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Subsequent Expression (subsequent + expression)
Selected AbstractsExpression of zebrafish six1 during sensory organ development and myogenesisDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2004Dmitri A. Bessarab Abstract Drosophila sine oculis homologous genes in vertebrates are homeobox-containing transcription factors functioning within the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach regulatory network during development. In this study, we describe the cloning and expression of a zebrafish homolog of sine oculis, six1. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated accumulation of six1 transcripts at mid-gastrula, and in situ hybridization showed their subsequent expression in the cranial placode and later in the olfactory, otic, and lateral line placodes, inner ear, and neuromasts. In addition, six1 is expressed in the pituitary, branchial arches, somites, pectoral fin, ventral abdomen muscle, and the cranial muscles of the eye and lower jaw. An increase of six1 expression was observed in the lateral line, muscles, and inner ear of the mind bomb mutant, illustrating a regulatory effect of the Notch pathway on expression of Six genes. Developmental Dynamics 230:781,786, 2004 © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Regulation of hippocampal cell adhesion molecules NCAM and L1 by contextual fear conditioning is dependent upon time and stressor intensityEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 9 2000J. Joaquín Merino Abstract Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the immunoglobulin superfamily, NCAM and L1, as well as the post-translational addition of ,-2,8-linked polysialic acid (PSA) homopolymers to NCAM (PSA,NCAM), have been implicated in the neural mechanisms underlying memory formation. Given that the degree of stress elicited by the training situation is one of the key factors that influence consolidation processes, this study questioned whether training rats under different stressor intensities (0.2, 0.4, or 1 mA shock intensity) in a contextual fear conditioning task might regulate subsequent expression of NCAM, PSA,NCAM and L1 in the hippocampus, as evaluated immediately after testing rats for conditioning at 12 and 24 h after training. Behavioural inhibition (evaluated as a ,freezing' index) at testing and post-testing plasma corticosterone levels were also assessed. The results showed that 12 h post-training, conditioned animals displayed reduced NCAM, but increased L1, expression. At this time point, the group trained at the highest shock intensity (1 mA) also presented decreased PSA,NCAM expression. Analyses performed 24 h post-training indicated that the 1 mA group exhibited increased NCAM and L1 expression, but decreased expression of PSA,NCAM levels. In addition, L1 values that presented a shock intensity-dependent U-shaped pattern were also increased in the group trained at the lowest shock condition (0.2 mA) and remained unchanged in the intermediate shock condition (0.4 mA). Freezing and corticosterone values at both testing times were positively related with shock intensity experienced at training. Therefore, our results show a complex regulation of CAMs of the immunoglobulin superfamily in the hippocampus that depends upon stressor intensity and time factors. In addition, the pattern of CAMs expression found in the 1 mA group (which is the one that shows higher post-training corticosterone levels and develops the stronger and longer-lasting levels of fear conditioning) supports the view that, after a first phase of synaptic de-adherence during consolidation, NCAM and L1 might participate in the stabilization of selected synapses underlying the establishment of long-term memory for contextual fear conditioning, and suggests that glucocorticoids might play a role in the observed regulation of CAMs. [source] Melatonin decreases TLR3-mediated inflammatory factor expression via inhibition of NF-,B activation in respiratory syncytial virus-infected RAW264.7 macrophagesJOURNAL OF PINEAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2008Sheng-Hai Huang Abstract:, Double-stranded (ds) RNA has been identified as a ligand for Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a single-stranded RNA virus and a major respiratory pathogen and pneumovirus in human infants pathogenesis of which relies on early inflammatory and immune events of the host in response to RSV, could be recognized by TLR3 sensing viral dsRNA produced during replication. The downstream signaling pathway from TLR3 leads to activation of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and/or NF-,B and subsequent expression of numerous proinflammatory factors. Melatonin (MT) is an effective regulator of the immune system. To determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for the suppressive effect of MT on RSV infection, we analyzed signaling molecules involved in the TLR3-mediated activation of inflammatory factors in macrophages infected with RSV and the modulatory role of MT on these mediators. We report that RSV infection of RAW264.7 macrophages time-dependently stimulate the rapid activation of TLR3 and NF-,B, as well as subsequent NF-,B-dependent gene expression such as those encoding TNF-, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, we demonstrate that MT decreased TLR3-mediated downstream gene expression in RSV-infected macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and that MT inhibition of NF-,B activity seemed to be the key event required to explain the reduction in inflammatory gene expression caused by MT. But MT did not influence TLR3 at either the protein or mRNA level or MyD88 transcription. These results could be related to the beneficial immunoregulatory role of MT in RSV-infected macrophages and address the possible therapeutic potential of this indoleamine in human RSV diseases. [source] Receptor for advanced glycation endproduct (RAGE),mediated nuclear factor-,B activation in vasculitic neuropathyMUSCLE AND NERVE, Issue 6 2004Karl-Matthias Haslbeck MD Abstract Binding of ligands to the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) results in activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-,B) and subsequent expression of NF-,B,regulated cytokines. In order to determine whether engagement of RAGE contributes to the pathogenesis of vasculitic neuropathy, we studied the presence of the RAGE ligand N, -(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), the receptor itself, NF-,B, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in sural nerve biopsies of 12 patients with vasculitic neuropathies and 12 controls. In the patients, CML, RAGE, NF-,B, and IL-6 were localized in mononuclear cells, epineurial and endoneurial vessels and the perineurium. CML, RAGE, NF-,B, and IL-6 were expressed by CD4+, CD8+, and CD68+ cells invading the nerves. Controls showed only weak staining. These data suggest that the RAGE pathway plays a critical proinflammatory role in vasculitic neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 29: 853,860, 2004 [source] Urban-Rural Differences in Motivation to Control Prejudice Toward People With HIV/AIDS: The Impact of Perceived Identifiability in the CommunityTHE JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2008Janice Yanushka Bunn PhD ABSTRACT:,Context:HIV/AIDS is occurring with increasing frequency in rural areas of the United States, and people living with HIV/AIDS in rural communities report higher levels of perceived stigma than their more urban counterparts. The extent to which stigmatized individuals perceive stigma could be influenced, in part, by prevailing community attitudes. Differences between rural and more metropolitan community members' attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS, however, have rarely been examined. Purpose: This study investigated motivation to control prejudice toward people with HIV/AIDS among non-infected residents of metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural areas of rural New England. Methods: A total of 2,444 individuals were identified through a random digit dialing sampling scheme, and completed a telephone interview to determine attitudes and concerns about a variety of health issues. Internal or external motivation to control prejudice was examined using a general linear mixed model approach, with independent variables including age, gender, community size, and perceived indentifiability within one's community. Findings: Results showed that community size, by itself, was not related to motivation to control prejudice. However, there was a significant interaction between community size and community residents' perceptions about the extent to which people in their communities know who they are. Conclusion: Our results indicate that residents of rural areas, in general, may not show a higher level of bias toward people with HIV/AIDS. The interaction between community size and perceived identifiability, however, suggests that motivation to control prejudice, and potentially the subsequent expression of that prejudice, is more complex than originally thought. [source] | |||||||||||||