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Subgingival Plaque (subgingival + plaque)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences100%
Distribution within Medical Sciences
Periodontology55%
Oral Sciences & Technology6%

Terms modified by Subgingival Plaque

  • subgingival plaque bacteria
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  • subgingival plaque sample
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    Selected Abstracts

    Clinical characteristics and microbiota of progressing slight chronic periodontitis in adults

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2007
    Anne C. R. Tanner
    Abstract Aim: This study sought clinical and microbial risk indicators for progressing slight periodontitis. Material and Methods: One hundred and seventeen periodontally healthy or slight periodontitis adults (20,40 years) were monitored clinically at 6-month intervals followed by supragingival cleaning. Inter-proximal sites with >1.5 mm increase in clinical attachment over 18 months were considered disease active. Subgingival plaque was analysed by 78 16S rDNA and 38 whole-genomic DNA probes and by PCR to Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. Characteristics were compared between active and inactive subjects. Results: Twenty-two subjects showed disease activity principally at molars. Mean baseline gingival and plaque indices, bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) were higher in active subjects. DNA probes detected species and not-yet-cultivated phylotypes from chronic periodontitis, although few species were associated with active subjects. By PCR P. gingivalis (p=0.007) and T. forsythia (p=0.075) were detected more frequently during monitoring in active subjects. Stepwise logistic analysis associated baseline levels of gingival index, clinical attachment and bleeding with subsequent clinical attachment loss. Conclusions: Gingivitis and CAL were significantly associated with progressing slight periodontitis in 20,40-year-old adults. Species associated with moderate and advanced chronic periodontitis were detected in slight periodontitis. [source]

    Fc, receptor polymorphisms and periodontal status: a prospective follow-up study

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 10 2006
    D. L. Wolf
    Abstract Aims: The aims of this study were to assess: (i) the distribution of Fc, receptor polymorphisms among patients with chronic periodontitis ("cases") and control subjects with no/minimal loss of periodontal tissue support in a Caucasian population; (ii) whether these polymorphisms can serve as severity markers for periodontitis; and (iii) whether they have any bearing on the response to periodontal therapy. Methods: The study sample consisted of 132 cases and 73 controls of comparable age and gender. Full-mouth periodontal status was assessed. Subgingival plaque (PL) samples and blood samples were obtained and analysed with respect to 19 bacterial species and homologous serum immunoglobulin G titres. Polymorphisms in the Fc, receptor IIa (131R/H) and IIIb (NA1/NA2) were assessed by polymerase chain reaction. Patients underwent periodontal therapy and were followed up at 4 and 30 months. Results: Neither polymorphism showed a skewed distribution among cases and controls. At baseline, periodontitis patients with Fc, RIIa-H/H131 genotype had more PL and deeper pockets than patients in other genotype groups (p<0.05). Both bacterial levels and antibody titres were unrelated to genotype. The longitudinal analysis failed to detect an association between genotype and response to periodontal therapy. Conclusions: The present data failed to demonstrate a clinically relevant relationship between the Fc, receptor IIa (131R/H) or IIIb (NA1/NA2) polymorphism and periodontal status. [source]

    Distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in an Australian population

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 12 2001
    S. M. Hamlet
    Abstract Background, aim: The present study describes (i) the natural distribution of the three putative periodontopathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in an Australian population and (ii) the relationship between these organisms, pocket depths and supragingival plaque scores. Methods: Subgingival plaque was collected from the shallowest and deepest probing site in each sextant of the dentition. In total, 6030 subgingival plaque samples were collected from 504 subjects. An ELISA utilising pathogen-specific monoclonal antibodies was used to quantitate bacterial numbers. Results::A. actinomycetemcomitans was the most frequently detected organism (22.8% of subjects) followed by P. gingivalis and P. intermedia (14.7% and 9.5% of subjects respectively). The majority of infected subjects (83%) were colonised by a single species of organism. A. actinomycetemcomitans presence was over-represented in the youngest age group but under-represented in the older age groups. Conversely, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia presence was under-represented in the youngest age group but over-represented in the older age groups. Differing trends in the distribution of these bacteria were observed between subjects depending upon the site of the infection or whether a single or mixed infection was present; however, these differences did not reach significance. Bacterial presence was strongly associated with pocket depth for both A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. For A. actinomycetemcomitans, the odds of a site containing this bacterium decrease with deeper pockets. In contrast, for P. gingivalis the odds of a site being positive are almost six times greater for pockets >3 mm than for pockets 3 mm. These odds increase further to 15.3 for pockets deeper than 5 mm. The odds of a site being P. intermedia positive were marginally greater (1.16) for pockets deeper than 3 mm. Conclusions: This cross-sectional study in a volunteer Australian population, demonstrated recognised periodontal pathogens occur as part of the flora of the subgingival plaque. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to examine the positive relationship between pocket depth and pathogen presence with periodontal disease initiation and/or progression. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt: 1.) die natürliche Verteilung der 3 vermutlichen Parodontalpathogene Porphyromonas gingivalis und Prevotella intermedia und Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in einer Australischen Population und 2.) das Verhältnis zwischen diesen Organismen, der Taschentiefe und den supragingivalen Plaquewerten. Methoden: In jedem Sextanten des Gebisses wurde subgingivale Plaque von der flachsten und tiefsten Stelle entnommen. Insgesamt wurden 6030 subgingivalen Plaqueproben bei 504 Personen entnommen. Um die Anzahl der Bakterien zu quantifizieren wurde ein ELISA, welcher mit pathogen-spezifische monoklonale Antikörper arbeitet, verwendet. Ergebnisse:A. actinomycetemcomitans war der Keim, der am häufigsten nachgewiesen wurde (22.8% der Personen), gefolgt von P. gingivalis und P. intermedia (14.7% bzw. 9.5% der Personen). Die Mehrheit der Personen (83%) wurde von einer einzigen Spezies eines Organismus kolonisiert. Das Vorkommen von A. actinomycetemcomitans war in der jüngsten Altersgruppe überrepräsentiert, aber in der älteren Altersgruppen unterrepräsentiert. Im Gegensatz dazu war das Vorkommen von P. gingivalis und P. intermedia in der jüngsten Altersgruppe unterepräsentiert, aber in der älteren Altersgruppen überrepräsentiert. Zwischen der Personen wurden unterschiedliche Trends in der Verteilung dieser Bakterien beobachtet. Diese waren abhängig von der Stelle der Infektion oder ob eine Monoinfektion oder Mischinfektion vorhanden war. Jedoch erreichten diese Unterschiede nicht den Bereich der Signifikanz. Sowohl für A. actinomycetemcomitans als auch P. gingivalis war das Vorkommen von Bakterien stark mit der Taschentiefe assoziiert. Für A. actinomycetemcomitans nimmt die Odds einer Stelle welche das Bakterium enthält mit der Tiefe der Tasche ab. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Odds einer Stelle die positiv für P. gingivalis ist fast sechsmal größer für Taschen >3 mm als für Taschen 3 mm. Diese Odds erhöht sich weiter auf 15.3 für Taschen die tiefer als 5 mm sind. Die Odds einer Stelle die positive für P. intermedia ist war nur etwas größer (1.16) für Taschen, die tiefer als 3 mm sind. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Querschnittsstudie einer Australischen Population von Freiwillingen zeigte, dass die erkannten Parodontalpathogene ein Bestandteil der Flora der subgingivalen Plaque sind. Prospektive Langzeitstudien sind notwendig, um die positive Beziehung zwischen der Taschentiefe und dem Vorkommen von Pathogenen mit dem Beginn und der Progression einer Parodontalerkrankung zu untersuchen. Résumé Origine: Cette étude décrit (i) la distribution naturelle des 3 parodontopathogènes présume,Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis et Prevotella intermedia dans une population australienne et (ii) la relation entre ces organismes, les profondeurs de poche et les scores de plaque supragingivale. Méthodes: La plaque sous-gingivale a été prélevée sur le site le moins profond et sur le site le plus profond de chaque sextant de la denture. Au total, 6030 échantillons de plaque sous-gingivale ont été prélevés chez 504 sujets. Un test ELISA par anticorps monoclonaux spécifiques des pathogènes a permis de quantifier les nombres de bactéries. Résultats:Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans était l'organisme le plus fréquement détecté (22.8%) des sujets) suivi de Porphyromonas gingivalis et Prevotella intermedia (14.7% et 9.5% des sujets, respectivement). La majorité des sujets infectés (83%) étaient colonisés par une unique espèce d'organisme. La présence d'Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitansétait surreprésentée dans le groupe des plus jeunes mais sous-représentée dans les groupes plus agés. Des tendances différentes de la distribution de ces bactéries étaient observées entre les sujets selon le site d'infection ou la présence d'une infection unique ou mixte. Cependant, ces différences n'étaient pas significatives. La présence bactérienne était fortement associée avec la profondeur de poche pour Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans et Porphyromonas gingivalis, pour Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, les chances d'un site de contenir cette bactérie diminuant avec la profondeur de poche, alors que pour Porphyromonas gingivalis, les chances d'un site d'être positif étaient 6× plus grande pour des poches >3 mm que pour les poches 3 mm. Ces chances augmentaient en plus à 15.3 pour les poches >5 mm. Les chances d'un site d'être positif pour P. intermediaétaient légèrement plus importantes pour les poches de plus de 3 mm. Conclusions: Cette étude croisée dans une population volontaire australienne a démontré que des pathogènes parodontaux reconnus font partie de leur plaque sous-gingivale. Des études prospectives longitudinales sont nécessaires pour examiner les relations positives entre la profondeur de poche et la présence de pathogènes et l'initiation et/ou la progression de la maladie. [source]

    Prevalence and molecular diversity of Archaea in subgingival pockets of periodontitis patients

    MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009
    C. L. Li
    Introduction:, The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular diversity of Archaea in the subgingival crevices of patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods:, Subgingival plaque was collected from 41 patients with chronic periodontitis and 15 healthy subjects. The prevalence of Archaea in those plaque samples was tested by polymerase chain reaction with two broad-range archaeal primer sets. Amplicons from eight Archaea -positive plaque samples were cloned and sequenced for molecular diversity analysis using one of these two primer sets and a novel third primer set. Results:,Archaea were detected in the subgingival plaque of patients with chronic periodontitis at a prevalence of 70.7,73.2%, but were not detected in healthy subjects. Using one primer set, all sequences of the archaeal amplicons were identified as Methanobrevibacter oralis -like species. With another primer set, the amplicons were also found to be identical to the uncultured M. oralis -like species except one phylotype was found to belong to the class Thermoplasmata. Conclusion:,Archaea might be correlated with periodontal diseases. The diversity of Archaea associated with periodontitis was limited. Almost all sequenced amplicons fell into the genus Methanobrevibacter of the Euryarcheota phylum. M. oralis -like species was the predominant but non-exclusive archaeon in the subgingival dental plaque of patients with periodontitis. [source]

    Porphyromonas gingivalis lipids and diseased dental tissues

    MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006
    F. C. Nichols
    Background/aim:,Porphyromonas gingivalis synthesizes several classes of dihydroceramides and at least one of these lipid classes promotes proinflammatory secretory reactions in gingival fibroblasts as well as alters fibroblast morphology in culture. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the dihydroceramide lipids of P. gingivalis are recovered in lipid extracts of subgingival plaque, diseased teeth, and diseased gingival tissue samples. Methods:, Lipids were extracted from P. gingivalis, subgingival plaque, subgingival calculus, teeth laden with gross accumulations of subgingival calculus, and gingival tissue samples obtained from chronic severe periodontitis sites. Lipid samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as trimethylsilyl derivatives or by electrospray-mass spectrometry as underivatized products. High-performance liquid chromatography fractions of P. gingivalis lipids and gingival tissue lipids were also analyzed by electrospray-mass spectrometry analysis. Results:,P. gingivalis phosphorylated dihydroceramides were recovered in lipid extracts of subgingival plaque, subgingival calculus, calculus contaminated teeth, and diseased gingival tissue samples. However, the distribution of phosphorylated dihydroceramides varied between these samples. Conclusion:, Subgingival plaque, subgingival calculus, diseased teeth, and gingival tissue are contaminated with phosphorylated dihydroceramides produced by P. gingivalis. The previously reported biological activity of these substances together with the recovery of these lipids at periodontal disease sites argues strongly for their classification as virulence factors in promoting chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. [source]

    Periodontal and oral microbiological status of an adult population undergoing haemodialysis: a cross-sectional study

    ORAL DISEASES, Issue 2 2007
    A Castillo
    Objectives:, The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the periodontal status and oral microbiological patterns of a population with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), undergoing haemodialysis (HD). Design:, This was a cross-sectional study, involving 52 patients from the Nephrology Department and 52 matched control subjects. Materials and methods:, The subjects had a periodontal clinical examination; subgingival plaque samples were taken and analysed using a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to detect Porphyromas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Subgingival plaque and saliva samples were studied for Candida and Enterobacteriaceae. Main outcome measures:, Most of the 104 subjects had some degree of loss of periodontal attachment (LPA) ,3 mm [11 (10.5%) had severe LPA; 16 (15.4%) moderate LPA; and 64 (61.5%) mild LPA]. Only 13 subjects (12.5%) presented good periodontal health. Results:, No statistically significant differences were found between the HD patients and the control group regarding bleeding index, number of teeth, or percentage of LPA ,3 mm. However, a statistically significant difference was seen in the degree of oral hygiene. Conclusions:, On the basis of the findings presented here, we cannot associate ESRD with more severe periodontal destruction. Although HD patients presented a higher number of periodontopathic microorganisms than the matched controls, a prolonged duration of HD did not bear a statistically significant relationship with the percentage of sites with LPA ,3 mm, specific microbiota or composition of biofilm. [source]

    Periodontal microbiota and clinical periodontal status in a rural sample in southern Thailand

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2002
    P. N. Papapanou
    We sought to determine (i) the association of subgingival bacterial profiles to clinical periodontal status in a population with limited access to dental care in Thailand, and (ii) the external validity of our earlier findings from a similar study in rural China. We examined 356 subjects, 30,39 yr old and 50,59 yr old, with respect to clinical periodontal status and subgingival plaque at maximally 14 sites per subject. Checkerboard hybridizations were used to analyse a total of 4343 samples. The prevalence of the 27 species investigated ranged between 87.2% and 100%. Discriminant analysis based on microbial profiles classified correctly 67.5% of all deep (, 5 mm) and 64.2% of all shallow sites, and 67.4% of all subjects with and 69.3% of all subjects without , 3 deep pockets. High colonization by ,red complex' bacteria was four times as likely (95% Confidence Limits (CL) 2.5,6.6) in subjects with ,,10 sites with attachment loss of ,,5 mm, and 4.3 times as likely (95% CL 2.6,7.1) in subjects with , 30 such sites. The data confirmed (i) the ubiquitous prevalence of the bacteria investigated in subjects with no regular access to dental care; and (ii) the high odds for periodontal pathology conferred by increased levels of specific periodontal bacteria. [source]

    Sonic and ultrasonic scalers in periodontal treatment: a review

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 1 2007
    T Arabaci
    Abstract:, Periodontal therapy aims at arresting periodontal infection and maintaining a healthy periodontium. The periodic mechanical removal of subgingival microbial biofilms is essential for controlling inflammatory periodontal disease. Mechanical periodontal therapy consists of scaling, root planing and gingival curettage. The sonic and ultrasonic scalers are valuable tools in the prevention of periodontal disease. The vibration of scaler tips is the main effect to remove the deposits from the dental surface, such as bacterial plaque, calculus and endotoxin. However, constant flushing activity of the lavage used to cool the tips and cavitational activity result in disruption of the weak and unattached subgingival plaque. The aim of the study was to review the safety, efficacy, role and deleterious side-effects of sonic and ultrasonic scalers in mechanical periodontal therapy. [source]

    Herpes viruses in periodontal compromised sites: comparison between HIV-positive and -negative patients

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 10 2008
    Sabrina Rosa Grande
    Abstract Aim: The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Epstein,Barr virus (EBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in subgingival plaque, saliva and peripheral blood of HIV-positive and-negative patients with periodontal disease. Material and Methods: Fifty HIV-positive subjects (23 with gingivitis, 27 with periodontitis) and 50 healthy HIV-negative patients with chronic periodontitis were included in the study. Parameters of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index and plaque index were recorded. The samples were processed for viral identification by the nested polymerase chain reaction technique. Results: HCMV was the most prevalent virus in HIV-positive (82%) and-negative patients (84%), and the detection in the three samples was similar (p>0.05). HSV-1 was the least prevalent virus in both groups, being detected in similar frequencies in oral sites and in peripheral blood. EBV-1 was found more frequently in saliva and subgingival plaque of HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative patients (p0.05). Conclusions: EBV-1 was more frequently recovered in oral sites of HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative patients. [source]

    Genotypic characterization of Porphyromonas gingivalis isolated from subgingival plaque and blood sample in positive bacteremia subjects with periodontitis

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 9 2008
    P. Juliana Pérez-Chaparro
    Abstract Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate clonal relationship among Porphyromonas gingivalis isolated from subgingival plaque and blood samples in positive transient bacteremia subjects with periodontitis. Material and Methods: Unrelated patients with general chronic periodontitis or general aggressive periodontitis requiring scaling and root planing (SRP) were included in the study. Genotyping of each isolate was performed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis technique. Genetic relatedness of strains isolated within an individual or between different patients was determined by dendogram analysis. Results: Following SRP, from 16 patients, seven patients showed positive P. gingivalis bacteremia and nine were negative. Thirty-two strains were isolated from subgingival plaque and blood samples before and during induced transient bacteremia. The majority of the patients harboured one clonal type. Two patients showed different clones in plaque and blood samples suggesting that more than one clone can be found in subgingival plaque. P. gingivalis isolates from periodontitis patients after transient bacteremia following SRP, revealed a high heterogeneity among isolates. Conclusion: In 6/16 subjects the same P. gingivalis isolate was found in the blood and in oral cavity. P. gingivalis heterogeneity suggests no association of a unique clonal type with transient bacteremia. [source]

    Evaluation of the relationship between smoking during pregnancy and subgingival microbiota

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 1 2005
    Nurcan Buduneli
    Abstract Background: Numerous studies have shown that smoking negatively affects periodontal health. Hormonal changes, which occur during pregnancy have also been reported to have adverse effects on the periodontal tissues or indirectly through alterations in the subgingival bacterial flora. At present, no knowledge exists concerning possible effects of smoking on the composition of subgingival plaque in pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of smoking during pregnancy on the subgingival plaque bacteria most commonly associated with periodontal disease. Methods: A total number of 181 women were examined within 72 h post-partum. Smoking status was recorded by means of a self-reported questionnaire and the study population was divided into three groups; non-smokers, light smokers, and heavy smokers. In each woman, two subgingival plaque samples were obtained from mesio- or disto-buccal aspect of randomly selected one molar and one incisor tooth by sterile paperpoints. Clinical periodontal recordings comprising presence of dental plaque, bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing pocket depth (PPD) were performed at six sites per each tooth at all teeth. Plaque samples were analysed by checkerboard DNA,DNA hybridization with respect to 12 bacterial species. In all analyses, the individual subject was the computational unit. Thus, mean values for all clinical parameters were calculated and bacterial scores from each individual sample were averaged. Statistical methods included ,2 test, Kruskal,Wallis test and Mann,Whitney U -test. Results: Mean ages were similar in the study groups. Plaque, BOP and PPD recordings were lower in the heavy-smoker group, but the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The detection rates and bacterial loads of the specific subgingival bacteria exhibited no significant differences between the groups. No correlation could be found between smoking status and detection rates and bacterial loads of various bacterial species. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that smoking during pregnancy does not have a significant effect on the composition of subgingival plaque bacteria. [source]

    Recent concepts in plaque formation

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2003
    J.-P. Bernimoulin
    Abstract Dental plaque is an adherent, bacterial film, and is the main pathological agent for periodontal diseases. The formation of dental plaque can occur both supragingivally and subgingivally. The development of plaque is a three-step process. Following the formation of a pellicle, pioneer micro-organisms will adhere to it, proliferate and form colonies. The final stage involves the aggregation of filamentous organisms and spirochetes into a cohesive biofilm. Many products of the plaque bacteria reach the subepithelial tissue, causing inflammatory responses such as increased vascularity and leukocyte diapedesis. Both supragingival and subgingival plaque may form a hard, mineralized mass called calculus. The surface of calculus harbours bacteria, which may exacerbate the inflammatory responses. An effective oral antiseptic must be active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species, including streptococci and fusobacteria. Ideally, an effective agent would also penetrate the plaque biofilm. Data show that essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthwashes have the broadest antimicrobial effects. [source]

    The effects of subgingival calculus on the clinical outcomes of locally-delivered controlled-release doxycycline compared to scaling and root planing

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2002
    Lonnie R. Johnson
    Abstract Background, aim: The effect of subgingival calculus on the clinical outcomes of the local delivery of antimicrobials is unknown. This study examines the clinical outcomes of treatment with locally delivered controlled-release doxycycline (DH) or scaling and root planing (SRP) in subsets of adult periodontitis patients with known baseline levels of subgingival calculus. Methods: The data examined were obtained from 393 patients who participated in 2 multi-center trials. All patients had baseline subgingival calculus levels assessed and were then treated at baseline and month 4 with either DH or SRP. Clinical attachment levels (CAL), pocket depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed at baseline and months 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9. Results: Treatment with either DH or SRP resulted in significant statistical and clinical improvements in CAL, PD and BOP. These clinical outcomes were equivalent regardless of the extent of subgingival calculus present at baseline. Conclusions: The results indicate that the primary clinical effects of these therapies are the result of a disruption and reduction of the subgingival plaque and not the effect of the removal of subgingival calculus and contaminated cementum. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund, Ziel: Der Effekt von subginvalem Zahnstein auf die klinischen Ergebnisse von lokal freigesetzten antimikrobiellen Mitteln ist unbekannt. Die Studie überprüfte die klinische Ergebnisse der Behandlung mit kontrolliert lokal freigesetztem Doxycyclin (DH) oder mit Wurzelreinigung und -glättung (SRP) bei einer Gruppe von Patienten mit Erwachsenen-Parodontitis mit bekanntem Ausmaß von subgingivalen Zahnstein zu Beginn der Studie. Methoden: Die zu überprüfenden Daten kamen von 393 Patienten, die an 2 multizentrischen Studien teilnahmen. Alle Patienten hatten zur Basis gemessene subgingivale Zahnsteinlevel, und sie wurden dann zur Basis und zum 4. Monat entweder mit DH oder SRP behandelt. Die klinischen Stützgewebeniveaus (CAL), die Sondierungstiefe (PD) und die Provokationsblutung (BOP) wurden zur Basis und zu den Monaten 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 und 9 aufgezeichnet. Ergebnisse: Die Behandlung entweder mit DH oder SRP ergab statistisch signifikante und klinische Verbesserungen beim CAL, bei der PD und bei der BOP. Diese klinischen Ergebnisse waren unabhängig vom Ausmaß des subgingivalen Zahnsteins, der zur Basis vorhanden war, gleich. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die primären klinischen Effekte von diesen Therapieformen das Resultat der Zerstörung und Reduktion der subgingivalen Plaque sind und nicht den Effekt von der Entfernung des subgingivalen Zahnsteins und kontaminierten Zementes darstellen. Résumé Origine, but: Les effets du tartre sous-gingival sur les comportements cliniques de l'application locale d'antimicrobiens sont inconnus. Cette étude examine le comportement clinique de traitement consistant en l'application locale de doxycycline à libération lente (DH) ou en un détartrage/surfaçage radiculaire seul (SRP) dans des groupes de patients atteints de parodontite de l'adulte avec des niveaux initiaux de tartre sous-gingival connus. Méthodes: Les données examinées sont obtenus chez 393 patients qui participèrent à 2 essais multi-centriques. Chez tous les patients, les niveaux de tartre sousgingivaux initiaux furent évalués et ils furent traités à 0 et à 4 mois avec soit DH, soit SRP. Les niveaux d'attache clinique (CAL), les profondeurs de poche (PD) et le saignement au sondage (BOP) furent évalués initialement et à 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 et 9 mois. Résultats: Le traitement avec les 2 méthodes apportait des améliorations statistiquement significatives pour CAL, PD et BOP. Ces comportements cliniques étaient équivalents quel que fut l'importance du tartre sous-gingival initialement. Conclusions: Les résultats indiquent que les effets cliniques primaires de ces traitements sont le résultat de la réduction et de la désorganisation de la plaque sous-gingivale et non pas l'effet de l'élimination du tartre sous-gingival et du cément contaminé. [source]

    Distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in an Australian population

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 12 2001
    S. M. Hamlet
    Abstract Background, aim: The present study describes (i) the natural distribution of the three putative periodontopathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in an Australian population and (ii) the relationship between these organisms, pocket depths and supragingival plaque scores. Methods: Subgingival plaque was collected from the shallowest and deepest probing site in each sextant of the dentition. In total, 6030 subgingival plaque samples were collected from 504 subjects. An ELISA utilising pathogen-specific monoclonal antibodies was used to quantitate bacterial numbers. Results::A. actinomycetemcomitans was the most frequently detected organism (22.8% of subjects) followed by P. gingivalis and P. intermedia (14.7% and 9.5% of subjects respectively). The majority of infected subjects (83%) were colonised by a single species of organism. A. actinomycetemcomitans presence was over-represented in the youngest age group but under-represented in the older age groups. Conversely, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia presence was under-represented in the youngest age group but over-represented in the older age groups. Differing trends in the distribution of these bacteria were observed between subjects depending upon the site of the infection or whether a single or mixed infection was present; however, these differences did not reach significance. Bacterial presence was strongly associated with pocket depth for both A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. For A. actinomycetemcomitans, the odds of a site containing this bacterium decrease with deeper pockets. In contrast, for P. gingivalis the odds of a site being positive are almost six times greater for pockets >3 mm than for pockets 3 mm. These odds increase further to 15.3 for pockets deeper than 5 mm. The odds of a site being P. intermedia positive were marginally greater (1.16) for pockets deeper than 3 mm. Conclusions: This cross-sectional study in a volunteer Australian population, demonstrated recognised periodontal pathogens occur as part of the flora of the subgingival plaque. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to examine the positive relationship between pocket depth and pathogen presence with periodontal disease initiation and/or progression. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt: 1.) die natürliche Verteilung der 3 vermutlichen Parodontalpathogene Porphyromonas gingivalis und Prevotella intermedia und Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in einer Australischen Population und 2.) das Verhältnis zwischen diesen Organismen, der Taschentiefe und den supragingivalen Plaquewerten. Methoden: In jedem Sextanten des Gebisses wurde subgingivale Plaque von der flachsten und tiefsten Stelle entnommen. Insgesamt wurden 6030 subgingivalen Plaqueproben bei 504 Personen entnommen. Um die Anzahl der Bakterien zu quantifizieren wurde ein ELISA, welcher mit pathogen-spezifische monoklonale Antikörper arbeitet, verwendet. Ergebnisse:A. actinomycetemcomitans war der Keim, der am häufigsten nachgewiesen wurde (22.8% der Personen), gefolgt von P. gingivalis und P. intermedia (14.7% bzw. 9.5% der Personen). Die Mehrheit der Personen (83%) wurde von einer einzigen Spezies eines Organismus kolonisiert. Das Vorkommen von A. actinomycetemcomitans war in der jüngsten Altersgruppe überrepräsentiert, aber in der älteren Altersgruppen unterrepräsentiert. Im Gegensatz dazu war das Vorkommen von P. gingivalis und P. intermedia in der jüngsten Altersgruppe unterepräsentiert, aber in der älteren Altersgruppen überrepräsentiert. Zwischen der Personen wurden unterschiedliche Trends in der Verteilung dieser Bakterien beobachtet. Diese waren abhängig von der Stelle der Infektion oder ob eine Monoinfektion oder Mischinfektion vorhanden war. Jedoch erreichten diese Unterschiede nicht den Bereich der Signifikanz. Sowohl für A. actinomycetemcomitans als auch P. gingivalis war das Vorkommen von Bakterien stark mit der Taschentiefe assoziiert. Für A. actinomycetemcomitans nimmt die Odds einer Stelle welche das Bakterium enthält mit der Tiefe der Tasche ab. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Odds einer Stelle die positiv für P. gingivalis ist fast sechsmal größer für Taschen >3 mm als für Taschen 3 mm. Diese Odds erhöht sich weiter auf 15.3 für Taschen die tiefer als 5 mm sind. Die Odds einer Stelle die positive für P. intermedia ist war nur etwas größer (1.16) für Taschen, die tiefer als 3 mm sind. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Querschnittsstudie einer Australischen Population von Freiwillingen zeigte, dass die erkannten Parodontalpathogene ein Bestandteil der Flora der subgingivalen Plaque sind. Prospektive Langzeitstudien sind notwendig, um die positive Beziehung zwischen der Taschentiefe und dem Vorkommen von Pathogenen mit dem Beginn und der Progression einer Parodontalerkrankung zu untersuchen. Résumé Origine: Cette étude décrit (i) la distribution naturelle des 3 parodontopathogènes présume,Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis et Prevotella intermedia dans une population australienne et (ii) la relation entre ces organismes, les profondeurs de poche et les scores de plaque supragingivale. Méthodes: La plaque sous-gingivale a été prélevée sur le site le moins profond et sur le site le plus profond de chaque sextant de la denture. Au total, 6030 échantillons de plaque sous-gingivale ont été prélevés chez 504 sujets. Un test ELISA par anticorps monoclonaux spécifiques des pathogènes a permis de quantifier les nombres de bactéries. Résultats:Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans était l'organisme le plus fréquement détecté (22.8%) des sujets) suivi de Porphyromonas gingivalis et Prevotella intermedia (14.7% et 9.5% des sujets, respectivement). La majorité des sujets infectés (83%) étaient colonisés par une unique espèce d'organisme. La présence d'Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitansétait surreprésentée dans le groupe des plus jeunes mais sous-représentée dans les groupes plus agés. Des tendances différentes de la distribution de ces bactéries étaient observées entre les sujets selon le site d'infection ou la présence d'une infection unique ou mixte. Cependant, ces différences n'étaient pas significatives. La présence bactérienne était fortement associée avec la profondeur de poche pour Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans et Porphyromonas gingivalis, pour Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, les chances d'un site de contenir cette bactérie diminuant avec la profondeur de poche, alors que pour Porphyromonas gingivalis, les chances d'un site d'être positif étaient 6× plus grande pour des poches >3 mm que pour les poches 3 mm. Ces chances augmentaient en plus à 15.3 pour les poches >5 mm. Les chances d'un site d'être positif pour P. intermediaétaient légèrement plus importantes pour les poches de plus de 3 mm. Conclusions: Cette étude croisée dans une population volontaire australienne a démontré que des pathogènes parodontaux reconnus font partie de leur plaque sous-gingivale. Des études prospectives longitudinales sont nécessaires pour examiner les relations positives entre la profondeur de poche et la présence de pathogènes et l'initiation et/ou la progression de la maladie. [source]

    Absence of a specific subgingival microflora in adults with Down's syndrome

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2001
    W. Reuland-Bosma
    Abstract Background: Periodontal disease in Down's syndrome (DS) is generally characterized by a high degree of bone loss. Bone loss of 5 mm or more is observed in 70% of these subjects. Among DS subjects, considerable differences in disease progression occur. So far, no studies have been conducted in which specific properties of the subgingival microflora have been related to the condition observed. Aims: To investigate (1) the subgingival microflora in DS subjects and other mentally retarded (control) individuals which were matched to the utmost and (2) to investigate the subgingival microflora of a "low-risk" and a " high-risk" group formed in DS subjects. Material and Methods: 17 DS subjects and 17 control subjects were matched with respect to age, plaque level and bleeding on probing. In addition, the DS group was divided in a "low-risk" group (0,2 teeth lost due to periodontal disease n=6) and a "high-risk"group (6,13 teeth lost due to periodontal disease n=11). Prevalence and proportions of the putative periodontal pathogens Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, Peptostreptococcus micros, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Campylobacter rectus in the subgingival plaque were determined using anaerobic culture techniques. No differences in the prevalence of distinct suspected periodontopathic bacteria and bacterial subgingival composition between the DS group and the control group could be established. Also no differences in the prevalence of the seven investigated microbial species between the "low-risk" and the "high-risk" group were observed. Conclusions: Because of the lack of differences in microflora between the DS group and the control group, a specific effect of the microbiological composition in the periodontal status of subjects with DS can be excluded in this population. Host factors constitute the more likely explanation of the differences observed in DS. Zusammenfassung Basis: Die parodontale Erkrankung beim Down Syndrom (DS) ist allgemein durch einen hohen Grad von Knochenverlust charakterisiert. Knochenverlust von 5 mm und mehr wird bei 70% der Personen beobachtet. Unter den DS Personen bestehen beträchtliche Differenzen in der Erkrankungsprogression. Bis heute sind keine Studien durchgeführt worden, in welchen die spezifischen Eingenschaften der subgingivalen Mikroflora in Beziehung zu den Bedingungen beobachtet wurden. Ziele: Untersuchung (1) der subgingivalen Mikroflora bei DS Personen und anderen mental retardierten (Kontrollen) Personen, die zu einer größten gemischt wurden und (2) der subgingivalen Mikroflora von Gruppen mit "geringem Risiko" und Gruppen mit "hohem Risiko" bei DS Personen. Material und Methoden: 17 DS Personen mit 17 Kontrollpersonen wurden im Hinblick auf Alter, Plaquemenge und Blutung auf Provokation eingeteilt. Zusätzlich wurde die DS Gruppe in "geringes Risiko" (0,2 Zähne infolge von parodontaler Erkrankung verloren, n=6) und in "hohes Risiko" (6,13 Zähne infolge parodontaler Erkrankung verloren, n=11) eingeteilt. Das Vorkommen und die Relationen von putativen parodontalen Pathogenen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitants, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, Peptostreptococcus micros, Fusobacterium nucleatum und Campylobacter rectus in der subgingivalen Plaque wurden mit anaerober Kulturtechnik bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Es konnten keine Differenzen in der Prävalenz der bezeichneten parodontopathogenen Bakterien und der bakteriellen subgingivalen Zusammensetzung zwischen DS Gruppe und der Kontrollgruppe beobachtet werden. Auch zwischen der Gruppe "geringes Risiko" und "hohes Risiko" wurden keine Differenzen in der Prävalenz der 7 untersuchten Spezies beobachtet. Schlußfolgerungen: Weil keine Differenzen in der Mikroflora zwischen DS Gruppe und der Kontrollgruppe vorhanden sind, kann ein spezifischer Effekt der mikrobiologischen Zusammensetzung beim parodontalen Status der Personen mit DS in dieser Population ausgeschlossen werden. Für die Erklärung der Differenzen, die bei den DS Personen beobachtet werden, sind die Wirtsfaktoren mehr wahrscheinlich. Résumé Origine: La maladie parodontale lors du syndrôme de Down (DS) est généralement caractérisée par une importante perte osseuse. Cette perte osseuse atteint 5 mm ou plus chez 70% de ces malades. Parmi les sujets DS, des différences considérables dans la progression de cette maladie se manifestent. Aucune étude n'a encore été entreprise dans laquelle la microflore sous-gingivale a été mise en relation avec les conditions observées. But: Le but de cette étude a été (1) d'analyser la microflore sous-gingivale chez les sujets DS et d'autres retardés mentaux servant de contrôles et (2) mieux connaître la microflore sous-gingivale chez les groupes de patients DS avec faible et haut risques. Matériaux et méthodes: 17 sujets DS et 17 sujets contrôles ont été analysés de manière parallèle en fonction de l'âge, du niveau de plaque dentaire et du saignement au sondage. De plus, le groupe DS était scindé en deux sous-groupes: "petit risque" (0 à 2 dents perdues pour cause de maladie parodontale; n=6), et "haut risque" (6 à 13 dents perdues; n=11). La fréquence globale et les proportions de pathogènes parodontaux putatifs l'Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, le Porphyromonas gingivalis, le Prevotella intermedia, le Bacteroides forsythus, le Peptostreptococcus micros, le Fusobacterium nucleatum et le Campylobacter rectus dans la plaque sous-gingivale ont été déterminés en utilisant des techniques de culture anaérobie. Résultats: Aucune différence dans la fréquence globlale de ces bactéries ni dans la composition de la flore sous-gingivale n'a été trouvée entre le groupe DS et le groupe contrôle. Il n'y avait également aucune différence entre les sous-groupes à faible et à haut risques. Conclusions: Parce qu'aucune différence n'a été décelée dans la microflore entre les groupes DS et contrôle, aucun effet spécifique de leur flore sous-gingivale ne pourrait être responsable; les facteurs de l'hôte constituent très vraisemblablement l'explication des différences observées chez les sujets DS. [source]

    Generalized cervical root resorption associated with periodontal disease

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2001
    Wouter Beertsen
    Abstract Background and description of case: The etiology and pathogenesis of generalized cervical root resorptions is not well understood. In the present report, a case of severe cervical root resorption involving 24 anterior and posterior teeth is presented. The lesions developed within a period of 2 years after the patient had changed to an acid-enriched diet. They extended far into the coronal dentin and were associated with gingival inflammation and crestal bone resorption. However, no generalized clinical attachment loss had occurred. Culturing of subgingival plaque revealed the presence of several putative periodontal pathogens among which Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Treatment consisted of mechanical debridement supported by systemic antibiotics (amoxycillin plus metronidazole) and dietary advice. Results: Within 1 year after the onset of treatment, all resorptive lesions had repaired by ingrowth of a radio-opaque mineralized tissue. The crestal areas showed radiological evidence of bone repair. 3 years after the onset of therapy, one premolar was extracted and examined histologically. It appeared that irregularly-shaped masses of woven bone-like tissue had invaded into the domain of the resorbed coronal dentin and were bordered by thin layers of acellular cementum. Conclusion: It is concluded that, in this patient, the cervical resorptions were likely the result of an osteoclastic response extending into the roots because the root-protective role of the junctional epithelium did not develop. We hypothesize that this was due to the combined effects of a periodontopathogenic microflora and a dietary confounding factor. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Beschreibung des Falls: Die Ätiologie und die Pathogenese der generalisierten Wurzelresorptionen ist nicht besonders bekannt. In der vorliegenden Fallpräsentation wird ein schwerer Fall von Wurzelresorption gezeigt, die 24 anteriore und posteriore Zähne einbezog. Die Läsionen entwickelten sich innerhalb einer Periode von 2 Jahren, nachdem der Patient zu einer Säure-angereicherten Diät gewechselt hatte. Die Läsionen dehnten sich in das koronale Dentin aus und waren mit gingivaler Entzündung und krestaler Knochenresorption verbunden. Jedoch wurde kein generalisierter Attachmentverlust beobachtet. Die Kultur der subgingivalen Plaque erbrachte das Vorhandensein von verschiedenen putativen parodontalen Pathogenen, unter ihnen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans und Porphyromonas gingivalis. Die Behandlung bestand in der mechanischen Reinigung unterstützt mit systemischen Antibiotika (Amoxicillin und Metronidazol) und Diätanweisungen. Ergebnisse: Innerhalb eines Jahres nach dem Beginn der Therapie waren alle Resorptionsläsionen repariert durch das Einwachsen von röntgenopakem mineralisierten Gewebe. Die krestalen Regionen zeigten radiologisch nachgewiesene Knochenreparatur. 3 Jahre nach Therapiebeginn wurde ein Prämolar extrahiert und histologisch untersucht. Es schien, daß irreguläre geformte Massen von verflochtenem knochen-ähnlichen Gewebe in den Hauptteil des resorbierten koronalen Dentins hineingelangt sind und von dünnen Schichten azellulären Zementes begrenzt wurden. Zusammenfassung: Es wird geschlußfolgert, daß bei diesem Patient die zervikalen Resorptionen wahrscheinlich das Ergebnis einer osteoklastischen Reaktion waren, bis in die Wurzeln ausgedehnt, weil sich die wurzelschützende Rolle des Verbindungsepithels nich entwickelt hatte. Wir nehmen an, daß dies in der Folge eines kombinierten Effektes von parodontopathogenen Keimen und eines verwirrenden diätetischen Faktors geschah. Résumé Origine: L'étiologie et la pathogenèse des résorptions radiculaires cervicales généralisées ne sont pas suffisamment connues. Dans le rapport présent, un cas de résorption radiculaire cervicale sévère se rapportant à 24 dents antérieures et postérieures est présenté. Les lésions s'étaint développées durant les 2 années qui ont suivi le changement de régime alimentaire du patient vers un régime plus acide. Elles s'étendaient profondément dans la dentine coronaire et étaient associées à une inflammation gingivale et une résorption osseuse crestale. Cependant, aucune perte d'attache clinique généralisée n'est apparue. La culture de la plaque dentaire sous-gingivale a révélé la présence de plusieurs pathogènes parodontaux putatifs parmi lesquels l'Actinobaccilus actinomycetemcomitans et le Porphyromonas gingivalis. Le traitement a consisté en un nettoyage mécanique associéà l'utilisation d'antibiotiques par voie systémique (amoxycilline + métronidazole) et un conseil diététique. Résultats. Dans l'année qui a suivi ce traitement, toutes les lésions de résorption ont été guéries par la croissance d'un tissu minéralisé radio-opaque. Les zones crestales montraient une évidence radiologique de réparation osseuse. 3 ans après le démarrage de ce traitement, une prémolaire a été avulsée et examinée histologiquement. Il est apparu que des masses de formes irrégulières de tissus ressemblant à de l'os ouaté avaient envahi le domaine de dentine coronaire résorbé et étaient entourées par de fines couches de cément acellulaire. Conclusions: Chez ce patient, les résorptions cervicales étaient vraisemblablement dûes à une réponse ostéoclastique s'étendant dans les racines parce que le rôle de protection radiculaire de l'épithélium de jonction ne s'étaient pas développé. Cette situation était vraisemblablement dûe à des effets combinés de la microflore parodonto-pathogène et d'un facteur diététique. [source]

    Prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in an ethnic adult Chinese population

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 9 2001
    Kai Soo Tan
    Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the structure of the leukotoxin promoter region of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in an ethnic Chinese population. Method: Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 42 patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis and 50 periodontally healthy patients. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected directly from the crude subgingival plaque by PCR using leukotoxin gene specific primers. The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was determined by a single 285 bp PCR amplicon. Results:A. actinomycetemcomitans was found to be present in the subgingival plaque of 68 out of a total of 92 patients examined (74%). 29 out of the 42 periodontitis patients tested were carriers of A. actinomycetemcomitans (69%). Among the periodontally healthy patients studied, 39 out of 50 subjects possessed the bacteria (78%). PCR analysis of the promoter region of the ltx operon revealed that none of the 42 moderate to advanced periodontitis patients examined harboured A.actinomycetemcomitans strains with the JP2-like promoter of the ltx operon, known to enhance leukotoxin expression. 2 out of the 27 advanced periodontitis patients clinically diagnosed as suffering from rapidly progressive periodontitis were found to be carriers of the mildly toxic strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans with the characteristic 652-like promoter. Conclusions: The high prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, regardless of whether the subgingival samples were analysed from patients with healthy or diseased periodontium suggests that this bacterial species is part of the normal oral flora of ethnic Chinese. Our preliminary results also suggested that subjects who harboured the mildly toxic strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans were potentially susceptible to aggressive forms of periodontitis. Zusammenfassung Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, in einer ethnischen Population von Chinesen die Prävalenz von Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans und die Struktur der Leukotoxin-Promoterregion zu bestimmen. Von 42 Patienten mit moderater bis fortgeschrittener Parodontitis und 50 parodontal gesunden Patienten wurden subgingivale Plaqueproben entnommen. A. actinomycetemcomitans wurde direkt in der unbehandelten subgingivalen Plaque durch PCR unter Verwendung eines Leukotoxingen-spezifischen Primers nachgewiesen. Das Vorhandensein von A. actinomycetemcomitans wurde mittels eines einzigen 285 bp-PCR-Amplikons bestimmt. Es wurde A. actinomycetemcomitans bei 68 von 92 untersuchten Patienten (74%) vorgefunden. 29 von 42 getesteten Parodontitispatienten waren Träger von A. actinomycetemcomitans (69%). Unter den Studierten parodontal gesunden Patienten besaßen 39 von 50 Personen das Bakterium (78%). Die PCR-Analyse der Promoterregion des ltx -Operons zeigte, dass keiner der 42 untersuchten Patienten mit moderater bis fortgeschrittener Parodontitis den A. actinomycetemcomitans mit dem JP2-ähnlichen Promoter des ltx -Operons, welches die Leukotoxinexpression verstärkt, besaß. Bei 2 der 27 Patienten mit fortgeschrittener Parodontitis wurde klinisch eine rasch fortschreitende Parodontitis diagnostiziert und es wurde der mit geringer Toxizität versehene Stamm des A. actinomycetemcomitans mit dem charakteristischen 652-ähnlichen Promoter vorgefunden. Bedingt durch die hohe Prävalenz von A. actinomycetemcomitans unabhängig davon, ob die Proben von Patienten mit gesundem oder erkranktem Parodontium stammen, lässt sich annehmen, dass diese Bakterienspezies bei ethnischen Chinesen ein Teil normalen Mundflora ist. Unsere vorläufigen Resultate lassen auch annehmen, dass Personen, die den mit geringer Toxizität versehenen Stamm des A. actinomycetemcomitans tragen eine potentielle Anfälligkeit für aggressive Formen der Parodontitis besitzen. Résumé Le but de l'étude présente a été de déterminer la fréquence globale et la structure de la région promoteur de leukotoxine de l'Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) dans une population chinoise. Des échantillons de plaque dentaire sous-gingivale ont été prélevés chez 42 patients avec parodontite modérée à avancée et chez 50 patients sains. L'A.a. a été détecté directement dans la plaque sous-gingivale par PCR en utilisant les sites spécifiques de gènes leukotoxines. La présence de l'A.a. a été déterminée par un amplicon PCR de 285 bp. L'A.a. a été décelé dans la plaque sous-gingivale de 68 des 92 patients examinés (74%). 29 des 42 patients avec parodontite ont été reconnus comme porteurs d'A.a. (69%). Parmi les patients sains étudiés, 39 des 50 sujets étaient porteurs de la bactérie (78%). L'analyse PCR de la région promoteur de operon ltx a révélé que des 42 patients avec parodontite modéréà avancée aucun n'avaient de souche A.a. avec le promoteur ressemblant au JP2 de l'operon ltx, reconnu pour acroître la leukotoxine. 2 des 27 patients avec parodontit avancée souffraient d'une parodontite progressant rapidement et étaient porteurs d'une souche moyennement toxique d'A.a. avec la caractéristique du promoteur ressemblant au 652. La fréquence globale importante d'A.a., sans tenir compte si les échantillons sous-gingivaux ont été analysés de patients avec un parodonte sain ou malade, suggère que ces espèces bactériennes font partie de la flore buccale normale de l'ethnie chinoise. Ces résultats indiquent également que les porteurs de la souche peu toxique d'A.a. seraient potentiellement susceptibles à des formes de parodontite agressive. [source]

    Mutans streptococci in subgingival plaque of treated and untreated patients with periodontitis

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2001
    W. A. Van Der Reijden
    Abstract Background: The etiology of root caries is thought to be identical to coronal caries, though root caries seem to be more complicated because of the higher susceptibility of exposed roots (dentin) by periodontal therapy to demineralization than intact enamel. This implies that mutans streptococci are the most likely pathogens in the development of root caries. Although it is known that both the numbers of mutans streptococci and the frequency of isolation in root caries lesions are negatively correlated with the distance from the gingival margin, the subgingival sulcus has not been considered a possible habitat for mutans streptococci. However, subgingival occurence of mutans streptococci in both untreated and treated periodontal patients has not been documented well in the literature. Objective: To investigate the presence and levels of mutans streptococci in the subgingival plaque of patients (n=154) in different stages of periodontal therapy. The subgingival sulcus may be a possible habitat for mutans streptococci. This localisation of mutans streptococci may be of importance in the development of root caries after periodontal surgery. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, subgingival plaque samples from 154 consecutive adult periodontitis patients were tested for presence and levels of mutans streptococci and putative periodontal pathogens by anaerobic cultures. These patients were divided into 4 groups based on their stage of periodontal treatment: (1) untreated patients; (2) patients after initial periodontal therapy only; (3) patients in the maintenance phase who not underwent periodontal surgery; (4) patients after periodontal surgery. Results: The prevalence of mutans streptococci in the 4 study groups varied from 82% in untreated patients to 94% in maintenance patients. The mean proportion of mutans streptococci was 6.65% in maintenance patients versus 1.86% in untreated patients (p=0.005) and 2.51% in patients after scaling and root planing (p=0.041). Conclusions: The subgingival area is a microbial habitat for mutans streptococci that may be of importance in the development of root caries in periodontitis patients. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Es wird angenommen, dass die Ätiologie der Wurzelkaries und der Kronenkaries übereinstimmen, obwohl die Entstehung von Wurzelkaries komplizierter zu sein scheint wegen der erhöhten Empfindlichkeit entblößter Wurzeln (Dentin) für Demineralisation im Vergleich zu gesundem Schmelz. Das bedeutet, dass MS die wahrscheinlichsten Pathogene für die Entstehung der Wurzelkaries sind. Obwohl bekannt ist, dass die Zahl der MS und die Häufigkeit ihres Nachweises aus Wurzelkariesläsionen negativ mit dem Abstand vom Gingivarand korrelieren, wurde die subgingivale Region bisher nicht als möglicher Lebensraum für MS erwogen. Das subgingivale Vorkommen von MS bei behandelten und unbehandelten Parodontitispatienten ist in der Literatur nicht gut dokumentiert. Die subgingivale Region könnte ein möglicher Lebensraum für MS und diese Lokalisation bedeutsam für die Entstehung von Wurzelkaries nach parodontaler Therapie sein. Zielsetzung: Untersuchung des Vorkommens und der Menge von MS in der subgingivalen Plaque von Patienten zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten parodontaler Therapie. Material und Methoden: In einer Querschnittsstudie wurden subgingivale Plaqueproben von 154 Patienten mit Erwachsenenparodontitis auf das Vorkommen und den Anteil von MS und putativer Parodontalpathogene in anaerober Kultur untersucht. Die Patienten wurden nach dem Stadium der parodontalen Therapie in 4 Gruppen unterteilt: (1) unbehandelte Patienten (n=51), (2) Patienten nach abgeschlossener Initialtherapie (Mundhygieneunterweisungen sowie Scaling und Wurzelglättung [SRP]) (n=41), (3) Patienten in der unterstützenden Parodontitistherapie (UPT), die nicht parodontalchirurgisch behandelt worden waren (n=48), und (4) Patienten nach Parodontalchirurgie (n=14). Ergebnisse: Die Prävalenz der MS variierte in den 4 Untersuchungsgruppen von 82% bei unbehandelten bis 94% bei UPT-Patienten. Der mittlere Anteil der MS an subgingivaler Plaque lag bei 6.65% (UPT) im Vergleich zu 1.86% (unbehandelte Parodontitis) (p=0.005) bzw. zu 2.51% (SRP) (p=0.041) und 2.18% nach Parodontalchirurgie (n.s.) Schlußfolgerungen: Die subgingivale Region ist ein Lebensraum für MS, die eine Bedeutung für die Pathogenese der Wurzelkaries bei Patienten mit Parodontitis haben könnte. Résumé L'étiologie des caries radiculaires semble étre identique à celle des caries coronaires bien que les caires radiculaires paraîssent plus compliquées vu la susceptibilité plus importante des racines exposées (dentine) par le traitement parodontal à la même déminéralisation que ne l'est l'émail intact. Ceci a comme conséquence que les Streptocoques mutans sont vraisemblabement les pathogènes les plus problables dans le dévelopment des caries radicularies. Bien qu'il soit connu que les nombres de Streptocoques mutans autant que la fréquence de l'isolation des lésions carieuses radiculaires soient en corrélation négative avec la distance depuis la gencive marginale, le sulcus gingival n'a pas été considéré comme habitat possible pour les Streptocoques mutans. Cependant, l'occurence sous-gingivale des Streptocoques mutans chez les patients avec parodontite traitée ou non n'a pas été suffisamment documentée dans la littérature. Le but de cette étude a été d'analyser la présence et les niveaux de Streptocoques mutans dans la plaque sous-gingivale de 154 patients à différentes étapes de leur traitement parodontale. Le sillon sous-gingival pourrait dont être un habitat possible pour les Streptocoques mutans. Cette localisation peut être importante dans le dévelopment des caries radiculaires après le traitement parodontal. Dans cette étude croisée des échantillons de plaque sous-gingivale ont été prélevés chez 154 patients adultes avec parodontite pour vérifier la présence et les niveaux de Streptocoques mutans et d'autres pathogènes parodontaux putatifs par culture anaérobie. Les patients étaient divisés en 4 groupes suivant le stade de leur traitement parodontal: non-traité, traitement initial seulement, phase de maintien mais sans chirurgie, et patient après chirurgie parodontale. La fréquence globale des Streptocoques mutans dans les 4 goupes variaient de 82% chez les patients non-traités à 94% chez ceux au stade de maintenance. La proportion moyenne de Streptocoques mutansétaient de 6.65% chez les patients en maintenance versus 1.86% chez les patients non-traités (p=0.005) et de 2.51% chez les patients après détartrage et surfaçage radiculaire (p=0.041). L'aire sous-gingivale est donc un habitat microbien pour les Streptocoques mutans qui pourraient être assez importants dans le développement des caries radiculaires chez les patients souffrant de parodontite. [source]

    Occurrence of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens in relation to gingivitis and gingival health

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2001
    M. A. Lie
    Abstract Aim: The occurrence of Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Prevotella nigrescens (Pn) in relation to natural gingivitis, gingival health and 14-day experimental gingivitis was investigated in 25 non-dental students. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from the dorsum of the tongue, the tonsils (or tonsillar area), and the supra- and subgingival plaque. Results: The microbiological results show that 73% of the samples were positive for the bacterial species presumed to be Pi and/or Pn. In natural gingivitis, gingival health and in experimental gingivitis 25, 23 and 25 subjects were found to be positive for Pi and/or Pn, respectively. The results of the 889 isolates that were succesfully purified and differentiated, show that almost all subjects were colonized with Pn whereas approximately half of the study population harboured Pi. These 2 species were isolated from both dental plaque and mucosal sites and were found to colonize the oral cavity simultaneously. Conclusion: In natural gingivitis, at the start and after 14 days of experimental gingivitis, Pn was the predominant micro-organism. [source]

    Microbial composition of supra- and subgingival plaque in subjects with adult periodontitis

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 10 2000
    Laurie Ann Ximénez-Fyvie
    Abstract Background, aims: The purpose of the present study was to compare and relate the microbial composition of supra and subgingival plaque in 23 adult periodontitis subjects (mean age 51±14 years). Methods: A total of 1,170 samples of supra and subgingival plaque were collected from the mesial aspect of every tooth (up to 28 supra and 28 subgingival samples) from each subject and evaluated for the presence and levels of 40 bacterial taxa using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Clinical assessments including dichotomous measures of gingival redness, bleeding on probing, plaque accumulation and suppuration, as well as duplicate measures of pocket depth and attachment level, were made at 6 sites per tooth. The counts (levels), % DNA probe count (proportion) and % of sites colonized (prevalence) of each species in supra and separately in subgingival plaque were computed for each subject. Significance of differences between supra and subgingival plaque for each species was sought using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test and adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results: All 40 taxa were detected in both supra and subgingival plaque. Actinomyces species were the most prevalent taxa in both habitats. 75 to 100% of supra and 62 to 100% of subgingival sites were colonized by at least one of the 5 Actinomyces species. Supragingival samples exhibited significantly higher counts of Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Neisseria mucosa, Streptococcus gordonii, Capnocytophaga ochracea and Capnocytophaga sputigena when compared with mean counts in subgingival samples taken from the same tooth surfaces. Subgingival plaque samples presented significantly higher counts of Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Subgingival samples exhibited a significantly higher proportion of "red" and "orange complex" species, while supragingival plaque exhibited higher proportions of "green" and "purple" complex species as well as Actinomyces species. Suspected periodontal pathogens could be detected in supragingival plaque from sites where subgingival samples were negative for the same species. Conclusions: The data indicate that supragingival plaque can harbor putative periodontal pathogens, suggesting a possible rôle of this environment as a reservoir of such species for the spread or reinfection of subgingival sites. [source]

    Prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and clinical conditions in children and adolescents from rural and urban areas of central Italy

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2000
    Michele Paolantonio
    Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to report on the prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and the periodontal clinical conditions in children and adolescents from a rural area of central Italy compared with the ones from an urban area of the same region. Method: The study population consisted of 780 systemically healthy children, aged 6,14 years inhabiting the county of Chieti. 505 children attended 3 primary and 2 secondary schools from a rural area whereas 275 individuals attended 1 primary and 1 secondary school from the city of Chieti. The 2 provincial areas present a great difference in socioeconomic level and cultural background. Clinical examination consisted of recording the % of gingival sites positive for the presence of plaque (Pl+), bleeding on probing (BOP+), mean probing depth (PD) from each primary or permanent tooth fully erupted in the oral cavity. Loss of periodontal attachment (AL+) was evaluated only in interproximal sites. AL+ subjects were distinguished in juvenile periodontitis (JP) prepubertal periodontis and early periodontitis (EP) patients. 8 gingival sites were microbiologically sampled in each subject and cultured, after pooling, for the presence of Aa. Results: 30.3% of rural subjects, were positive for the presence of Aa, the difference from urban children (16%) being statistically significant (p=0.01) irrespective of gender and age. Aa showed a significantly (p=0.006) higher mean proportion in subgingival plaque samples from rural children (0.13% versus 0.02%). Loss of periodontal attachment in at least one site was found in 18 rural children (3.56%) (3 JP; 15 EP) and 2 urban girls (0.72%) (1 JP; 1 EP). No significant differences for AL were observed within the rural group according to the gender and age differentiation. In the urban group, both AL+ subjects were Aa+, while among children from rural areas all 3 JP and 13 EP subjects were Aa+. Rural subjects evidenced significantly worse clinical parameters with respect to urban children (% Pl+ sites: p=0.000; % BOP+ sites: p=0.010; mean PD: p=0.000.) The relative risk for AL+ sites was significantly greater (2.42) in rural subjects harboring Aa in subgingival plaque. Similarly, the presence of Aa in subgingival plaque was related to a greater risk of more than 50% of BOP+ gingival sites in both rural and urban subjects (1.45 and 8.40, respectively). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that Aa colonization in children and adolescents from central Italy is affected by socioeconomic and cultural factors; these factors also affect the periodontal condition of the subjects. [source]

    Antimicrobial resistance in the subgingival microflora in patients with adult periodontitis

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2000
    A comparison between The Netherlands, Spain
    Abstract Background: The widespread use of antibiotics for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infections has lead to the emergence of resistant human pathogens. Great differences have been documented between European countries in the use of systemic antibiotics. In parallel, significant differences in levels of resistant pathogens have been documented. Aim: To investigate whether differences in antibiotic use influence the level of antimicrobial resistance of the subgingival microflora of untreated patients with adult periodontitis in The Netherlands and Spain. Method: Blood agar plates containing breakpoint concentrations of penicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin and clavunalate, metronidazole, erythromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline were used to determine the proportion of bacteria from the subgingival plaque that was resistant to these antibiotics. In the Spanish patients, statistically significant higher mean levels of resistance were found for penicillin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, clindamycin and tetracycline. The mean number of different bacterial species growing on the selective plates was higher in the Spanish patients, as was the % of resistant strains of most periodontal pathogens. A striking difference was observed in the frequency of occurrence of tetracycline-resistant periodontal pathogens. In Spain, 5 patients had 3 tetracycline resistant periodontal pathogens, whereas this was not observed in any of the Dutch patients. Conclusions: The widespread use of antibiotics in Spain is reflected in the level of resistance of the subgingival microflora of adult patients with periodontitis. [source]

    Profiling of subgingival plaque biofilm microflora from periodontally healthy subjects and from subjects with periodontitis using quantitative real-time PCR

    JOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010
    Y Abiko
    Abiko Y, Sato T, Mayanagi G, Takahashi N. Profiling of subgingival plaque biofilm microflora from periodontally healthy subjects and from subjects with periodontitis using quantitative real-time PCR. J Periodont Res 2010; 45: 389,395. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective:, Qualitative and quantitative changes of the subgingival plaque biofilm microflora in periodontal pockets are thought to be associated with the development and progression of periodontitis. The aims of the present study were to quantify the proportions of nine periodontitis-associated bacterial species and four Streptococcus species in subgingival plaque, and to evaluate their relationship with periodontitis quantitatively. Material and Methods:, Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 12 periodontally healthy subjects and from 28 patients with periodontitis. The amounts of total and target bacteria were measured by quantitative real-time PCR using universal and species-specific primers, respectively. Results:, The proportion of total obligate anaerobes was found to be higher in subjects with periodontitis than in periodontally healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Among obligate anaerobes, Tannerella forsythia (2.04 ± 5.27%, p < 0.05), Porphyromonas gingivalis (0.54 ± 1.41%) and Eubacterium saphenum (0.30 ± 0.96%) were detected at high proportions in subjects with periodontitis, but not in periodontally healthy subjects. By contrast, the proportion of total streptococci was lower in subjects with periodontitis (p < 0.05). Specifically, the proportion of T. forsythia, P. gingivalis or E. saphenum increased (, 2.78%) and the proportion of Streptococcus species decreased to virtually undetectable levels, in subjects with periodontitis. Conclusion:, Obligate anaerobes, including T. forthysia, P. gingivalis and E. saphenum, were identified predominantly in microflora from subjects with periodontitis, whereas Streptococcus species were identified predominantly in microflora from periodontally healthy subjects, suggesting a change in the subgingival environment that resulted in conditions more suitable for the survival of obligate anaerobes. The proportion of these obligate anaerobes in the subgingival plaque of subjects with periodontitis appears to be associated with the status of human periodontitis. [source]

    Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8 and MMP-2) activity in gingival crevicular fluid from children with Down's syndrome

    JOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2010
    T. Yamazaki-Kubota
    Yamazaki-Kubota T, Miyamoto M, Sano Y, Kusumoto M, Yonezu T, Sugita K, Okuda K, Yakushiji M, Ishihara K. Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8 and MMP-2) activity in gingival crevicular fluid from children with Down's syndrome. J Periodont Res 2010; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01214.x. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective:, High levels of colonization by periodontopathic bacteria and a high prevalence of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease have been reported in children with Down's syndrome. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are mediators of extracellular matrix degradation and remodelling, and are deeply involved in the course of periodontal disease. To clarify the relationship between Down's syndrome and periodontitis, we investigated levels of MMP-2 and MMP-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and detection of periodontopathic bacteria from subgingival plaque. Material and Methods:, Samples of GCF and plaque were isolated from central incisors. Levels of MMPs were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and periodontopathic bacteria were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Results:, Levels of MMP-2 and MMP-8 in Down's syndrome patients were higher than those in healthy control subjects. In the Down's syndrome group, increases in these MMPs were observed in GCF from patients with an oral hygiene index score of < 2 and in GCF from sites that were negative for bleeding on probing. The detection rate of periodontopathic bacteria in Down's syndrome patients was higher than that in the control subjects. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels in sites harbouring Porphyromonas gingivalis or Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans were lower than in those without these microorganisms. Conclusion:, These results suggest an increase in MMP-2 and MMP-8 in Down's syndrome patients, regardless of whether inflammation of periodontal tissue is present or not. [source]

    Comparative analysis of putative periodontopathic bacteria by multiplex polymerase chain reaction

    JOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2008
    M. Morikawa
    Background and Objective:, The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been applied for the rapid and specific detection of periodontopathic bacteria in subgingival plaque and is potentially of clinical benefit in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis subjects. However, several technical points need to be modified before the conventional PCR detection system can be used by clinicians. Material and Methods:, To develop a PCR-based technique more applicable for clinical use than conventional PCR, we established a multiplex PCR for five putative periodontopathic (Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia) and two nonperiodontopathic (Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus salivarius) species of bacteria using whole-plaque suspension as templates, and detected bacteria in subgingival plaque taken from 85 subjects at the supportive periodontal therapy stage after active periodontal treatments. Results:, Among putative periodontopathic bacteria, the detection frequency of T. denticola and P. gingivalis was elevated in parallel with higher probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss, and had 4.2,14.1 times increasing odds of the clinical parameters tested. Detection of any of the five species of putative periodontopathic bacteria markedly increased the odds ratio of a higher probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing. Conclusion:, The multiplex PCR system developed in this study enabled the detection of all the bacteria under investigation in one reaction tube in a less time- and labor-intensive manner than conventional PCR. These results support the potential clinical use of multiplex PCR for detecting periodontopathic bacteria and for evaluating therapeutic strategies and predicting the prognosis for each subject. [source]

    Prostaglandin E2 secretion from gingival fibroblasts treated with interleukin-1,: effects of lipid extracts from Porphyromonas gingivalis or calculus

    JOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2001
    Frank C. Nichols
    Complex lipids of Porphyromonas gingivalis have been identified in lipid extracts from calculus-contaminated root surfaces and in diseased gingival tissues. However, little is known about the biological effects of these complex lipids on host cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of P. gingivalis or calculus lipids on prostaglandin secretion from gingival fibroblasts. Lipids were extracted from paired subgingival plaque and teeth samples, and calculus-contaminated root surfaces before and after scaling and root planing, in order to determine the relevant levels of lipid extracts for the treatment of gingival fibroblasts in culture. Primary cultures of gingival fibroblasts were exposed to lipid extracts from either P. gingivalis or calculus/teeth for a period of 7 days. Control and lipid-treated cultures were exposed to human recombinant interleukin-1, for 48 h and prostaglandin secretion from interleukin-1,-treated fibroblasts was compared with control and lipid-treated fibroblasts without interleukin-1, treatment. These experiments demonstrated that P. gingivalis lipids or calculus-tooth lipids potentiate interleukin-1,-mediated prostaglandin secretory responses from gingival fibroblasts. Additionally, P. gingivalis or calculus-tooth lipid extracts were readily taken up by gingival fibroblasts as measured by bacterial fatty acid recovery in lipid extracts of cultured fibroblasts. These results indicate that bacterial lipid penetration into gingival tissues in combination with a chronic inflammatory response may substantially potentiate prostaglandin secretion from gingival fibroblasts, thereby promoting tissue destructive processes associated with adult periodontitis. [source]

    Perpetuation of subgingival biofilms in an in vitro model

    MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010
    L.M. Shaddox
    Summary This study evaluated the reproducibility of in-vitro -grown biofilms, initiated with subgingival plaque from patients with periodontal disease, and continued through several cycles by re-inoculating new biofilms from previously grown biofilms. Subgingival plaque samples from bleeding pockets along with saliva samples were collected from three patients with chronic periodontitis and perpetuated through seven cycles. Calcium hydroxyapatite disks were coated with sterilized saliva inoculated with dispersed subgingival plaque. The biofilms were grown anaerobically at 37°C for 10 days, and at specific intervals total viable bacteria were enumerated and the species present were analysed by DNA,DNA checkerboard hybridization. All cycles of biofilm growth occurred at similar rates and reached steady-state at day 7. No statistically or microbially significant differences were found for viable counts or species present, at the same period of maturation, among the different cycles. This study demonstrated that growth of certain target subgingival periodontal species in this biofilm model was reproducible and could be perpetuated in vitro through several cycles. The model could be useful in future studies to characterize different periodontopathogenic properties and biofilm interactions, especially in recolonization studies. [source]

    Prevalence and molecular diversity of Archaea in subgingival pockets of periodontitis patients

    MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009
    C. L. Li
    Introduction:, The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular diversity of Archaea in the subgingival crevices of patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods:, Subgingival plaque was collected from 41 patients with chronic periodontitis and 15 healthy subjects. The prevalence of Archaea in those plaque samples was tested by polymerase chain reaction with two broad-range archaeal primer sets. Amplicons from eight Archaea -positive plaque samples were cloned and sequenced for molecular diversity analysis using one of these two primer sets and a novel third primer set. Results:,Archaea were detected in the subgingival plaque of patients with chronic periodontitis at a prevalence of 70.7,73.2%, but were not detected in healthy subjects. Using one primer set, all sequences of the archaeal amplicons were identified as Methanobrevibacter oralis -like species. With another primer set, the amplicons were also found to be identical to the uncultured M. oralis -like species except one phylotype was found to belong to the class Thermoplasmata. Conclusion:,Archaea might be correlated with periodontal diseases. The diversity of Archaea associated with periodontitis was limited. Almost all sequenced amplicons fell into the genus Methanobrevibacter of the Euryarcheota phylum. M. oralis -like species was the predominant but non-exclusive archaeon in the subgingival dental plaque of patients with periodontitis. [source]

    The microbiota on different oral surfaces in healthy children

    MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
    W. Papaioannou
    Introduction:, Knowledge of the early oral colonization patterns could provide a better understanding of oral biofilm development and disease initiation that in turn could be the basis for early preventive programmes. Methods:, Microbial samples were collected from five different oral habitats from a total of 93 children (age 3,12 years), attending the Dental School of the University of Athens, who were split into three age groups. A total of 38 microbial species were sought out by the checkerboard DNA,DNA hybridization technique. Results:, All of the test species, except Parvimonas micra and Porphyromonas gingivalis, differed significantly among sample locations providing quite distinct microbial profiles for the different oral surfaces. Supragingival and subgingival plaque had similar profiles and exhibited higher proportions of Actinomyces species and Green complex while soft tissue samples were dominated by streptococci of the Yellow complex. The profiles of the tongue dorsum and saliva were also similar. Many of the species were in similar proportions in all three age groups for a given location. Periodontal pathogens showed increases in proportions with increasing age. Specifically, the Red complex species (Tannerella forsythia, P. gingivalis, Treponema denticola) showed a significant increase in proportion with age (P < 0.05) in all sample locations. Conclusions:, The results showed a pattern of colonization in children similar to that previously found in adults. Differences in the profile between age groups suggest a gradual maturation of the oral microbiota, with it being made up of an increasing number of Orange and Red complex species. [source]

    An in vitro biofilm model of subgingival plaque

    MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
    C. Walker
    Introduction:, Numerous biofilm models have been described for the study of bacteria associated with the supragingival plaque. However, there are fewer models available for the study of subgingival plaque. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a model that closely mimicked the composition of the subgingival flora. Methods:, The model was developed as follows: calcium hydroxyapatite disks were coated overnight with 10% sterile saliva, placed in flat-bottomed tissue culture plates containing trypticase-soy broth, directly inoculated with a small aliquot of dispersed subgingival plaque, incubated anaerobically, and transferred to fresh medium at 48-h intervals until climax (steady-state) biofilms were formed (,10 days). Results:, The model, based on samples from eight periodontitis patients and eight healthy subjects, yielded a multi-species, heterogeneous biofilm, consisting of both gram-positive and gram-negative species, and comprising 15,20 cultivable species associated with the subgingival flora. The species present and their proportions were reflective of the initial cultivable subgingival flora. Comparisons of the initial plaque samples from healthy subjects and the mature biofilms showed 81% similarity in species and 70% similarity in the proportions present. Biofilms formed from samples obtained from periodontally diseased subjects were 69% similar in species and 57% similar in the proportions present. Conclusions:, The biofilm model described here closely reproduces the composition of the cultivable subgingival plaque both in the species present and in their relative proportions. Differences existed between biofilms grown from diseased and non-diseased sites with the former being characterized by the presence of periodontal pathogens at microbially significant levels. [source]