100 - 200 yr ago. Since the last fire in 1748, no Quercus or Pinus have regenerated in the core of the reserve apart from single pines in neighbouring managed forest (80 yr ago). During the period of documented fires Fagus was protected from fires in a refuge made up of large boulders. Picea colonized the region at the time when the fires ceased 250 yr ago. We hypothesize that most of the fires were probably of human origin because of their patchiness and high frequency compared to the natural background levels of lightning ignitions in the region. On a 300-yr time scale, logging and fire suppression seem to strongly overshadow the effect of climate change on forest composition and dynamics. [source] Mechanisms blocking Pinus sylvestris colonization of Mediterranean mountain meadowsJOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 5 2002Jorge Castro Tutin et al. (1964,1980) Abstract. In southern Mediterranean Pinus sylvestris forests there are grassy meadows that resist invasion of trees despite the proximity to seed sources. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms blocking colonization by Pinus sylvestris of the meadows. Two experiments were conducted in which seeds were sown either at 1 cm depth or on the surface to simulate dispersal, and three treatments of vegetation removal were applied: Disturbed (where the herbaceous layer was eliminated, exposing the mineral soil), Clipped (vegetation cut at ground level) and Control (no disturbance of the herbaceous layer). In addition, the effect of seed predators was controlled by using wire cages in the case of the surface sown experiment. When seeds were sown at 1 cm depth, seedling emergence was not reduced by the herbaceous layer. In contrast, when seeds were surface sown and predators were excluded, the rate of emergence was low in the Control treatment, intermediate in Clipped and high in Disturbed. Seedling emergence was, however, minimal when predators were not excluded, irrespective of the disturbance level. Seedling survival and growth after three years of study were similar among treatments. The results show that the seed predation and the physical barrier created by the herbaceous layer are the two mechanisms blocking the encroachment of Pinus sylvestris onto these Mediterranean mountain meadows, limiting the regeneration and potential expansion of the forest. [source] Linked vs. unlinked markers: multilocus microsatellite haplotype-sharing as a tool to estimate gene flow and introgressionMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2007WIM J. M. KOOPMAN Abstract We have explored the use of multilocus microsatellite haplotypes to study introgression from cultivated (Malus domestica) into wild apple (Malus sylvestris), and to study gene flow among remnant populations of M. sylvestris. A haplotype consisted of alleles at microsatellite loci along one chromosome. As destruction of haplotypes through recombination occurs much faster than loss of alleles due to genetic drift, the lifespan of a multilocus haplotype is much shorter than that of the underlying alleles. When different populations share the same haplotype, this may indicate recent gene flow between populations. Similarly, haplotypes shared between two species would be a strong signal for introgression. As the expected lifespan of a haplotype depends on the strength of the linkage, the length [in centiMorgans (cM)] of the haplotype shared contains information on the number of generations passed. This application of shared haplotypes is distinct from using haplotype-sharing to detect association between markers and a certain trait. We inferred haplotypes for four to eight microsatellite loci on Linkage Group 10 of apple from genotype data using the program phase, and then identified those haplotypes shared between populations and species. Compared with a Bayesian analysis of unlinked microsatellite loci using the program structure, haplotype-sharing detected a partially different set of putative hybrids. Cultivated haplotypes present in M. sylvestris were short (< 1.5 cM), indicating that introgression had taken place many generations ago, except for two Belgian plants that contained a haplotype of 47.1 cM, indicating recent introgression. In the estimation of gene flow, FST based on unlinked loci indicated small (0.032,0.058) but statistically significant differentiation between some populations only. However, various M. sylvestris haplotypes were shared in nearly all pairwise comparisons of populations, and their length indicated recent gene flow. Hence, all Dutch populations should be considered as one conservation unit. The added value of using sharing of multilocus microsatellite haplotypes as a source of population genetic information is discussed. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||