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Subsequent Events (subsequent + event)
Selected AbstractsTemperature-sensing telemetry , possibilities for assessing the feeding ecology of marine mammals and their potential impacts on returning salmonid populationsFISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 5-6 2008B. BENDALL Abstract, Adult salmonids returning to the River Tees (north-east England) tagged with temperature-sensing acoustic transmitters provided some unexpected and novel information on the possible impact of seal predation at a tidal barrage 16 km from the sea. Predation events of tagged fish by seals were inferred by an increase in the temperature transmitted by the acoustic tags. Subsequent events of feeding or drinking by the seals were also inferred from further changes in temperature recorded by tags whilst in their stomachs. Rates of inferred predation on tagged individuals were high (47%). This is the first time that temperature-sensing transmitters deployed inside wild salmonids have revealed instances of predation by, and subsequent feeding ecology of, marine mammals. The results are discussed in relation to the use of such technology in future studies attempting to address the interactions between marine mammals and their fish prey species. [source] Critical period: A history of the transition from questions of when, to what, to howDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005George F. Michel Abstract Although age appears to be the defining characteristic of the concept of critical period, central to its investigation is the recognition that there are specific events which must occur in a particular order for the typical development of certain characteristics to occur. A brief history of some research on critical periods reveals that our questions have shifted from those of: is there a critical period and, if so, when does it occur; to questions of what contributes to the criticality of the period; and finally to how is criticality controlled during development. Abandoning age as a defining component of development has permitted the discovery of exactly how previous and current events construct subsequent events in the process of development. The shifts in questions about critical periods mark an increasing sophistication in understanding how development can be controlled. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 46: 156,162, 2005. [source] The Fourth Duke of Newcastle, the Ultra-Tories and the Opposition to Canning's AdministrationHISTORY, Issue 292 2003Richard A. Gaunt This article explores the Ultra-Tory opposition to the formation of George Canning's administration in March,April 1827 and subsequent events leading up to the beginning of the duke of Wellington's ministry in January 1828. It concentrates, in particular, upon the role of Henry, fourth duke of Newcastle (1785,1851) who emerged as the leading Ultra-Tory in the period. The article re-examines the events of the year with two considerations in mind: first, the effect of Canning's appointment on the position of the king and the ,open' status of Catholic Emancipation (given Canning's sympathies for a settlement of that question); secondly, the potential for the formation of a united ,Protestant' party in parliament out of the materials provided by Canning's opponents. It concludes that the events of the year were pivotal in transforming the Ultra-Tories from grumbling, but acquiescent, backwoodsmen into a political group and in demonstrating, well before the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts and Catholic Emancipation, that they were unlikely to find a receptive following from either George IV, Wellington or Peel. [source] Maximum Daily 6 Minutes of Activity: An Index of Functional Capacity Derived from Actigraphy and Its Application to Older Adults with Heart FailureJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2010Jason Howell BA OBJECTIVES: To compare the correlation between the maximum 6 minutes of daily activity (M6min) and standard measures of functional capacity in older adults with heart failure (HF) with that in younger subjects and its prognostic utility. DESIGN: Prospective, cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary care, academic HF center. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty, ambulatory, adults, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class I to III, stratified into young (50.9 ± 9.4) and older cohorts (76.8 ± 8.0). MEASUREMENTS: Correlation between M6min and measures of functional capacity (6-minute walk test; 6MWT) and peak oxygen consumption (VO2) according to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a subset of subjects. Survival analysis was employed to evaluate the association between M6min and adverse events. RESULTS: Adherence to actigraphy was high (90%) and did not differ according to age. The correlation between M6min and 6MWT was higher in subjects aged 65 and older than in those younger than 65 (correlation coefficient (r=0.702, P<.001 vs r=0.490, P=.002). M6min was also significantly associated with peak VO2 (r=0.612, P=.006). During the study, 26 events occurred (2 deaths, 10 hospitalizations, 8 emergency department visits, and 6 intercurrent illnesses). The M6min was significantly associated with subsequent events (hazard ratio=2.728, 95% confidence interval=1.10,6.77, P=.03), independent of age, sex, ejection fraction, NYHA class, brain natriuretic peptide, and 6MWT. CONCLUSION: The high adherence to actigraphy and association with standard measures of functional capacity and independent association with subsequent morbid events suggest that it may be useful for monitoring older adults with HF. [source] ACUTE APOPTOTIC RESPONSE INDUCED BY THE COLON CARCINOGEN AOM IS DEPENDENT ON P53 GENE and NOT THE APC GENEJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 2001Background/objective, Apoptosis is disordered in tumourigensis, however, the importance of apoptosis in relation to DNA damage created at the time of initiation by genotoxic carcinogens, i.e. the acute apoptotic response to genotoxic carcinogens (AARGC), has hardly been explored. p53 and APC are tumor suppressor genes known to be altered frequently in colon cancer, however, it remains unclear whether AARGC is dependent on the function of p53 or APC. p53 ,/,, p53 ± and APCMin/+ mice provide an excellent model to test the biological significance of AARGC in colon in terms of its ability to delete genetically damaged cells that might progress to cancer. Thus, we have tested the hypothesis that p53 and APC play a critical role in AARGC, by studying AARGC in p53+/, , p53 ,/, mice and APCMin/+0. Methods, p53 knockout mice were produced by breeding male p53+/, with female C57BL/J mice or interbreeding p53+/, mice. APCMin/+ mice were produced by breeding male APCMin/+ mice with female C57BL/J mice. Mice geno-typing were confirmed by PCR. At 10,12 weeks age, 44 mice were given a single subcutaneous azoxymethane (AOM 10 mg/kg) injection to induce AARGC, and killed 6 h later (the time of the maximal response). There were eight p53,/, mice, 11 p53+/, mice, nine p53+/+mice, 12 APCMin/+ mice, and six APC+/+ mice. Three p53,/, mice, four p53+/, mice, seven p53+/+ mice, two APCMin/+, and six APC+/+ mice without AOM injection were used as controls. Apoptosis in colon was measured by classic morphological H & E criteria. Results, In p53+/+ mice, AOM induced a significant increase in apoptosis (4.70 ± 0.35, SEM, apoptotic cells per crypt column) in the distal colon, located almost exclusively in the proliferative compartment. In comparison to the pattern of apoptosis observed in the p53+/+ mice, the apoptotic response of p53,/, mice was almost nonexistent (0.12 ± 0.06) while in p53+/, mice it was significantly suppressed by approximately 50% (2.26 ± 0.28); P < 0.01. In contrast to the importance of p53 gene on AARGC, absence of the APC gene had no obvious effect on AARGC: APCMin/+ mice (5.07 ± 0.30) and APC+/+ (5.50 ± 0.33); P > 0.05. Conclusion, p53 function appears to be critically important for carcinogen-induced apoptosis in colon, while APC homeostasis appears not to be involved in this type of apoptosis. The loss of just one allele of p53, interferes with its function. Further studies are required to determine whether defective AARGC in p53 knockout mice puts them at increased risk of subsequent events in tumorigensis, and whether AARGC can be regulated by known protective agents. [source] Power and sample size considerations in clinical trials with competing risk endpointsPHARMACEUTICAL STATISTICS: THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, Issue 3 2006Ellen Maki Abstract In clinical trials with a time-to-event endpoint, subjects are often at risk for events other than the one of interest. When the occurrence of one type of event precludes observation of any later events or alters the probably of subsequent events, the situation is one of competing risks. During the planning stage of a clinical trial with competing risks, it is important to take all possible events into account. This paper gives expressions for the power and sample size for competing risks based on a flexible parametric Weibull model. Nonuniform accrual to the study is considered and an allocation ratio other than one may be used. Results are also provided for the case where two or more of the competing risks are of primary interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Using surveillance data to promote occupational health and safety policies and practice at the state level: A case study,,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 2 2010Geoffrey M. Calvert MD Abstract Background Following the investigation of a birth defects cluster involving migrant farmworkers employed in North Carolina and Florida, it became clear that greater efforts were needed to protect agricultural workers from pesticide exposure. Methods Documentation is drawn from peer-reviewed published articles, government reports and news accounts. Results The birth defects cluster was identified and investigated by state and federal pesticide poisoning surveillance system staff. Following the investigation, efforts were initiated to highlight pesticides as an important public health issue needing more attention. A series of subsequent events led to the creation and passage of important legislation recently enacted in North Carolina. The legislation resulted in funding to promote various activities to prevent harm from pesticides including strengthening surveillance, improving the quality of pesticide compliance inspections, and increasing and improving pesticide safety training. The legislation also broadened the coverage of anti-retaliation rules to include agricultural workers, and increased recordkeeping requirements pertaining to pesticide applications. Conclusion The important and positive impacts that can occur through surveillance activities are highlighted. As such, it is important to continue to support and improve occupational illness and injury surveillance programs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:188,193 2010. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||