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Swedish Population (swedish + population)
Kinds of Swedish Population Selected AbstractsAntimicrobial Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori Strains in a Random Adult Swedish PopulationHELICOBACTER, Issue 4 2006Tom Storskrubb Abstract Background and Aim:, Antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori is a growing problem and has become an important factor leading to eradication failure. Information on antimicrobial susceptibility is important for selection of an optimum treatment regimen. The resistance rate in a random population has not been studied previously. Methods:, A random Swedish population sample (n = 3000, age 20,81 years) was surveyed using a mailed validated questionnaire assessing gastrointestinal symptoms (response rate of 74%). One-third of the responders was invited, in random order, and accepted an esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsies for H. pylori culture and histology. Subjects were not treated for their H. pylori infection but a minimum inhibitory concentration of metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline for the H. pylori isolates (n = 333) was determined by agar dilution. Prescribed antibiotic in the area was recorded. Results:, Irrespective of symptomatology, 16.2% of the isolated H. pylori strains were resistant to metronidazole, 1.5% to clarithromycin, 0% to amoxicillin, and 0.3% to tetracycline. The antibiotic consumption was low from an international perspective. Conclusion:, The resistance to the antibiotics was lower than expected from patient sample studies, especially for clarithromycin, most probably due to a restrictive prescription policy in the area. Introduction of a test-and-treat strategy in Sweden would only marginally affect the usage of clarithromycin. [source] Multiple adverse outcomes over 30 years following adolescent substance misuse treatmentACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 6 2009S. Hodgins Objective:, To compare outcomes over 30 years experienced by individuals who as adolescents entered substance misuse treatment and a general population sample. Method:, All 1992 individuals seen at the only clinic for substance misusing adolescents in Stockholm from 1968 to 1971 were compared to 1992 individuals randomly selected from the Swedish population, matched for sex, age and birthplace. Death, hospitalization for physical illness related to substance misuse, hospitalization for mental illness, substance misuse, criminal convictions and poverty were documented from national registers. Results:, Relative risks of death, physical illness, mental illness, substance misuse, criminal convictions and poverty were significantly elevated in the clinic compared to the general population sample. After adjustment for substance misuse in adulthood, the risks of death, physical and mental illness, criminality and poverty remained elevated. Conclusion:, Adolescents who consult for substance misuse problems are at high risk for multiple adverse outcomes over the subsequent 30 years. [source] Preterm birth or foetal growth impairment and psychiatric hospitalization in adolescence and early adulthood in a Swedish population-based birth cohortACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2009W. Monfils Gustafsson Objective:, Preterm birth and restricted foetal growth are related to symptoms of psychiatric disorder. Our aim was therefore to investigate possible relations between being born preterm and/or small for gestational age (SGA) and later psychiatric hospitalization. Method:, A population-based registry study of psychiatric hospitalization of in total 155 994 boys and 148 281 girls born in Sweden in 1973,1975. Results:, The risk of hospitalization for all mental disorders was increased for preterm SGA boys (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.49,3.21); at-term SGA boys (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.34,1.79); at-term SGA girls (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.15,1.50). At-term SGA boys and girls suffered increased risk of anxiety and adjustment disorders (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.18,2.45 and OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14,1.94). Preterm SGA boys were at risk of personality disorders (OR 3.30, 95% CI 1.16,9.41) and psychotic disorders (OR 4.36, 95% CI 1.85,10.30). Conclusion:, The results show a relationship between being born SGA and later psychiatric hospitalization, where preterm birth and male gender seem to increase the risk. [source] Pathological gambling: an increasing public health problemACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 4 2001Article first published online: 7 JUL 200 Gambling has always existed, but only recently has it taken on the endlessly variable and accessible forms we know today. Gambling takes place when something valuable , usually money , is staked on the outcome of an event that is entirely unpredictable. It was only two decades ago that pathological gambling was formally recognized as a mental disorder, when it was included in the DSM-III in 1980. For most people, gambling is a relaxing activity with no negative consequences. For others, however, gambling becomes excessive. Pathological gambling is a disorder that manifests itself through the irrepressible urge to wager money. This disorder ultimately dominates the gambler's life, and has a multitude of negative consequences for both the gambler and the people they interact with, i.e. friends, family members, employers. In many ways, gambling might seem a harmless activity. In fact, it is not the act of gambling itself that is harmful, but the vicious cycle that can begin when a gambler wagers money they cannot afford to lose, and then continues to gamble in order to recuperate their losses. The gambler's ,tragic flaw' of logic lies in their failure to understand that gambling is governed solely by random, chance events. Gamblers fail to recognize this and continue to gamble, attempting to control outcomes by concocting strategies to ,beat the game'. Most, if not all, gamblers try in some way to predict the outcome of a game when they are gambling. A detailed analysis of gamblers' selfverbalizations reveals that most of them behave as though the outcome of the game relied on their personal ,skills'. From the gambler's perspective, skill can influence chance , but in reality, the random nature of chance events is the only determinant of the outcome of the game. The gambler, however, either ignores or simply denies this fundamental rule (1). Experts agree that the social costs of pathological gambling are enormous. Changes in gaming legislation have led to a substantial expansion of gambling opportunities in most industrialized countries around the world, mainly in Europe, America and Australia. Figures for the United States' leisure economy in 1996 show gross gambling revenues of $47.6 billion, which was greater than the combined revenue of $40.8 billion from film box offices, recorded music, cruise ships, spectator sports and live entertainment (2). Several factors appear to be motivating this growth: the desire of governments to identify new sources of revenue without invoking new or higher taxes; tourism entrepreneurs developing new destinations for entertainment and leisure; and the rise of new technologies and forms of gambling (3). As a consequence, prevalence studies have shown increased gambling rates among adults. It is currently estimated that 1,2% of the adult population gambles excessively (4, 5). Given that the prevalence of gambling is related to the accessibility of gambling activities, and that new forms of gambling are constantly being legalized throughout most western countries, this figure is expected to rise. Consequently, physicians and mental health professionals will need to know more about the diagnosis and treatment of pathological gamblers. This disorder may be under-diagnosed because, clinically, pathological gamblers usually seek help for the problems associated with gambling such as depression, anxiety or substance abuse, rather than for the excessive gambling itself. This issue of Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica includes the first national survey of problem gambling completed in Sweden, conducted by Volberg et al. (6). This paper is based on a large sample (N=9917) with an impressively high response rate (89%). Two instruments were used to assess gambling activities: the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised (SOGS-R) and an instrument derived from the DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling. Current (1 year) and lifetime prevalence rates were collected. Results show that 0.6% of the respondents were classified as probable pathological gamblers, and 1.4% as problem gamblers. These data reveal that the prevalence of pathological gamblers in Sweden is significantly less than what has been observed in many western countries. The authors have pooled the rates of problem (1.4%) and probable pathological gamblers (0.6%), to provide a total of 2.0% for the current prevalence. This 2% should be interpreted with caution, however, as we do not have information on the long-term evolution of these subgroups of gamblers; for example, we do not know how many of each subgroup will become pathological gamblers, and how many will decrease their gambling or stop gambling altogether. Until this information is known, it would be preferable to keep in mind that only 0.6% of the Swedish population has been identified as pathological gamblers. In addition, recent studies show that the SOGS-R may be producing inflated estimates of pathological gambling (7). Thus, future research in this area might benefit from the use of an instrument based on DSM criteria for pathological gambling, rather than the SOGS-R only. Finally, the authors suggest in their discussion that the lower rate of pathological gamblers obtained in Sweden compared to many other jurisdictions may be explained by the greater availability of games based on chance rather than games based on skill or a mix of skill and luck. Before accepting this interpretation, researchers will need to demonstrate that the outcomes of all games are determined by other factor than chance and randomness. Many studies have shown that the notion of randomness is the only determinant of gambling (1). Inferring that skill is an important issue in gambling may be misleading. While these are important issues to consider, the Volberg et al. survey nevertheless provides crucial information about gambling in a Scandinavian country. Gambling will be an important issue over the next few years in Sweden, and the publication of the Volberg et al. study is a landmark for the Swedish community (scientists, industry, policy makers, etc.). This paper should stimulate interesting discussions and inspire new, much-needed scientific investigations of pathological gambling. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Guido Bondolfi and Robert Ladouceur Invited Guest Editors References 1.,LadouceurR & WalkerM. The cognitive approach to understanding and treating pathological gambling. In: BellackAS, HersenM, eds. Comprehensive clinical psychology. New York: Pergamon, 1998:588 , 601. 2.,ChristiansenEM. Gambling and the American economy. In: FreyJH, ed. Gambling: socioeconomic impacts and public policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998:556:36 , 52. 3.,KornDA & ShafferHJ. Gambling and the health of the public: adopting a public health perspective. J Gambling Stud2000;15:289 , 365. 4.,VolbergRA. Problem gambling in the United States. J Gambling Stud1996;12:111 , 128. 5.,BondolfiG, OsiekC, FerreroF. Prevalence estimates of pathological gambling in Switzerland. Acta Psychiatr Scand2000;101:473 , 475. 6.,VolbergRA, AbbottMW, RönnbergS, MunckIM. Prev-alence and risks of pathological gambling in Sweden. Acta Psychiatr Scand2001;104:250 , 256. 7.,LadouceurR, BouchardC, RhéaumeNet al. Is the SOGS an accurate measure of pathological gambling among children, adolescents and adults?J Gambling Stud2000;16:1 , 24. [source] Trajectories of resilience over 25 years of individuals who as adolescents consulted for substance misuse and a matched comparison groupADDICTION, Issue 7 2010Peter Larm ABSTRACT Aims To examine trajectories of resilience over 25 years among individuals who as adolescents received treatment for substance misuse, the clinical sample (CS) and a matched general population sample (GP). Design Comparison of the CS and GP over 25 years using Swedish national registers of health care and criminality. Setting A substance misuse clinic for adolescents in an urban area in Sweden. Measurements Resilience was defined as the absence of substance misuse, hospitalizations for physical illnesses related to substance misuse, hospitalization for mental illness and law-abiding behaviour from ages 21 to 45 years. Participants The CS included 701 individuals who as adolescents had consulted a clinic for substance misuse. The GP included 731 individuals selected randomly from the Swedish population and matched for age, sex and birthplace. Findings A total of 52.4% of the GP and 24.4% of the CS achieved resilience in all domains through 25 years. Among the CS, another one-third initially displayed moderate levels of resilience that rose to high levels over time, one-quarter displayed decreasing levels of resilience over time, while 9.3% showed little but improving resilience and 8.8% showed no resilience. Levels of resilience were associated with the severity of substance misuse and delinquency in adolescence. Conclusions Individuals who had presented substance misuse problems in adolescence were less likely to achieve resilience over the subsequent 25 years than was a matched general population sample, and among them, four distinct trajectories of resilience were identified. The severity and type of problems presented in adolescence distinguished the four trajectories. [source] STG does not associate with psoriasis in the Swedish populationEXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 7 2004Fabio Sánchez Abstract:, Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is known to have a strong genetic predisposition. Several psoriasis-susceptibility loci have been previously found through genomic scans. Of these, psoriasis-susceptibility region 1 (PSORS1) on chromosome 6p21 remains the most consistently identified region across populations with the highest association with disease. STG is a gene that was previously isolated from rhesus monkey taste buds, and its ortholog in humans was found to be part of the cluster of genes in PSORS1, which is telomeric to HLA-C. Upon characterization of STG, we identified several sequence variants and investigated their association with psoriasis in cases and controls from the Swedish population. None of these STG single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found to be significantly associated with psoriasis. However, HLA-Cw*0602 status was strongly associated with disease. STG expression was investigated in human tissues and found not to be restricted to taste buds, with signals also being detected in skin and tonsils. [source] Genetic Probes of Three Theories of Maternal Adjustment: II.FAMILY PROCESS, Issue 3 2001Environmental Influences, Genetic This is the first report of the Twin Mom Study, an investigation of three hypotheses concerning influences on maternal adjustment. These hypotheses concern the role of the marital and parent-child relationships in mediating genetic influences on maternal adjustment and on the importance of the mothers' marital partners as a specifiable source of influences on their adjustment not shared with their sisters. The study's sample of 150 monozygotic (MZ) twins and 176 dizygotic (DZ) twins was drawn randomly from the Swedish Twin Registry and is, with some small exceptions, likely to be representative of women in the Swedish population. The sample included the marital partners of these twins and their adolescent children. Self-report and coded videotapes were a source of information about family process. Results reported in this first report focus on comparability of American and Swedish samples on scales measuring psychiatric symptoms, and on an analysis of genetic and environmental influences on nine measures of mothers' adjustment. Results suggest comparability between the US and Sweden. Genetic influences were found for all measures of adjustment, particularly in the psychological manifestations of anxiety and for smoking. The pattern of findings also underscored the importance of influences unique to each sibling within the twin pair, thus focusing attention on the potential role of marital partners in maternal adjustment. Results also suggested that experiences shared by the twin sisters, experiences unrelated to their genetic similarity, may influence their fearfulness and alcohol consumption. Our model did not include these influences and thus must be amended. [source] Characterization of sequence variations in human histone H1.2 and H1.4 subtypesFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 14 2005Bettina Sarg In humans, eight types of histone H1 exist (H1.1,H1.5, H1°, H1t and H1oo), all consisting of a highly conserved globular domain and less conserved N- and C-terminal tails. Although the precise functions of these isoforms are not yet understood, and H1 subtypes have been found to be dispensable for mammalian development, it is now clear that specific functions may be assigned to certain individual H1 subtypes. Moreover, microsequence variations within the isoforms, such as polymorphisms or mutations, may have biological significance because of the high degree of sequence conservation of these proteins. This study used a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic method to detect sequence variants within the subtypes. Two deviations from wild-type H1 sequences were found. In K562 erythroleukemic cells, alanine at position 17 in H1.2 was replaced by valine, and, in Raji B lymphoblastoid cells, lysine at position 173 in H1.4 was replaced by arginine. We confirmed these findings by DNA sequencing of the corresponding gene segments. In K562 cells, a homozygous GCC,GTC shift was found at codon 18, giving rise to H1.2 Ala17Val because the initial methionine is removed in H1 histones. Raji cells showed a heterozygous AAA,AGA codon change at position 174 in H1.4, corresponding to the Lys173Arg substitution. The allele frequency of these sequence variants in a normal Swedish population was found to be 6.8% for the H1.2 GCC,GTC shift, indicating that this is a relatively frequent polymorphism. The AAA,AGA codon change in H1.4 was detected only in Raji cells and was not present in a normal population or in six other cell lines derived from individuals suffering from Burkitt's lymphoma. The significance of these sequence variants is unclear, but increasing evidence indicates that minor sequence variations in linker histones may change their binding characteristics, influence chromatin remodeling, and specifically affect important cellular functions. [source] A 20-year follow-up study of endodontic variables and apical status in a Swedish populationINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 12 2007M. Eckerbom Abstract Aim, To re-examine a population after 20 years and evaluate changes in prevalence of endodontic treatment and apical periodontitis, as well as the technical quality of root fillings. Methodology, One hundred and fifteen out of an original 200 patients living in the northern part of Sweden were re-examined with a full mouth radiographic survey after 20 years. Frequencies of root canal treated teeth, apical periodontitis and quality parameters of root fillings were registered. Results, The frequency of root canal treated teeth increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 13.9% at the first investigation to 17.7% after 20 years. There was also a statistically significant increase (P < 0.05) in teeth with apical periodontitis from 3.3% to 6.8%. Apical periodontitis both in connection with root canal treated teeth and teeth without endodontic treatment, had increased during the follow-up period. Even though the quality of the root fillings had improved, there was no corresponding improvement of the apical status in teeth with root fillings. Conclusions, There is still a great need for endodontic treatment in the Swedish population, and no improvement in apical health was found during this 20-year follow up. [source] Low number of Y-chromosome deletions in infertile azoospermic men at a Swedish andrology centreINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY, Issue 4 2000Christina Österlund Recent studies have strongly indicated that at least three regions [azoospermia factor (AZF) a,c] on the long arm of the Y-chromosome code for factors involved in spermatogenesis. In order to reveal the prevalence of microdeletions in these regions in a Swedish population, 192 men consecutively referred to our andrology unit due to infertility and showing oligozoospermia (n=53) or azoospermia (n=139) but no obstruction or hormonal disturbances, were investigated. For this study we used a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method including 13 pairs of primers divided into five different primer mixes. It was found that four men, all with azoospermia, had deletions including part of the AZFb region and probably the entire AZFc region. Testis biopsies showed different morphology ranging from absence of germ cells to hypospermatogenisis. Of special interest was one patient that was first investigated 10 years ago due to primary infertility and oligozoospermia. Today he has developed azoospermia. It is concluded that the number of patients with microdeletions on the Y chromosome is rather low (less than 3% in highly selected azoospermic men) in our study compared to a number of other studies in which a 1,55% incidence have been reported. It is possible that ethnic differences, selection criteria and methodological aspects can contribute to the difference between the present and previous studies. [source] Reduced risk of prostate cancer in men who are childless as compared to those who have fathered a child: A population based case-control studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 6 2005Aleksander Giwercman Abstract Androgens are believed to play a major role in the etiology of prostate cancer, but studies of sex-hormone exposure in relation to risk for prostate cancer have been inconclusive. Male fertility may be an indicator of long-term androgen status. To study the role of testicular function in prostate cancer development, we have assessed number of biological children in relation to risk for this malignancy. We carried out a population-based case-control study with retrospective ascertainment of cases occurring in Sweden between 1958,98. In total, 48,850 cases of prostate cancer were identified through the nation-wide Cancer Registry. For each case, one control, matched by year of birth, was randomly selected from the Swedish population. Information on offspring was obtained from the Swedish Multi-Generation Registry. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between number of offspring and risk for subsequent prostate cancer. Being childless or having fathered one child only were associated with reduced risks for prostate cancer compared to having fathered 2 or more children (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.81,0.86 and OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.90,0.96, respectively). There was no further change in risk associated with fathering of more than 2 children. The risk for prostate cancer is reduced among childless men. A dysfunctioning reproductive apparatus fueling to a lesser extent prostatic growth, could be a plausible mechanism of this association. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Birth characteristics and adult cancer incidence: Swedish cohort of over 11,000 men and womenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2005Valerie A. McCormack Abstract Associations between larger size at birth and increased rates of adult cancer have been proposed but few empirical studies have examined this hypothesis. We investigated overall and site-specific cancer incidence in relation to birth characteristics in a Swedish population-based cohort of 11,166 singletons born in 1915,1929 for whom we have detailed obstetric data and who were alive in 1960. A total of 2,685 first primary cancers were registered during follow-up from 1960 to 2001. A standard deviation (SD) increase in birth weight for gestational age (GA) was associated with (sex-adjusted) increases of 13% (95% CI = 0.03,0.23) in the rates of digestive cancers and of 17% (95% CI = 0.01,0.35) in the rates of lymphatic cancers. Women who had higher birth weights also had increased rates of breast cancer under age 50 years (by 39% per SD increase; 95% CI = 0.09,0.79), but reduced rates (by 24%; 95% CI = 0.07,0.38) of endometrial (corpus uteri) cancer at all ages. There was no evidence of associations with other cancer sites. For overall cancer incidence, men had an 8% increased risk at all ages per SD increase in birth weight for GA while women only had an increased risk under age 50 years (mainly driven by the association with breast cancer). These findings provide evidence of a modest association of birth size and adult cancer risk, resulting from positive associations with a few cancer sites and a possible inverse association with endometrial cancer. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Psychometric testing of the Swedish version of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Multilevel Assessment InstrumentINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE, Issue 3 2007Margareta Minhage OT We examined whether the Swedish adaptation of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Multilevel Assessment Instrument (PGCMAI) developed by Lawton meets criteria for reliability and validity in an elderly Swedish population with locomotor disability. Data were collected, using the mid-length version of the instrument, from 199 elderly people with locomotor disability in two Swedish counties. Reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha and construct validity was tested by means of exploratory factor analysis. Comparison was made with the Standardized Practical Equipment (SPE) test. Factor analysis identified eight factors, which were comparable to the original eight domains. There was a logical correlation between the PGCMAI and the SPE test. Further psychometric testing is recommended on other groups of elderly people. [source] The relationship of some negative events and psychological factors to periodontal disease in an adult Swedish population 50 to 80 years of ageJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2002A. Hugoson Abstract Background: Clinical observations and epidemiological studies suggest that experiences of negative life events, especially those manifested as depression, may contribute to an increased susceptibility to periodontal disease. Objective: In the present study, the prevalence of some negative life events and psychological factors and their relation to periodontal disease were investigated. The sample consisted of individuals 50,80 years of age from an extensive cross-sectional epidemiological study performed in 1993 in the city of Jönköping, Sweden. Method: 298 dentate individuals from the Jönköping study were randomly selected. Clinical and radiographic examinations included registration of the number of existing teeth, plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, and alveolar bone loss. In addition, a questionnaire about socioeconomic status, life events, and psychological and stress-related factors was used. Results: The results revealed that, in addition to the well-documented periodontal disease risk factors such as increased age, oral hygiene status, and smoking, the loss of a spouse (being a widow or widower) and the personality trait of exercising extreme external control were also associated with severe periodontal disease. Conclusion: The findings support recent studies suggesting that traumatic life events such as the loss of a spouse may increase the risk for periodontal disease. Above all, the present results indicate that an individual's ability to cope with stressful stimuli (coping behavior), as measured by the beliefs of locus of control of reinforcements may play a role in the progression of periodontal disease. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Klinische Beobachtungen und epidemiologische Studien legen den Schluss nahe, dass negative Ereignisse im Laufe des Lebens, insbesondere solche, die sich in Depression manifestieren, zu einer erhöhten Empfänglichkeit für Parodontitis beitragen. Zielsetzung: Untersuchung der Prävalenz von negativen Ereignissen im Lebenslauf sowie psychologischen Faktoren und deren Beziehung zu Parodontalerkrankungen in einer Population im Alter zwischen 50 und 80 Jahren, die im Rahmen einer extensiven epidemiologischen Querschnittsstudie im Jahre 1993 in der Stadt Jönköping in Schweden untersucht worden war. Material und Methoden: 298 bezahnte Personen wurden randomisiert aus der Jönköping-Studie ausgewählt. Die klinischen und röntgenologischen Untersuchungen umfassten die Erhebung der vorhandenen Zähne, der Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Sondierungstiefen und alveolärem Knochenabbau. Zusätzlich wurden durch Befragung sozioökonomischer Status, Lebensereignisse sowie psychologische und stressbezogene Faktoren erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die Resultate ergaben, dass zusätzlich zu den bekannten Parodontitisrisikofaktoren wit Alter, Mundhygienestatus und Rauchen der Verlust des Ehepartners, also eine Witwe oder ein Witwer zu sein, und das Persönlichkeitsmuster extreme externe Kontrolle auszuüben, mit schwerer Parodontitis assoziiert waren. Schlussfolgerungn: Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen neuere Studien, die Hinweise dafür gegeben haben, dass traumatische Lebensereignisse wie der Verlust eines Ehenpartners das Risiko an Parodontitis zu erkranken erhöhen. Darüber hinaus legen die Ergebnisse den Schluss nahe, dass die individuelle Fähigkeit mit Stress umzugehen (Coping), die in dieser Studie durch die Erfragung der Überzeugung über die Lokalisation der Kontrolle von Verstärkungen erfasst wurde, eine Rolle in der Progression der Parodontitis spielen. Résumé Origine: Des observations cliniques et des études épidémiologiques suggèrent que des évènements négatifs, particulièrement ceux manifestés par une dépression, puisse contribuer à une susceptibilité augmentée à la maladie parodontale. But: Dans cette étude, la prévalence de ces évènements négatifs et les facteurs psychologiques et leurs relations avec la maladie parodontale ont été recherchés. L'échantillon était composé de personnes âgées de 50 à 80 ans issues d'une étude épidémiologique extensive croisée réalisé en 1993 dans la ville de Jonkoping en Suède. Méthode: 298 individus dentés de cette étude furent sélectionnés au hasard. Les examens cliniques et radiographiques comprenaient l'enregistrement du nombre de dents présentes, l'indice de plaque, l'indice gingival, la profondeur de poche et la perte osseuse alvéolaire. De plus, un questionnaire sur le statut socio économique, les évènements de la vie et les facteurs psychologiques en relation avec le stress, fut utilisé. Résultats: Les résultats montrèrent qu'en plus des facteurs de risque bien documentés de maladie parodontale comme l'âge, l'hygiène orale et le tabagisme, la perte d'un époux (que l'on soit veuf ou veuve) et le trait de personnalité de pouvoir exercer un contrôle externe extrême étaient aussi associés avec une maladie parodontale sévère. Conclusion: Ces résultats soutiennent de récentes études qui suggèrent que des évènements traumatisant de la vie quotidienne comme la perte d'un époux puisse augmenter le risque pour la maladie parodontale. Par-dessus tout, ces résultats indiquent que la capacité d'un individu à gérer des stimuli stressants, (comportement gestionnel), mesurés par les convictions de contrôle des renforcements pourrait jouer un rôle dans la progression de la maladie parodontale. [source] Oral health and cardiovascular disease in SwedenJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Results of a national questionnaire survey Abstract Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the relation between dental health and cardiovascular disease in an adult Swedish population. Material and method: A questionnaire was sent to 4811 randomly selected Swedes. It contained 52 questions about dental care habits, oral health, cardiovascular disease and their socio-economic situation. Odd ratios for all cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the subgroup myocardial infarction, stroke and high blood pressure were calculated with a logistic regression model adjusted for age, gender, smoking, income, civil status and education. These ratios were calculated for subjects 41 years since few people suffer from CVD before this. Results: The national questionnaire was answered by 2839 (59%) people between 20,84 years of age and, of them, 1577 were 41 years of age or more. We found a significant association between self-reported bleeding gums (odds ratio 1.60, p=0.0017), presence of dentures (odds ratio 1.57, p=0.0076) and known CVD, which has also been reported in international studies. However, no association between loose teeth, deep pockets and known CVD was detected. Conclusion: The results indicate that oral health and, especially gingival inflammation is associated with CVD. Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: Untersuchung des Zusammenhanges von oraler Gesundheit und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen in einer Population schwedischer Erwachsener. Material und Methoden: Ein Fragebogen wurden an 4811 zufällig ausgewählten Schweden verschickt. Er enthielt 52 Fragen zu Zahnhygienegewohnheiten, Mundhygiene, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und sozioökonomischem Status. Odds Ratios (OR) für alle kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen (KVE) und für die Untergruppen Myocardinfarkt, Schlaganfall sowie Bluthochdruck wurden mit einem logistischen Regressionsmodell berechnet, das für Alter, Geschlecht, Rauchen, Einkommen, sozialen Status und Ausbildung korrigiert war. Dies erfolgte für Personen 41 Jahre, da jüngere Individuen selten an KVE leiden. Ergebnisse: Der Fragebogen wurde von 2839 Personen (59%) im Alter zwischen 20 und 84 Jahren beantwortet, von denen 1577,41 Jahre oder älter waren. Es ergab sich eine signifikante Assoziation zwischen von den Patienten berichtetem Zahnfleischbluten (OR 1.60, p=0.0017) sowie Vorhandensein von Prothesen (OR 1.57, p=0.0076) und bekannter KVE. Allerdings konnte keine Assoziation zwischen lockeren Zähnen bzw tiefen Taschen und bekannter KVE gefunden werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen oraler Gesundheit, speziell gingivaler Entzündung, und KVE besteht. Résumé But: Le but de cette étude était de mettre en évidence la relation entre la santé dentaire et la maladie cardiovasculaire dans une population suédoise adulte. Matériaux et méthodes: Un questionnaire fut adresséà 4811 suédois sélectionnés au hasard. Il contenait 52 questions sur les habitudes de soins dentaires, la santé orale, la maladie cadiovasculaire et leur situation socio-économique. L'odds-ratio pour toutes les maladies cardiovasculaires (CVD) et le sous-groupe d'infarctus du myocarde, d'attaque et d'hypertension, fut calculé par un modèle de régression logistique ajusté pour l'âge, le sexe, le tabagisme, le revenu, l'état civil et le niveau d'éductation. Ces odds-ratio furent calculés pour les sujets de plus de 41 ans, puisque peu de gens souffrent de CVD avant cet âge. Resultats: 2839 (59%) personnes entre 20 et 84 ans, parmi lesquelles 1577 étaient âges d'au moins 41 ans répondirent à ce questionnaire national. Nous avons trouvé une association significative entre les saignement gingivaux (décrits par les sondés euxmêmes) (odds-ratio 1.60, p<0.0017), la présence de prothèse amovible (odds ratio 1.57, p=0.0076) et une CVD reconnu, ce qui a étéégalement rapporté dans les études internationales. Cependant, aucune association entre les dents perdues, la profondeur de poche et une CVD connue ne fut détectée. Conclusion: Les résultats indiquent que la santé orale et particulièrement l'inflammation gingivale est associée avec les CVD. [source] The diapause decision as a cascade switch for adaptive developmental plasticity in body mass in a butterflyJOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2010K. GOTTHARD Abstract Switch-induced developmental plasticity, such as the diapause decision in insects, is a major form of adaptation to variable environments. As individuals that follow alternative developmental pathways will experience different selective environments the diapause decision may evolve to a cascade switch that induces additional adaptive developmental differences downstream of the diapause decision. Here, we show that individuals following alternative developmental pathways in a Swedish population of the butterfly, Pararge aegeria, display differential optimization of adult body mass as a likely response to predictable differences in thermal conditions during reproduction. In a more northern population where this type of selection is absent no similar difference in adult mass among pathways was found. We conclude that the diapause decision in the southern population appears to act as a cascade switch, coordinating development downstream of the diapause decision, to produce adult phenotypes adapted to the typical thermal conditions of their expected reproductive period. [source] Urinary iodine and thyroid volume in a Swedish populationJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2004M. Milakovic Abstract. Objective., To evaluate the present efficacy of an iodine supplementation programme working in Sweden since 1936 by studying the iodine excretion in urine and determining the thyroid volume in a population in a semi-rural community. Design., A cross-sectional population screening comprising three age groups with randomly selected individuals: group 1 (children): 7,9 years, n = 61 (invited 70); group 2 (teenagers): 15,17 years, n = 61 (invited 63), and group 3 (adults): 60,65 years; n = 57 (invited 73). Main measurements., Urinary iodine was measured spectrophotometrically; thyroid volume by ultrasonography. Results., The median values for urinary iodine concentration in the three age groups were 194 ,g L,1, 246 ,g L,1 and 190 ,g L,1, respectively, indicating an adequate iodine intake. In the 7,9 year olds, the median value of the thyroid volume was 4.7 mL, which coincides with the recently established upper limit of normal children of that age, 4.0,4.8 mL (ICCIDD, International Council for control iodine deficiency disorders). One eight-year-old boy had a pronounced goiter. Four teenagers and one adult were found to have an enlarged thyroid gland according to earlier established reference volumes (15 years >16 mL; adults > 25 mL). Conclusion., We conclude that the iodine intake in our region is sufficient in age groups ranging from young children to pre-retirement adults. [source] Large differences in serum leptin levels between nonwesternized and westernized populations: the Kitava studyJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2001S. Lindeberg Abstract.,Lindeberg S, Söderberg S, Ahrén B, Olsson T (Lund University; and Umeå University, Malmö, Sweden). Large differences in serum leptin levels between nonwesternized and westernized populations: the Kitava study. J Intern Med 2001; 249: 553,558. Objectives.,To compare serum leptin between nonwesternized and westernized populations. Setting., (i) The tropical island of Kitava, Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea and (ii) the Northern Sweden MONICA study population. Design.,Cross-sectional survey. Methods.,Fasting levels of serum leptin were analysed in 163 randomly selected Kitavans aged 20,86 years and in 224 Swedes aged 25,74. Main outcome measures.,Mean and determinants of serum leptin. Results.,Geometric mean of serum leptin in Kitavan males and females were 1.5 and 4.0 vs. 4.9 and 13.8 ng mL,1 in Swedish male and females (P < 0.0001 for both sexes). In Kitavans, observed geometric mean were close to predicted levels (1.8 ng mL,1 for males and 4.5 ng mL,1 for females) based on multiple linear regression equations including body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfolds (TSF) and age from the Swedish population-based sample. In Kitavans serum leptin was positively related to TSF amongst both sexes and, amongst females, to BMI. In Kitavans leptin was not related to fasting serum insulin. TSF explained 55% of the variation of leptin amongst females. There was a slight age-related increase of leptin amongst males. In Kitava leptin was not related to fasting serum insulin which was substantially lower than in Sweden. Conclusion.,The low concentrations of serum leptin amongst Kitavans probably relates to the absence of overweight and hyperinsulinaemia. At a population level serum leptin can apparently be predicted from simple measures of adiposity. [source] A long-term follow-up study on the natural course of oral leukoplakia in a Swedish population-based sampleJOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 2 2007A. Roosaar Aim:, To assess the natural course of screening-detected oral leukoplakia (OL) among non-consulting individuals. Methods:, A cohort of 555 individuals with OL, confirmed in 1973,1974 during a population-based survey, were followed through January 2002 via record linkages with nationwide and essentially complete registers. A sample of 104 drawn from the 297 surviving cohort members who still were living in the area in 1993,1995 was invited to a re-examination. Sixty-seven of them attended. Results:, At the time of re-examination OL had disappeared in 29 (43%) individuals. There was a statistically significant association between cessation of/no smoking habits in 1993,1995 and the disappearance of OL. Never/previous daily smokers were thus over-represented among individuals whose OL had disappeared compared to those with persisting OL [n = 23 (82%) vs. n = 18 (47%), P < 0.01]. Eighteen (78%) of the twenty three non-smokers with disappearing OL had quit after the initial examination. One man and two women developed oral cancer during follow-up while 0.7 and 0.07, respectively, were expected. Conclusion:, Smoking cessation was associated with an increased disappearance of OL. Hence, at least one-fourth had lesions that could be classified as tobacco-related. Small observed and expected numbers prohibited firm conclusions about a possible excess risk of developing oral cancer. [source] On the natural course of oral lichen lesions in a Swedish population-based sampleJOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 5 2006A. Roosaar Objectives:, The aim was to assess the natural course of oral lichen lesions (OLL) among unselected, non-consulting individuals. Subjects and methods:, A cohort of 327 subjects with OLL, confirmed in 1973,1974 during a population-based survey in two Swedish municipalities, was followed through January 2002 via record linkages with nationwide and essentially complete registers. A sample of 80 drawn from the 194 surviving subjects who still resided in the area in 1993,1995 was invited for interview and oral re-examination. Results:, At the end of follow-up, one case of oral cancer was detected, while 0.4 were expected. The overall mortality among subjects with OLL was not significantly different from that in the 15 817 OLL-free subjects who participated in the initial population based survey in 1973,1974. The lesion had disappeared in 14 (39%) of 36 re-examined subjects with white OLLs in 1973,1974, and four (11%) had transformed into red types. In the corresponding group of 19 with red forms initially, five (26%) had become lesion free and four (21%) had switched to white types. Although the cohort size does not permit firm conclusions regarding oral cancer risk, the natural course over up to 30 years appears to be benign in the great majority. [source] Incidence and risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with verified arterial thrombosis: a population study based on 23 796 consecutive autopsiesJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 9 2006Å. ELIASSON Summary.,Background:,The relationship between atherothrombotic disease and venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains unclear. Patients and methods:,In a cohort of 23 796 consecutive autopsies, performed using a standardized procedure and representing 84% of all in-hospital deaths between 1970 and 1982 in an urban Swedish population, we investigated the relationship between verified arterial thrombosis and VTE, with the hypothesis that patients with thrombosis in major artery segments have increased odds of VTE. Results:,We found an increased risk of VTE in patients with arterial thrombosis (Odds ratio; OR adjusted for gender and age 1.4, 95% confidence interval; CI 1.3,1.5) (P < 0.001). Patients with cervico-cranial and peripheral artery thrombosis had an excess risk even when controlling for age and major concomitant diseases. A negative association between coronary thrombosis and VTE in the univariate analysis (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.6,0.8) (P < 0.001), was less pronounced in the multivariate analysis (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7,1.0) (P = 0.016). Conclusions:,A positive association between atherothrombosis and VTE was confirmed, except in patients with coronary thrombosis, where IHD as competing death cause is a possible confounder. Our findings indicate a potential for directed prevention, but may also imply similarities in etiology. [source] Duodenal mastocytosis, eosinophilia and intraepithelial lymphocytosis as possible disease markers in the irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsiaALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 7 2009M. M. WALKER Summary Background, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD) are common functional disorders without defined pathology. Mast cells and eosinophils interact with T lymphocytes and may alter enteric nerve and smooth muscle function. Aim, To examine mast cell, eosinophil and intraepithelial lymphocyte populations in duodenal biopsies of subjects with IBS and FD. Methods, A random sample of an adult Swedish population (n = 1001; mean age 54 years; 51% female) underwent upper endoscopy and biopsy; 51 cases with FD and 41 cases with IBS were compared with 48 randomly selected controls. Eosinophils were identified by light microscopy; mast cells by immunocytochemistry (CD117). Intraepithelial lymphocytes were counted per 100 enterocytes. Cell counts were quantified by counting the number per high power field (HPF) in 5HPFs in the bulb (D1) and second part of duodenum (D2), summed over 5HPFs at each site. Results, Cases and controls showed similar demographics. Compared to controls, IELs in IBS-constipation were significantly increased (P = 0.005). Mast cells were significantly increased in IBS in D2 (P < 0.001), while eosinophils were significantly increased in FD in D1 and D2 (P < 0.001). Conclusion, Duodenal mast cell hyperplasia is linked to IBS and eosinophilia to FD, and duodenal biopsy may identify subsets of these disorders. [source] Phenotypes, serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility of Swedish Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates from periodontitis and periodontal abscessesMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007G. Dahlén This study was conducted to reveal phenotypic, serological subtypes and antibiotic susceptibility among fresh isolates of Porphyromonas gingivalis in a Swedish population with periodontitis and periodontal abscess. Fifty-five subgingival strains were isolated and tentatively designated as P. gingivalis from 55 consecutive paper-point samples taken from 51 patients with periodontitis (at least one site with >6-mm pocket depth) in Sweden and were sent in for microbiological evaluation. Eight P. gingivalis strains from periodontal abscesses were also included. Four P. gingivalis strains served as reference and another four type strains were included. The strains were characterized by colony morphology, biochemical tests, enzyme profile, gas,liquid chromatography and antibiotic susceptibility. The strains were further characterized for whole cell protein profiles using sodium dodecyl sulphate,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS,PAGE) and were identified to serotype by specific monoclonal antibodies. Among the 55 P. gingivalis strains 35 had smooth (S), 13 rough (R) and seven semi-rough colony morphologies. All strains were phenotypically homogeneous in biochemical tests, enzyme profile and antibiotic susceptibility. All strains produced phenylacetic acid and , -fucosidase. Almost all (96%) of the subgingival strains, but relatively fewer (62%) of the abscess strains, belonged to serotype A. Two subgingival and three abscess strains were classified as serotype B. No specific SDS,PAGE protein profiles were recorded for the two serotypes. The P. gingivalis strains from Swedish periodontitis cases showed homogeneity in terms of biochemical phenotypes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The strains fell into two serotypes, of which serotype A predominated in the periodontitis cases and serotype B was overrepresented in periodontal abscesses. [source] The new Swedish Prescribed Drug Register,Opportunities for pharmacoepidemiological research and experience from the first six months,PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 7 2007Björn Wettermark M.Sc.Pharm Abstract Purpose To describe the content and potentials of the new Swedish national register on prescribed and dispensed medicines. Methods The Swedish Prescribed Drug Register contains information about age, sex and unique identifier of the patient as well as the prescriber's profession and practice. Information regarding drug utilization and expenditures for prescribed drugs in the entire Swedish population was extracted from the first six months July,December 2005 and compared with total drug sales in the country including OTC and hospital use. Results The total quantity of drugs sold in Sweden was 2666 million DDDs, corresponding to 1608 DDD/1000 inhabitants daily. The total expenditures were 1.6 billion Euro. The prescribed drugs, included in the register, accounted for 84% of the total utilization and 77% of the total expenditures. About half of all men and two-thirds of all women in the country purchased drugs. The proportion increased by age. The most common drugs for chronic treatment were diuretics among women (8.8% of the population) and antithrombotic agents among men (7.6%). Psychotropic drugs, corticosteroids and analgesics were more common among women, while men used antithrombotic agents, antidiabetic drugs, lipid lowering agents and ACE inhibitors to a greater extent. Conclusions The new register provides valuable data on exposure to drugs and is useful to study patterns of drug utilization. The possibilities for record linkage to other health registers gives from an international perspective good opportunities to explore drug and disease associations and the risks, benefits, effectiveness and health economical effects of drug use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Trends during a half century in relative squamous cell carcinoma distribution by body site in the Swedish population: Support for accumulated sun exposure as the main risk factorTHE JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Henrik DAL ABSTRACT There is a strong relationship between squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and exposure to ultraviolet radiation in terms of accumulated exposure. In this study, data from the Swedish Cancer Registry are surveyed to discern a reflection of behavioral and societal changes in relative distribution of SCC by body site. Data for the time period 1960,2004, including a total of 66 221 cases (56 669 people) were analyzed by body site for age and gender cohorts. The age-standardized (European population) incidence per 100 000 of SCC in the year 2004 was 30.4 in males and 15.4 in females. In the year 1960, the corresponding incidences were 7.7 and 3.8; that is, SCC has become four times more frequent in Sweden for both sexes during this period. The standardized incidence of SCC increased on all body sites except eyelids (men and women) and ears (women). Head tumors dominated among patients aged 70 years or more and diagnosed 1960,1964. Among patients less than 70 years old at diagnosis in 2000,2004, tumors of the trunk and limbs dominated. A relative increase of tumors of the scalp and neck was observed in all age groups (men), and of tumors of the trunk and upper limbs in all age groups and both sexes except among patients aged more than 90 years of age. In contrast, a relative decrease of tumors on the face (including the ears) was seen in all age groups. The relative increase of SCC of the trunk and upper limbs is a plausible reflection of intentional tanning. [source] Population Structure in Contemporary Sweden,A Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA AnalysisANNALS OF HUMAN GENETICS, Issue 1 2009T. Lappalainen Summary A population sample representing the current Swedish population was analysed for maternally and paternally inherited markers with the aim of characterizing genetic variation and population structure. The sample set of 820 females and 883 males were extracted and amplified from Guthrie cards of all the children born in Sweden during one week in 2003. 14 Y-chromosomal and 34 mitochondrial DNA SNPs were genotyped. The haplogroup frequencies of the counties closest to Finland, Norway, Denmark and the Saami region in the north exhibited similarities to the neighbouring populations, resulting from the formation of the Swedish nation during the past millennium. Moreover, the recent immigration waves of the 20th century are visible in haplogroup frequencies, and have led to increased diversity and divergence of the major cities. Signs of genetic drift can be detected in several counties in northern as well as in southern Sweden. With the exception of the most drifted subpopulations, the population structure in Sweden appears mostly clinal. In conclusion, our study yielded valuable information of the structure of the Swedish population, and demonstrated the usefulness of biobanks as a source of population genetic research. Our sampling strategy, nonselective on the current population rather than stratified according to ancestry, is informative for capturing the contemporary variation in the increasingly panmictic populations of the world. [source] No increased occurrence of ischemic heart disease prior to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis: Results from two Swedish population-based rheumatoid arthritis cohortsARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 10 2009Marie E. Holmqvist Objective To investigate the relative importance of shared etiologies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) in terms of the well-known increased risk of IHD in patients with RA, by assessing the occurrence of IHD up until the time of the onset of the first symptoms of RA. Methods We assessed the prevalence of a history of IHD, myocardial infarction (MI), and angina pectoris before the onset of RA symptoms in 2 large population-based case,control studies. Patients with newly diagnosed RA according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology were included as cases. We used data from the Swedish Early Arthritis Register study and the Swedish Epidemiologic Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis case,control study and from general population controls. Information on IHD, MI, and angina pectoris was obtained from the nationwide Hospital Discharge Register and from self reports. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to compare the prevalence of a history of IHD/MI/angina pectoris among patients with RA with that among population controls. Results We could not detect any increased occurrence of IHD, MI, or angina pectoris before the onset of symptoms of RA, regardless of whether data on IHD were obtained from the Hospital Discharge Register or were self reported. As detected in the Hospital Discharge Register, the OR for IHD overall was 1.0 (95% CI 0.9,1.1), the OR for MI was 1.0 (95% CI 0.9,1.1), and the OR for angina pectoris was 1.0 (95% CI 0.9,1.2). Conclusion Shared risk factors or susceptibilities for RA and IHD are likely to contribute less than RA-related factors to the increased occurrence of IHD in patients with manifest RA. Nonetheless, the existence of shared factors associated with longer latency until the occurrence of IHD cannot be excluded. [source] Investigation of the MHC2TA gene, associated with rheumatoid arthritis in a Swedish population, in a UK rheumatoid arthritis cohortARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 11 2006Stephen Eyre Objective A recent study of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) showed an association with a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping to the promoter region of the MHC2TA gene on chromosome 16p13 in a Swedish population. Interestingly, evidence for linkage to this region has been detected previously in a subgroup of UK RA families carrying 2 copies of shared epitope (SE) alleles. Therefore, we undertook this study to investigate the association of the MHC2TA gene promoter with RA in a UK Caucasian population. Methods Association with 5 SNPs spanning the promoter region of the MHC2TA gene was investigated in 813 UK RA patients and 532 population controls. Association with a functional putative RA-causal polymorphism (,168*G/A [rs3087456]) was tested in a total of 1,401 UK RA patients and 2,475 controls. Genotyping was performed using a Sequenom MassArray platform. Estimated haplotype frequencies were generated using the expectation-maximization algorithm and compared between patients and controls. Results All SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No evidence for association was found, either with the putative RA-causal polymorphism (,168*G/A) or with the other SNPs tested. Haplotype analysis revealed extensive linkage disequilibrium across the promoter region but no evidence for association. Stratifying the data set by carriage of SE alleles did not alter the conclusions. Conclusion A functional polymorphism of the MHC2TA gene locus previously associated with RA in a European population has not been associated with RA in a UK population. These findings do not provide support for the notion that this gene plays a major role in the etiology of RA. [source] A prospective longitudinal population-based study of clinical miscarriage in an urban Swedish populationBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 2 2008F Blohm Objective, To describe the incidence of clinical miscarriage and to investigate the factors influencing the occurrence of clinical miscarriage. Design, Prospective study with both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. Setting, City of Göteborg, Sweden. Population, Population-based study in cohorts of 19-year-old women followed longitudinally. Main outcome measures, Incidence of miscarriage and pregnancy outcome. Material and methods, A postal questionnaire was sent to women born in 1962 and resident in the city of Göteborg in 1981 (n= 656) regarding pregnancy outcome, clinical miscarriage and other reproductive health factors. Responders in 1981 were contacted again and requested to answer a similar questionnaire every fifth year up to 2001. The same process was repeated in 1991 with women born in 1972 (n= 780) with follow up of these responders in 1996 and 2001. A third cohort of 19-year-old women born in 1982 (n= 666) was interviewed in 2001. The self-reported pregnancy data were verified from hospital files. Results, Complete data were available for 341 women born in 1962 and assessed up to the age of 39 years (ever pregnant, n= 320, 94%). There were in total 887 pregnancies (live birth, n= 590, 67%; miscarriage, n= 108, 12%; legal abortion, n= 173, 20% and ectopic pregnancy, n= 16, 2%). Of the 320 ,ever pregnant' women, 80 women (25%) had experienced a miscarriage. 76.3% had experienced one miscarriage, 16.3% had two miscarriages and 7.4% had three or more miscarriages. The clinical miscarriage rates in women at different ages were as follows: 20,24 years 13.5%, 25,29 years 12.3%, 30,34 years 10.3% and 35,39 years 17.5%. The corresponding miscarriage rate in the 1972 cohort followed from 19 to 29 years of age was 11%, and in the 1982 cohort assessed at 19 years of age, the miscarriage rate was 9%. No risk factor for miscarriage could be reliably identified. Conclusions, Clinical miscarriage constituted 12% of all pregnancies, and one in four women who had been pregnant up to 39 years of age had experienced a miscarriage. Three or more miscarriages were experienced by 7.4%. The occurrence of a miscarriage was not influenced by the order of the pregnancy. [source] Risk factors for uterine rupture and neonatal consequences of uterine rupture: a population-based study of successive pregnancies in SwedenBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 10 2007M Kaczmarczyk Objective, Uterine rupture is a rare but a catastrophic event. The aim of the present study was to explore the risk factors for uterine rupture and associated neonatal morbidity and mortality among a cohort of Swedish women attempting vaginal birth in their second delivery. Design, Population-based cohort study. Setting, Sweden. Population, A total of 300 200 Swedish women delivering two single consecutive births between 1983 and 2001. Methods, Swedish population-based registers were used to obtain information concerning demographics, pregnancy and birth characteristics, and neonatal outcomes. Logistic regression was used to analyse potential risk factors for uterine rupture and risk of neonatal mortality associated with uterine rupture. Odds ratios were used to estimate relative risks using 95% CI. Main outcome measure, Uterine rupture and neonatal mortality in the second pregnancy. Results, Compared with women who delivered vaginally in their first birth, women who underwent a caesarean delivery were, during their second delivery, at increased risk of uterine rupture (adjusted OR 41.79; 95% CI 29.73,57.00). Induction of labour, high (,4000 g) birthweight, postterm (,42 weeks) births, high (,35 years) maternal age, and short (,164 cm) maternal stature were also associated with increased risk of uterine rupture. Uterine rupture was associated with a substantially increased risk in neonatal mortality (adjusted OR 65.62; 95% CI 32.60,132.08). Conclusion, The risk of uterine rupture in subsequent deliveries is not only markedly increased among women with a previous caesarean delivery but also influenced by induction of labour, birthweight, gestational age, and maternal characteristics. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||