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Substitution Effects (substitution + effects)
Selected AbstractsConsumer Substitution Effects under Full Industry EquilibriumMETROECONOMICA, Issue 1 2004Ian Steedman ABSTRACT To be of practical use comparative statics must be able to compare long-period equilibria. Such equilibria will almost never have price vectors that are proportional with respect to all prices but one,yet such price vectors are precisely those underlying the usual substitution effect analysis. We consider how this tension may be resolved. [source] A Shred of Credible Evidence on the Long-run Elasticity of Labour SupplyECONOMICA, Issue 308 2010ORLEY ASHENFELTER All public policies regarding taxation and the redistribution of income rely on assumptions about the long-run effect of wages rates on labour supply. The variation in existing estimates calls for a simple, natural experiment in which men can change their hours of work, and in which wages have been exogenously and permanently changed. We use a panel dataset of taxi drivers who choose their own hours, and who experienced two exogenous permanent fare increases, and estimate an elasticity of labour supply of ,0.2, implying that income effects dominate substitution effects in the long-run labour supply of males. [source] How Do the Different Defect Structures and Element Substitutions Affect the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Lacunary Keggin Polyoxometalates?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 20 2006A DFT Study Abstract Systematic DFT calculations have been carried out on the lacunary ,-Keggin polyoxometalate derivatives [PW11O39]7,, [XW9O34]n, (X = AlIII, SiIV, GeIV, PV, AsV, and SbV), [XW9M2O39]n,, and [XW9M3O40]n, (X = PV and SiIV, M = MoVI, VV, NbV, and TaV) to investigate the geometric structure and element substitution effects on the molecular nonlinear optical response. Analysis of the computed static second-order polarizability (,0) predicts that the molecular nonlinear optical activity of lacunary Keggin polyoxometalate derivatives can be modified by replacing the central heteroatom and the addenda metal atom. Substitution of the central Al atom or the addenda V atom causes significant enhancement in the molecular nonlinearity. Moreover, the ,0 values are substantially dependent on the defect structures. This class of inorganic complexes possesses remarkably large molecular optical nonlinearity, especially for the partial substitution complex [SiW9Nb2O39]10, (IIIc), which has a computed ,0 value of 2071.0 a.u. Thus, lacunary Keggin polyoxometalates could become excellent candidates in the field of second-order NLO. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] An approach to combined rock physics and seismic modelling of fluid substitution effectsGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 2 2002Tor Arne Johansen ABSTRACT The aim of seismic reservoir monitoring is to map the spatial and temporal distributions and contact interfaces of various hydrocarbon fluids and water within a reservoir rock. During the production of hydrocarbons, the fluids produced are generally displaced by an injection fluid. We discuss possible seismic effects which may occur when the pore volume contains two or more fluids. In particular, we investigate the effect of immiscible pore fluids, i.e. when the pore fluids occupy different parts of the pore volume. The modelling of seismic velocities is performed using a differential effective-medium theory in which the various pore fluids are allowed to occupy the pore space in different ways. The P-wave velocity is seen to depend strongly on the bulk modulus of the pore fluids in the most compliant (low aspect ratio) pores. Various scenarios of the microscopic fluid distribution across a gas,oil contact (GOC) zone have been designed, and the corresponding seismic properties modelled. Such GOC transition zones generally give diffuse reflection regions instead of the typical distinct GOC interface. Hence, such transition zones generally should be modelled by finite-difference or finite-element techniques. We have combined rock physics modelling and seismic modelling to simulate the seismic responses of some gas,oil zones, applying various fluid-distribution models. The seismic responses may vary both in the reflection time, amplitude and phase characteristics. Our results indicate that when performing a reservoir monitoring experiment, erroneous conclusions about a GOC movement may be drawn if the microscopic fluid-distribution effects are neglected. [source] Divergence in alternative Hicksian welfare measures: the case of revealed preference for public amenitiesJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMETRICS, Issue 6 2002Dr Sudip Chattopadhyay This paper investigates the divergence between the two Hicksian welfare measures of non-traded amenity improvement associated with housing. First, the Hicksian surplus measures for amenity changes are analytically developed based on explicit specification of utility structures. A hedonic two-stage approach is then applied to empirically show that, for quantity changes, in contrast to hypothetical markets, divergence in real market is small. The paper also analytically develops expressions for the income and substitution effects and empirically shows that for a given income effect, the greater the substitution effect the smaller the divergence between the two measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Magnesium and biological activity of oxytocin analogues modified on aromatic ring of amino acid in position 2JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE, Issue 8 2001ina Slaninová Abstract For the purpose of evaluating substitution effects in the ortho, meta or para positions of the aromatic ring of tyrosine or phenylalanine in position 2 of oxytocin on uterotonic activity in vitro in the presence and absence of magnesium ions, six new analogues of oxytocin ([,,- and ,,- m -methylphenylalanine2]oxytocin, [,,- and ,,- m -methoxyphenylalanine2]oxytocin and [,,- and ,,- o -methyltyrosine2]oxytocin) were synthesized and several previously described analogues resynthesized. For the phenylalanine series, it is found that, in the absence of magnesium ions, substitution of the ortho and meta positions leads to loss of intrinsic activity (the analogues are antagonists) in contrast to the para position. In the tyrosine series, only methyl substitution in the meta position has this effect (substitution of ortho position only attenuates the agonistic biological activity). Addition of Mg ions restores to a certain degree the agonistic activity in the case of the o -methylphenylalanine analogue and enhances the agonistic activity of o -methyltyrosine oxytocin. All other analogues keep the original qualities as in the absence of Mg. Molecular modelling calculations of the structure of the above analogues was carried out to help explain these findings of the molecular level. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Influence of substituents on the kinetics of epoxy/aromatic diamine resin systemsJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 13 2004Heping Liu Abstract Eleven different epoxy/diamine systems, including tetraglycidyl-4,4,-diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM), triglycidyl p -aminophenol (TGAP), and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with 4,4,-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), diethyltoluenediamine (DETDA), dimethylthiotoluenediamine (DMTDA), and meta -phenylenediamine (m -PDA), were studied with near-infrared spectroscopy at different temperatures. The reactivities of the epoxies were determined and found to be in the following order when reacted with the same amine: DGEBA > TGAP > TGDDM. When the primary amine was reacted with the same epoxy, the order was DETDA > DDS > DMTDA; for the secondary amine, the order was DETDA > DMTDA > DDS. The relative reaction rates of the secondary amine to the primary amine were compared and discussed in terms of the structural differences and the corresponding substitution effect. It was concluded that the increase in the secondary amine reactivity of DETDA and DMTDA was caused by the deconjugation of the benzene-ring , electrons from the lone pair on the N atom. The overall order of the secondary amine relative reactivity was DMTDA > DETDA > DDS for the same epoxy and TGDDM > TGAP > DGEBA for the same amine. The m -PDA systems had no significant positive or negative substitution effects. Molecular orbital calculations were performed, and the results showed the most significant deconjugation effect in the secondary amine of DETDA. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3143,3156, 2004 [source] Duality, income and substitution effects for the competitive firm under price uncertaintyMANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2005Carmen F. Menezes This paper uses duality theory to decompose the total effect on the competitive firm's output of an increase in the riskiness of output price into income and substitution effects. Properties of preferences that control the sign of each effect are identified. The analysis extends to the general class of quasi-linear decision models in which the payoff is linear in the random variable. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES AND TRADETHE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 2007CHRISTOPHER ADAM A ,new version' of the gravity model is used to estimate the effect of a full range of de facto exchange rate regimes on bilateral trade. The results indicate that, while participation in a common currency union is typically strongly ,pro-trade', other exchange rate regimes which lower the exchange rate uncertainty and transactions costs associated with international trade are significantly more pro-trade than the default regime of a ,double float'. They suggest that the direct and indirect trade-creating effects of these regimes on uncertainty and transactions costs tend to outweigh the trade-diverting substitution effects. Tariff-equivalent monetary barriers associated with each exchange rate regime are also calculated. [source] Polymorphism of the pig acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase , gene is associated with fatty acid composition in a Duroc commercial lineANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 4 2009D. Gallardo Summary Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase , (ACACA) catalyses the first committed step in the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids (FA) by converting acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA. In pigs, the ACACA gene maps to a chromosome 12 QTL with important effects on FA composition. In the present study, we have sequenced the coding region of the pig ACACA gene in 15 pigs, identifying 21 polymorphic sites that were either synonymous or non-coding. Ten of these SNPs segregated in a Duroc commercial population (n = 350) for which lipid metabolism and meat and carcass quality trait records were available. Significant associations were found between two linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (c.4899G>A and c.5196T>C) and percentages of carcass lean, intramuscular fat, monounsaturated, saturated (myristic, palmitic and stearic) and polyunsaturated (linoleic) FAs in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle, along with serum HDL-cholesterol concentration. The most important allele substitution effects were observed for the polyunsaturated/saturated FA ratio (13,21% of the phenotypic mean) as well as for the percentages of ,-6 and polyunsaturated FAs, especially linoleic acid (7,16% of the phenotypic mean). These results suggest the existence of a causal mutation, mapping to the chromosomal region containing the pig ACACA gene, with marked effects on FA composition of meat. [source] Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheepANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 3 2009K. Marshall Summary This paper presents results from a mapping experiment to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Haemonchus contortus infestation in merino sheep. The primary trait analysed was faecal worm egg count in response to artificial challenge at 6 months of age. In the first stage of the experiment, whole genome linkage analysis was used for broad-scale mapping. The animal resource used was a designed flock comprising 571 individuals from four half-sib families. The average marker spacing was about 20 cM. For the primary trait, 11 QTL (as chromosomal/family combinations) were significant at the 5% chromosome-wide level, with allelic substitution effects of between 0.19 and 0.38 phenotypic standard deviation units. In general, these QTL did not have a significant effect on faecal worm egg count recorded at 13 months of age. In the second stage of the experiment, three promising regions (located on chromosomes 1, 3 and 4) were fine-mapped. This involved typing more closely spaced markers on individuals from the designed flock as well as an additional 495 individuals selected from a related population with a deeper pedigree. Analysis was performed using a linkage disequilibrium,linkage approach, under additive, dominant and multiple QTL models. Of these, the multiple QTL model resulted in the most refined QTL positions, with resolutions of <10 cM achieved for two regions. Because of the moderate size of effect of the QTL, and the apparent age and/or immune status specificity of the QTL, it is suggested that a panel of QTL will be required for significant genetic gains to be achieved within industry via marker-assisted selection. [source] Deterrence and Incapacitation Effects in a Closed Area: A Case Study of Auto Theft in TaiwanASIAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010Hung-Lin Tao K42; R19 Deterrence and incapacitation effects of auto theft are estimated with a full consideration of substitution effects across crime types and across districts in a closed area in which none of the effects will leak out. It is found that the increase in the cleared rate of auto theft crime in a certain district and in other districts strongly deters the auto theft in that district, indicating that the across-district deterrence effect dominates the across-district substitution effect. The across-crime deterrence effect significantly exceeds the across-crime substitution effect for close crime (general theft), but is insignificant for distant crime (violence). [source] ECONOMIES OF SCALE IN HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION: WITH APPLICATION TO AUSTRALIA,AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 2 2005NANAK KAKWANI This paper presents a general framework for defining the economies of scale in household consumption. It allows commodity specific economies of scale (taking into account the substitution effects). The chief contribution of the paper is to show how one can estimate economies of scale from cross section budget data without price information. The problem of identification that is inherent in these models is overcome by making use of some assumptions about the nature of goods and services employed in the estimation. The methodology developed in the paper is applied to Australian Household Expenditure Survey for 1984 to calculate item wise and overall economies of scale. [source] Strength of C,H Bonds at Nitrogen , -Position:Implication for Metabolic Stability of Nitrogen-containing Drug MoleculesCHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2008Xiang-Ming MENG Abstract The available experimental ,C-H BDEs of a variety of amine-containing molecules were examined by using the G3B3 and CBS-Q methods. The verified values were employed to benchmark and calibrate the density functional theory methods. It was found that the (U)BHandH/6-311++G(2df, 2p)//(U)B3LYP/6-31G(d) method was a fast and accurate method for calculating C,H BDEs at nitrogen , -positions. By using the newly benchmarked BHandH method, the ,C,H BDEs in a number of nitrogen-containing drug molecules were calculated, where a dramatic variation of the ,C,H BDEs was discovered. To understand this variation, the effects of mono- and double-substitution at both carbon and nitrogen atoms on the ,C-H BDEs were systematically studied. The origin of the substitution effects was thoroughly discussed in terms of four categories of substituents. [source] | |||||||||||||