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Substantial Economic (substantial + economic)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences40%

Terms modified by Substantial Economic

  • substantial economic loss
    		•

    Selected Abstracts

    AUSTRALIA-CHINA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT: CAUSAL EMPIRICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY

    ECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 1 2008
    TRAN VAN HOA
    The launch of negotiations for an Australia-China free trade agreement (ACFTA) started on 18 April 2005, following completion of the joint feasibility study that showed substantial economic and trade benefits for the two countries. The paper reassesses these benefits by means of an empirical analysis with a view to providing improved inputs for informed debate on the benefits and costs of an ACFTA from the perspective of Australia and China. The implications of the findings for policy uses are also discussed. [source]

    Effects of cryptic mortality and the hidden costs of using length limits in fishery management

    FISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 3 2007
    Lewis G Coggins Jr
    Abstract Fishery collapses cause substantial economic and ecological harm, but common management actions often fail to prevent overfishing. Minimum length limits are perhaps the most common fishing regulation used in both commercial and recreational fisheries, but their conservation benefits can be influenced by discard mortality of fish caught and released below the legal length. We constructed a computer model to evaluate how discard mortality could influence the conservation utility of minimum length regulations. We evaluated policy performance across two disparate fish life-history types: short-lived high-productivity (SLHP) and long-lived low-productivity (LLLP) species. For the life-history types, fishing mortality rates and minimum length limits that we examined, length limits alone generally failed to achieve sustainability when discard mortality rate exceeded about 0.2 for SLHP species and 0.05 for LLLP species. At these levels of discard mortality, reductions in overall fishing mortality (e.g. lower fishing effort) were required to prevent recruitment overfishing if fishing mortality was high. Similarly, relatively low discard mortality rates (>0.05) rendered maximum yield unobtainable and caused a substantial shift in the shape of the yield response surfaces. An analysis of fishery efficiency showed that length limits caused the simulated fisheries to be much less efficient, potentially exposing the target species and ecosystem to increased negative effects of the fishing process. Our findings suggest that for overexploited fisheries with moderate-to-high discard mortality rates, reductions in fishing mortality will be required to meet management goals. Resource managers should carefully consider impacts of cryptic mortality sources (e.g. discard mortality) on fishery sustainability, especially in recreational fisheries where release rates are high and effort is increasing in many areas of the world. [source]

    Allergic rhinitis and the common cold , high cost to society

    ALLERGY, Issue 6 2010
    J. Hellgren
    To cite this article: Hellgren J, Cervin A, Nordling S, Bergman A, Cardell LO. Allergic rhinitis and the common cold , high cost to society. Allergy 2010; 65: 776,783. Abstract Background:, The common cold and allergic rhinitis constitute a global health problem that affects social life, sleep, school and work performance and is likely to impose a substantial economic burden on society because of absence from work and reduced working capacity. This study assesses the loss of productivity as a result of both allergic rhinitis and the common cold in the Swedish working population. Methods:, Four thousand questionnaires were sent to a randomized adult population, aged 18,65 years, in Sweden, stratified by gender and area of residence (metropolitan area vs rest of the country). The human capital approach was used to assign monetary value to lost productivity in terms of absenteeism (absence from work), presenteeism (reduced working capacity while at work) and caregiver absenteeism (absence from work to take care of a sick child). Results:, Thousand two hundred and thirteen individuals responded, response rate 32%. The mean productivity loss was estimated at 5.1 days or , 653 per worker and year, yielding a total productivity loss in Sweden of , 2.7 billion a year. Of the total costs, absenteeism (44%) was the dominant factor, followed by presenteeism (37%) and caregiver absenteeism (19%). Poisson regression analyses revealed that women, people in the 18,29 year age group, and respondents with ,doctor-diagnosed asthma' reported more lost days than the rest of the group. Conclusion:, In Sweden, the cost of rhinitis is , 2.7 billion a year in terms of lost productivity. A reduction in lost productivity of 1 day per individual and year would potentially save , 528 million. [source]

    ON THE POST-UNIFICATION DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PAY IN GERMANY,

    THE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 4 2007
    AXEL HEITMUELLER
    German post-unification in the 1990s is a period marked by substantial economic and political change, a crucial part of which was a largely politically motivated attempt to build East German wages towards the much higher West German wages. We study the development of the public,private sector pay gap in Germany in the 1990s. We show that throughout the 1990s the overall pay gap between the public and private sectors remained stable in the West and increased considerably in the East. Wage decompositions show a small and stable negative public sector premium in the West, and a large and increasing positive public sector pay premium in the East. Decompositions also show a considerable deterioration in the skill base of the private sector in the East which the paper attributes in part to the improved attractiveness of the public sector. The paper argues that the development in the size and composition of the public,private sector pay gap in the East is an indication of the public sector crowding out the private sector and raises concerns about the future competitiveness of the East. [source]

    The economic impact of overactive bladder syndrome in six Western countries

    BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2009
    Debra E. Irwin
    OBJECTIVE To calculate up-to-date estimates of the economic impact of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) with and without urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) on the health sector of six countries (Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK), as OAB is a significant health concern for adults aged >18 years living in Western countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prevalence data derived from the EPIC study were combined with healthcare resource-use data to derive current direct and indirect 1-year or annual cost of illness estimates for OAB including UUI in Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK. This model estimates the direct healthcare costs attributed to OAB, as well as the impact of work absenteeism. RESULTS The estimated average annual direct cost of OAB per patient ranged between ,262 in Spain and ,619 in Sweden. The estimated total direct cost burden for OAB per country ranges between ,333 million in Sweden and ,1.2 billion in Germany and the total annual direct cost burden of OAB in these six countries is estimated at ,3.9 billion. In addition, nursing home costs were estimated at ,4.7 billion per year and it was estimated that work absenteeism related to OAB costs ,1.1 billion per year. CONCLUSIONS The cost of illness for OAB is a substantial economic and human burden. This study may under-estimate the true economic burden, as not all costs for sequelae associated with OAB have been included. Cost-effective treatments and management strategies that can reduce the burden of OAB and in particular UUI have the potential to significantly reduce this economic burden. [source]