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Successful Eradication (successful + eradication)
Selected AbstractsPREDICTIVE VALUE OF ENDOSCOPY AND ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR REGRESSION OF GASTRIC DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMAS AFTER HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATIONDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 4 2009Akira Tari Background:, Some gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphomas have been reported to regress completely after the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphomas without any detectable mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma that went into complete remission after successful H. pylori eradication. Patients and Methods:, We examined the effect of H. pylori eradication in 15 H. pylori -positive gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients without any evidence of an associated MALT lymphoma (clinical stage I by the Lugano classification) by endoscopic examination including biopsies, endoscopic ultrasonography, computed tomography, and bone marrow aspiration. Results:,H. pylori eradication was successful in all the patients and complete remission was achieved in four patients whose clinical stage was I. By endoscopic examination, these gastric lesions appeared to be superficial. The depth by endoscopic ultrasonography was restricted to the mucosa in two patients and to the shallow portion of the submucosa in the other two patients. All four patients remained in complete remission for 7,100 months. Conclusion:, In gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphomas without a concomitant MALT lymphoma but associated with H. pylori infection, only superficial cases and lesions limited to the shallow portion of the submucosa regressed completely after successful H. pylori eradication. The endoscopic appearance and the rating of the depth of invasion by endosonography are both valuable for predicting the efficacy of H. pylori eradication in treating gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. [source] Association of erosive esophagitis with Helicobacter pylori eradication: a role of salivary bicarbonate and glycoprotein secretionDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 4 2009D. B. Namiot SUMMARY In some populations, Helicobacter pylori eradication is associated with development of erosive esophagitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of salivary bicarbonate and glycoprotein secretion to the pathogenesis of erosive esophagitis developing after H. pylori eradication. Gastroscopy and saliva collection were performed at recruitment and 12 months after completion of eradication therapy. Eighty-eight patients with duodenal ulcer were recruited to the study. Erosive esophagitis was found in 13 patients (grade A, 8 patients; grade B, 4 patients; grade C, 1 patient). Among the 74 subjects who completed the study, erosive esophagitis was detected in 21 patients (grade A, 15 patients; grade B, 6 patients); they all were successfully eradicated. Bicarbonate and glycoprotein secretion was not found to differ significantly between the subjects with and without erosive esophagitis both before and 1 year after H. pylori eradication. However, it was lower in H. pylori -infected (baseline) than in H. pylori -noninfected erosive esophagitis subjects (1 year after successful eradication) (bicarbonate 2.34 [1.29,3.40)]vs. 3.64 [2.70,4.58]µmol/min and glycoprotein 0.23 [0.15,0.31]vs. 0.35 [0.28,0.43] mg/min, P= 0.04 and P= 0.04, respectively). We conclude that changes in salivary bicarbonate and glycoprotein secretion related to H. pylori eradication do not promote the development of erosive esophagitis in duodenal ulcer patients. [source] A pleasing consequence of Norway rat eradication: two shrew species recoverDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 3 2005Michel Pascal ABSTRACT Four to 10 years after the successful eradication of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) from three islands of the Sept,Îles Archipelago and one in the Molène Archipelago (Brittany, France), the abundance index of the lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) increased by factors of 7,25, depending on the island and the year. Moreover, in the same region, the abundance index of the greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula) on Tomé Island increased by factors of 9 and 17, one and two years after the Norway rat eradication, respectively. The maximum variation of the abundance index for the lesser white-toothed shrew during seven years on the rat-free island of Béniguet in the same region was a factor of only 2.5. Moreover, the distribution of the lesser white-toothed shrew on Bono island, restricted before the eradication to two steep areas with few rats, increased and encompassed virtually the entire island four years after rats disappeared. These results suggest strong detrimental interactions between the introduced Norway rat and the two Crocidura shrew species on temperate oceanic islands. However, our data do not indicate the ecological mechanisms at work in these interactions. The main reason this shrew recovery was detected after rat eradication was the inclusion in the eradication protocol of the evaluation of impacts on the local biota of eliminating alien species. The rigor of the sampling procedure was also crucial to this discovery. This example demonstrates that an eradication operation can be extremely useful for both scientists and managers if it is planned as a research project. [source] Pharmacoeconomics of Gastrointestinal Drug Utilisation Prior and Post Helicobacter pylori EradicationHELICOBACTER, Issue 1 2004Rogier M. Klok ABSTRACT Background., Eradication of Helicobacter pylori prevents recurrence of peptic ulcer. In pharmacoeconomic analyses it is often presumed that after successful eradication no more gastrointestinal drugs are used. We investigated this presumed positive monetary effect using General Practitioners prescribing data, including information in diagnosis. Methods., From the RNG-database we identified patients with a H. pylori eradication in the years 1997,2000. H. pylori eradication was defined as a prescription of two antibiotics and one gastrointestinal drug on the same day. Patients were divided into a group with diagnosed ulcers and a group without diagnosed ulcers. Gastrointestinal drug costs were calculated for 4 months prior to eradication and 9,12 months post eradication. For comparison costs in all periods were expressed per patient per period. For statistical analysis the paired t -test was used. Results., One hundred and two patients were eligible for evaluation. Of these patients 35 had a diagnosed ulcer and 67 had not. Generally the number of patients on gastrointestinal drugs decreased (61% prior vs. 33% post), however, the drug costs did not change (,33 prior vs. ,34 post). Costs for proton pump inhibitors increased post eradication (,14 prior vs. ,28 post). The ulcer and nonulcer group showed similar results. Conclusion.,Helicobacter pylori eradication is thought to be cost effective, however, we did not find a decrease in costs for all gastrointestinal drugs. There may be a great pharmacoeconomical advantage when it is possible to predict which patients are more likely to ,fail' eradication therapy. [source] The Effect of Helicobacter pylori Infection on Levels of DNA Damage in Gastric Epithelial CellsHELICOBACTER, Issue 5 2002S. M. Everett Abstract Background.Helicobacter pylori infection leads to an increased risk of developing gastric cancer. The mechanism through which this occurs is not known. We aimed to determine the effect of H. pylori and gastritis on levels of DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells. Methods. Epithelial cells were isolated from antral biopsies from 111 patients. DNA damage was determined using single cell gel electrophoresis and the proportion of cells with damage calculated before and 6 weeks after eradication of H. pylori. Cell suspensions generated by sequential digestions of the same biopsies were assayed to determine the effect of cell position within the gastric pit on DNA damage. Results. DNA damage was significantly higher in normal gastric mucosa than in H. pylori gastritis [median (interquartile range) 65% (58.5,75.8), n = 18 and 21% (11.9,29.8), n = 65, respectively, p < .001]. Intermediate levels were found in reactive gastritis [55.5% (41.3,71.7), n = 13] and H. pylori negative chronic gastritis [50.5% (36.3,60.0), n = 15]. DNA damage rose 6 weeks after successful eradication of H. pylori[to 39.5% (26.3,51.0), p = .007] but was still lower than in normal mucosa. Chronic inflammation was the most important histological factor that determined DNA damage. DNA damage fell with increasing digestion times (r = ,.92 and ,.88 for normal mucosa and H. pylori gastritis, respectively). Conclusions. Lower levels of DNA damage in cells isolated from H. pylori infected gastric biopsies may be a reflection of increased cell turnover in H. pylori gastritis. The investigation of mature gastric epithelial cells for DNA damage is unlikely to elucidate the mechanisms underlying gastric carcinogenesis. [source] Maintenance therapy with H2 -receptor antagonist until assessment of Helicobacter pylori eradication can reduce recurrence of peptic ulcer after successful eradication of the organism: prospective randomized controlled trialJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 6 2006KAZUNARI MURAKAMI Abstract Purpose:, This study examined the possible relationship between peptic ulcer recurrence and the presence or absence of maintenance therapy with an H2 -receptor antagonist performed until evaluation of Helicobacter pylori eradication. Methods:, The subjects were 483 patients with peptic ulcer (281 gastric ulcer and 202 duodenal ulcer) who were diagnosed as H. pylori positive. After receiving eradication therapy for H. pylori, patients were allocated at random to one of three different maintenance therapies: control group (no maintenance therapy), H2 -receptor antagonist half-dose group, and H2 -receptor antagonist full-dose group. The maintenance therapy was performed for 4 weeks until evaluation of H. pylori eradication. Results:, Among the 25 patients with a recurrent ulcer, 18 patients (72%) had a recurrence at the time of or before evaluation of H. pylori eradication. In the control group, the rate of ulcer recurrence occurring before evaluation of H. pylori eradication was 10.5% (14/133). This rate was significantly higher than those in the H2 -receptor antagonist half-dose group (2.9%, 4/136) and the full-dose group (0%, 0/135). Conclusion:, The results of this study suggest that maintenance therapy with an H2 -receptor antagonist performed after eradication therapy until evaluation of H. pylori eradication is likely to greatly reduce the ulcer recurrence rate without affecting evaluation of H. pylori eradication. [source] Anti- Helicobacter pylori therapy in India: Differences in eradication efficiency associated with particular alleles of vacuolating cytotoxin (vacA) geneJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 2 2003SUJIT CHAUDHURI Abstract Background and Aims:, The efficiency of Helicobacter pylori eradication varies geographically, as do many parameters that might affect therapeutic efficiency, including bacterial genotype. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficiency of H. pylori eradication using a 10-day proton pump inhibitor-based triple-therapy regimen (omeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxycillin) in an eastern Indian patient population, and to find out the relationship, if any, of the success or failure of the therapy to known features of bacterial genotype. Methods,Helicobacter pylori infections were analyzed in 66 duodenal ulcer patients by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, rapid urease tests, histology and culture. The cytotoxin-associated gene (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin (vacA) gene status of cultured strains were studied by polymerase chain reaction. Treatment was given for 10 days and endoscopy was repeated at 4 and 12 weeks post therapy to monitor ulcer healing and H. pylori eradication. Results:, Ulcer healing was observed in 60 patients (96.77%). Helicobacter pylori was eradicated in 41 (62.12% intention to treat, 66.13% per protocol) of the 66 duodenal ulcer patients, but not in the other 25. The bacteria from 47 patients were genotyped. The only significant disease-associated difference in patterns observed was that the vacA m1 allele was represented more disproportionately among patients with eradication failures (68%) than in those with successful eradication (39%) (P < 0.05) No significant association of vacAs1 (signal sequence allele) or cag pathogenicity island status with persistence was detected. Conclusions:, This study highlights the public health need for cheaper, more cost-effective anti- H. pylori therapies for developing countries, and suggests that subtle features of bacterial genotype can influence therapeutic efficiency. The possibility that particular vacA mid region alleles affect persistence, perhaps through toxin action on particular gastric cell types, merits further study. [source] Clinical trial: irsogladine maleate, a mucosal protective drug, accelerates gastric ulcer healing after treatment for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection , the results of a multicentre, double-blind, randomized clinical trial (IMPACT study)ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 8 2010H. HIRAISHI Aliment Pharmacol Ther,31, 824,833 Summary Background,Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy alone is not sufficient to heal all gastric ulcers. Aim, To verify the efficacy of treatment with irsogladine maleate between the termination and assessment of treatment for eradicating H. pylori in a double-blind study. Methods Three hundred and twenty-two patients with a single H. pylori -positive gastric ulcer were given eradication treatment, then assigned randomly to a treatment group [given 4 mg/day irsogladine maleate (n = 150)] or a control group [given a placebo (n = 161)]. The gastric ulcer healing rates were compared after 7 weeks of treatment. Results, The healing rate was significantly higher in the irsogladine maleate group (83.0%) than in the placebo group (72.2%; ,2 test, P = 0.0276). In the subgroup analysis of cases of eradication failure, the gastric ulcer healing rate was significantly higher in the irsogladine maleate group (57.9%) than in the placebo group (26.1%; ,2 test, P = 0.0366). Conclusions, Irsogladine maleate was effective for treating gastric ulcer after H. pylori eradication. The high healing rates observed in patients with or without successful eradication demonstrate the usefulness of irsogladine maleate treatment regardless of the outcome of eradication. [source] Review article: ,true' re-infection of Helicobacter pylori after successful eradication , worldwide annual rates, risk factors and clinical implicationsALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2009Y.-Y. ZHANG Summary Background, The incidence of ,true' re-infection with Helicobacter pylori after successful eradication remains uncertain. Aim, To determine the worldwide rates, risk factors and clinical implications of ,true' re-infection of Helicobacter pylori. ,True' re-infection of H. pylori is defined as the situation where tests for H. pylori infection, which were negative for 12 months after eradication, become positive again at a later stage. Results, Thirty six studies were identified through a literature search to be able to produce annual rates of ,true' re-infection, and data from 33 original articles were considered reliable and adequate in the further review. Generally, the reported rates varied from 0% to 23.4% in adults and from 1.9% to 9.6% in children. Most studies from developed countries reported rates of less than 1%, whereas relatively higher rates were reported in most of the developing countries. Small sample sizes included in the studies appeared to be associated with increased re-infection rates. Interfamilial transmission is the major cause of re-infection, although iatrogenic re-infection through contaminated endoscopic equipment has been reported. Conclusion,Helicobacter pylori re-infection is not a concern in a clinical setting, especially in the developed world; however, caution must be exercised in most developing countries. [source] Recurrence of peptic ulcer in uraemic and non-uraemic patients after Helicobacter pylori eradication: a 2-year studyALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 6 2007G.-Y. TSENG Summary Background The role of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease in patients with uraemia remains unclear. Aim To evaluate the long-term effect of H. pylori eradication in these patients. Methods Uraemic and non-uraemic patients with peptic ulcer were enrolled in this study. Patients having history of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use or cardiovascular disease that need aspirin use were excluded. After confirmation of H. pylori infection, they received a triple therapy and were followed up for 2 years. Results Between September 1999 and December 2005, 34 patients (41%) of the end-stage renal disease [H. pylori (+) group] and 67 (84%) of the non-uraemic patients with peptic ulcer disease (PU group) received anti- H. pylori therapy. After triple therapy, 32 (94%) from the end-stage renal disease group and 64 (96%) from the peptic ulcer group obtained successful eradication. During the 2-year follow-up, three patients in the end-stage renal disease group were excluded because of the presence of cardiovascular disease and aspirin use in two cases and died of heart failure in one case; two patients in peptic ulcer group refused follow-up. Finally, 29 uraemic and 62 non-uraemic patients had achieved the follow-up. Recurrence of peptic ulcer was more in the end-stage renal disease group than in the peptic ulcer group with intention-to-treat analysis (eight of 32, 25% vs. two of 64, 3%, P = 0.001, OR: 10.0, 95% CI: 1.979,50.540) or per-protocol analysis (eight of 29, 28% vs. two of 62, 3%, P < 0.001, OR: 11.4, 95% CI: 2.245,58.168). Conclusions Peptic ulcer recurrence after H. pylori eradication is higher in end-stage renal disease patients with peptic ulcer than in peptic ulcer patients without renal disease. Factors aside from H. pylori play an important role in peptic ulcer recurrence in end-stage renal disease patients. [source] Host serological response to Helicobacter pylori after successful eradication: long-term follow-up in patients with cured and persistent infectionALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2006J. TANAKA Summary Aim To systematically determine the usefulness of Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody titer decline as a predictor of treatment success after H. pylori eradication in large patient samples. Patients and Methods Serum samples from 258 H. pylori positive patients (52.8 yrs, 65% males) were retrospectively collected from five medical centers, and H. pylori titers were quantitatively determined by ELISA. Serial serum samples were collected at baseline and for up to 4.9 years after treatment. 169 patients underwent successful eradication while 89 remained infected. The median total observation period was 635 days (range, 51 to 1,800 days). Chronological changes in H. pylori titers were analyzed and compared between cured and infection persistent subjects. Results The proportion of infection persistent patients who developed negative H. pylori IgG antibody titers was below 5%. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the confirmation of successful eradication according to the percent decline over baseline at each time-point showed that a 60% decline at 1 year or more after eradication treatment strongly correlated with successful eradication (sensitivity = 90% and specificity = 87%). Conclusion A 60% decline in H. pylori IgG titers (HEL-p kit) from baseline to one year or greater is a reliable predictor of successful H. pylori eradication. [source] Systematic review and meta-analysis: importance of CagA status for successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori infectionALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2006T. SUZUKI Summary Background Some, but not all studies have provided evidence that the CagA status of Helicobacter pylori strains is a predictive factor for the outcome of eradication therapy. Aim To clarify the association between CagA status and eradication outcome. Methods We included studies reporting the numbers of successful and failed cases in H. pylori -eradication therapy according to the CagA status. Fourteen studies (1529 patients) were included of 325 articles identified in the search. The pooled risk ratio for H. pylori -eradication failure in CagA-negative relative to CagA-positive strains and the pooled risk difference in eradication success between the two groups were used as summary statistics. Meta-regression was used for examining the source of heterogeneity. Results The summary risk ratio for eradication failure in CagA-negative relative to CagA-positive was 2.0 (95% CI: 1.6,2.4, P < 0.001), corresponding with the summary risk difference for eradication success between the groups of 11% (95% CI: 3,19%, P = 0.011). Meta-regression analysis demonstrated that usage of polymerase chain reaction examination for CagA status and a high proportion of non-ulcer dyspepsia patients were factors for heterogeneity among studies. Conclusions Our meta-analysis confirmed the importance of the presence of CagA as a predictor for successful eradication of H. pylori. [source] Long-term study of re-infection following successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori infectionALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 9 2006E. A. B. CAMERON Summary Background ,Re-infection' with Helicobacter pylori after eradication has been estimated to occur in 0,14% of patients, although most so-called ,re-infections' occur within the first year following ,eradication' and many may actually be due to recrudescence of a temporarily suppressed infection. Aim To study the true re-infection rate, we have studied re-infection rates after eradication therapy by excluding the first year's data, minimizing the possible confounding effect of recrudescence. Methods All patients tested for H. pylori infection following eradication therapy between 1987 and 2004 were evaluated. Testing was carried out by urea breath test and gastric biopsy. Patients were included if they were found to be negative for H. pylori infection by testing at least 1 year following eradication and underwent at least one further test for H. pylori. Results 1162 patients met the inclusion criteria with median post-eradication follow-up of 3 years (1.5,14) including 4668 tests; 3319 years of follow-up were analysed. Thirteen cases of re-infection occurred (re-infection rate 0.4% per year). Conclusions This large study of H. pylori re-infection avoided cases of recrudescence by excluding the first post-eradication year. True re-infection is probably less common than previously thought. [source] Clinical features of gastric cancer discovered after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori: results from a 9-year prospective follow-up study in JapanALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 9 2005T. Kamada Summary Background :,Eradication of Helicobacter pylori is expected to prevent the development of gastric cancer. However, gastric cancer is sometimes discovered after successful eradication of H. pylori. Aim :,To conduct a prospective study to determine the clinical features of patients who underwent successful eradication and were later diagnosed with gastric cancer. Methods :,A total of 1787 patients (1299 males and 488 females; mean age, 58.2 years; range: 15,84) who underwent successful eradication therapy between April 1994 and March 2001 were our study subjects. Results :,Gastric cancer occurred at a rate of 1.1% (20 of 1787) during the follow-up period. Gastric cancer comprises six of 105 (5.7%) with early gastric cancer after endoscopic resection, 12 of 575 (2.1%) with gastric ulcer and two of 453 (0.4%) with atrophic gastritis. Gastric cancer did not develop in any patient with duodenal ulcer. All patients with gastric cancer had baseline severe atrophic gastritis in the corpus. Conclusion :,Careful endoscopic examination is necessary even after successful eradication of H. pylori in patients with early gastric cancer or gastric ulcer with severe mucosal atrophy in the corpus. [source] Morphological changes in human gastric tumours after eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori in a short-term follow-upALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 5 2005M. Ito Summary Background :,It is controversial as to whether the development of gastric cancer is influenced by Helicobacter pylori eradication. If eradication itself influences the tumour morphology, this may affect the tumour discovery rate. Aim :,To investigate the morphological changes in the gastric neoplasm after H. pylori eradication. Methods :,We studied 37 patients with eradication therapy. After a 1-month follow-up, endoscopic re-evaluation was performed and the appearance was compared with first image. All lesions were resected endoscopically, and were subjected to histological assessment and to immunohistochemistry. Serum gastrin levels were determined before and after eradication. Results :,Twenty-nine of 37 patients underwent successful eradication. The appearance of 11 lesions (33% of 33 lesions) became indistinct after successful eradication. All lesions were of the superficial-elevated type and the height of the lesions decreased. We detected normal columnar epithelium over the neoplasm in eight of the lesions. Higher expression of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid in the deep area was characteristic in tumours with an indistinct appearance. These changes did not correlate with the serum gastrin levels. Conclusions :,The morphology of the gastric neoplasm change after eradication in the short-term. This may contribute to the decreased tumour discovery rate. [source] Dyspeptic symptoms associated with Helicobacter pylori infection are influenced by strain and host specific factorsALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2004G. Treiber Summary Background :,Dyspepsia can be associated with H. pylori infection. Aim :,To assess dyspeptic symptoms and potentially influencing factors before and up to 6 months following successful H. pylori eradication therapy. Methods :,Prospective cohort study involving H. pylori positive subjects from ambulatory or hospitalized care. Main outcome measures were symptoms during baseline and follow-up, the proportion of symptom-free patients, and symptom scores. Results :,After successful eradication, the summary score of all dyspeptic symptoms decreased and during follow-up, the proportion of symptom-free patients was higher in the group with peptic ulcers (69.4% vs. 40.9%, P < 0.0001) than with functional dyspepsia (FD). Regardless of diagnosis, virulent strains of H. pylori were associated with a higher prevalence of epigastric pain before treatment: absolute risk-difference (ARD) with Oip-A: 18.2%, Odds Ratio (OR) 2.35 [1.3,4.2, 95%-CI], P = 0.01; with Cag-A: 24.6%, OR 2.81 [1.6,5], P = 0.01. Low-dose aspirin in part was a major risk factor in FD for previous weight loss bdfore study entry. Post-treatment, non-ulcer patients were more likely to suffer from distention/bloating. Likewise, alcohol induced persistence of nausea and vomiting in this population. Conclusions :,Dyspeptic symptoms in H. pylori infected patients are more common with virulent strains. Symptoms are more likely to persist despite successful eradication if patients initially harboured virulent strains or concomitant aspirin or alcohol intake are present. In one-third of peptic ulcer patients, symptoms will not be cured 3 months after therapy. [source] Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri: factors affecting successful eradication of citrus cankerMOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2004James H. Graham SUMMARY Taxonomic status:, Bacteria, Proteobacteria, gamma subdivision, Xanthomodales, Xanthomonas group, axonopodis DNA homology group, X. axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Microbiological properties:, Gram negative, slender, rod-shaped, aerobic, motile by a single polar flagellum, produces slow growing, non-mucoid colonies in culture, ecologically obligate plant parasite. Host range:, Causal agent of Asiatic citrus canker on most Citrus spp. and close relatives of Citrus in the family Rutaceae. Disease symptoms:, Distinctively raised, necrotic lesions on fruits, stems and leaves. Epidemiology:, Bacteria exude from lesions during wet weather and are disseminated by splash dispersal at short range, windblown rain at medium to long range and human assisted movement at all ranges. Crop loss:, Severe infections cause defoliation, blemished fruit, premature fruit drop, die-back of twigs and general debilitation of the tree. Distribution:, Citrus canker is not present in all subtropical to tropical regions of citriculture in the world, so considerable regulatory efforts are expended to prevent the introduction and spread of X. axonopodis pv. citri into areas in the Americas, Australia and elsewhere, with climates conducive to the disease. Importance:, Limited strategies exist for suppression of citrus canker on more susceptible cultivars. Blemished fruit are unmarketable and exposed fruit are restricted in market access. The economic impact of loss of markets is much greater than that from yield and quality reductions of the crop. Useful websites:,http://doacs.state.fl.us/canker , http://www.apsnet.org/education/lessonsplantpath/citruscanker/top.htm , http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/citruscanker/ , http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/review/citruscanker/ , http://www.abecitrus.com.br/fundecitrus.html , http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/PlantContainment/canker.htm , http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/ccanker/ . [source] Seropositivity to a major allergen of Anisakis simplex, Ani s 1, in dyspeptic patients with Helicobacter pylori infection: histological and laboratory findings and clinical significanceCLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 5 2006C. Toro Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of seropositivity to the Ani s 1 protein in dyspeptic patients with Helicobacter pylori infection, but it is not known whether this represents episodes of anisakiasis misdiagnosis or previous exposure to the parasite without clinical relevance. To investigate the clinical significance of seropositivity to the Ani s 1 protein, a cohort study was performed with 87 consecutive dyspeptic patients who were treated for H. pylori infection. Fourteen (16.5%) patients were seropositive for the Ani s 1 protein, which was associated with the consumption of uncooked fish (p 0.0002). There were no differences in histological findings between subjects seropositive or seronegative for Ani s 1, but seropositive patients had increased eosinophil and basophil leukocyte counts (p < 0.05). Anti-Ani s 1 IgE was associated with a lack of improvement in the group of patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia after successful eradication of H. pylori (p 0.016). Thus, in at least a subset of patients with H. pylori infection, seropositivity to Ani s 1 could have clinical relevance. In addition, these data highlight that only anisakiasis associated with severe allergic or gastric symptoms is currently being diagnosed. [source] | |||||||||||||