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Subsequent Consumption (subsequent + consumption)
Selected AbstractsPrevious experience of withdrawal from chronic diazepam ameliorates the aversiveness of precipitated withdrawal and reduces withdrawal-induced c-fos expression in nucleus accumbensEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 4 2000Sarah J. Dunworth Abstract Flumazenil (20 mg/kg, i.p.)-precipitated withdrawal from chronic treatment with diazepam (DZP, 15 mg/kg, s.c. in sesame oil for 21 days) resulted in a decreased seizure threshold to the convulsant, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), infused into the tail vein; withdrawal from 21-day chronic diazepam treatment, interspersed with two periods of drug withdrawal, resulted in a greater decrease in convulsant threshold. A separate experiment showed that consumption of a sucrose solution immediately prior to precipitated withdrawal resulted in a decreased subsequent consumption of the sucrose solution; no such evidence of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was seen in mice given prior experience of withdrawal. Thus, prior experience of withdrawal enhanced the effects of a subsequent precipitated withdrawal in increasing seizure sensitivity, but weakened the ability of this withdrawal to serve as an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). The weakening of the aversive properties of precipitated withdrawal may reflect habituation to the withdrawal stimulus, and was accompanied by a loss of the ability of withdrawal to induce c-fos expression in the shell of the nucleus accumbens, an area sensitive to both novel, and stressful, as well as rewarding stimuli. [source] Effect of temperature change on the composition of the bacterial and archaeal community potentially involved in the turnover of acetate and propionate in methanogenic rice field soilFEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Matthias Noll Abstract The microbial community structure was investigated together with the path of methane production in Italian rice field soil incubated at moderate (35 °C) and high (45 °C) temperature using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and stable isotope fractionation. The structure of both the archaeal and bacterial communities differed at 35 °C compared with 45 °C, and acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis dominated, respectively. Changing the incubation of the 45 °C soil to different temperatures (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 °C) resulted in a dynamic change of both microbial community structure and stable isotope fractionation. In all treatments, acetate first accumulated and then decreased. Propionate was also transiently produced and consumed. It is noteworthy that acetate was also consumed at thermophilic conditions, although archaeal community composition and stable isotope fractionation indicated that acetoclastic methanogenesis did not operate. Instead, acetate must have been consumed by syntrophic acetate oxidizers. The transient accumulation and subsequent consumption of acetate at thermophilic conditions was specifically paralleled by terminal restriction fragments characteristic for clostridial cluster I, whereas those of clostridial clusters I and III, Acidaminococcaceae and Heliobacteraceae, paralleled the thermophilic turnover of both acetate and propionate. [source] Keeping off the grass?JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMETRICS, Issue 4 2004An econometric model of cannabis consumption in Britain This paper presents estimates of a dynamic individual-level model of cannabis consumption, using data from a 1998 survey of young people in Britain. The econometric model is a split-population generalization of the non-stationary Poisson process, allowing for separate dynamic process for initiation into cannabis use and subsequent consumption. The model allows for heterogeneity in consumption levels and behavioural shifts induced by leaving education and the parental home. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Assessment of naphthalene biodegradation efficiency of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia strains tested in soil model systems,JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Andrei E Filonov Abstract The kinetic parameters of the naphthalene degradation process performed by indigenous and introduced microorganisms were studied in soil model systems. The introduction of active naphthalene-degrading strains Pseudomonas putida BS3701 and G7 in soil model systems accelerated the naphthalene destruction process by a factor of three to four. Moreover, the addition of salicylate (0.1 mg g,1 dry soil) to the systems containing the introduced microbial strains again doubled the rate of the naphthalene degradation process. To provide a quantitative assessment of the naphthalene biodegradation process, a mathematical model describing the bacterial growth, the consumption of the naphthalene, the production and subsequent consumption of naphthalene cleavage products, and the consumption of organic soil substances in soil model systems was developed. An approach for assessment of the degradation efficiency of low solubility polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon provided by bacteria of genera Pseudomonas and Burkholderia in soil was suggested. The approach will enable comparison and selection of the most active degraders, which have the potential for application in biotechnologies for cleaning of soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Effect of Naloxone on Appetitive and Consummatory Phases of Ethanol Self-AdministrationALCOHOLISM, Issue 7 2001Amanda L. Sharpe Background : The opioid system has been implicated in ethanol self-administration. Morphine, an opiate agonist, can sometimes increase the amount of ethanol consumed, and opiate antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone decrease the amount of ethanol consumed in both animals and humans. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of naloxone on appetitive (or seeking) and consummatory behaviors by using an operant model developed to separate these two phases of self-administration. Methods: Intraperitoneal injections of naloxone (0.3,10 mg/kg) or vehicle were given before operant self-administration sessions to assess the effect on lever pressing (appetitive behavior) and subsequent consumption. Effects were measured in two groups of rats: one self-administered a 3% sucrose solution and the other a 10% ethanol solution. Results: Naloxone dose-dependently decreased ethanol and sucrose consumption by an earlier cessation of drinking in the session compared with vehicle injection days. There were some effects on appetitive responding after treatment with naloxone, but none was statistically significant. Conclusions: Naloxone may decrease ethanol self-administration by decreasing the postingestive or pharmacological effects of alcohol. This model provides a new method for examining the effects of potential pharmacotherapeutics on alcohol self-administration behavior. [source] Lack of symptom benefit following presumptive Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in primary careALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 11 2001D. Williams Background: Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens have failure rates under 10%, however little information is available on the effect of treatment success in reducing the subsequent prescription of anti-ulcer medications in primary care. Aims: To determine, using a large prescription database in eastern Ireland, the success of presumptive eradication therapy in improving symptoms of dyspepsia in primary care, as judged by a reduction in the subsequent prescription of anti-ulcer medications. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we identified 3847 patients who received a prescription for eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori, including 826 who were followed for 9,11 months. Those who subsequently received anti-ulcer medications were deemed failures to obtain symptom relief. Results: For 3847 patients with a median follow-up of 8 months, the failure rate was 49%. Of 826 patients, followed for a longer period (9,11 months), the overall failure rate was 56% (range 44,62% depending on the eradication regimen used). Age over 65 years (hazard ratio=1.57, 95% confidence interval= 1.29,1.91, P < 0.001), prior use of anti-ulcer medications (hazard ratio=1.97, 95% confidence interval=1.63,2.37, P < 0.001) and prior use of aspirin/NSAIDs (hazard ratio=1.43, 95% confidence interval=1.18,1.73, P < 0.001) all predicted failure to obtain relief of symptoms of dyspepsia from eradication therapy. Conclusions: Such high failure rates of eradication therapy in reducing the subsequent consumption of anti-ulcer medications have both clinical and economic implications for the use of eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori in primary care. [source] | |||||||||||||