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Subcutaneous Fat Layer (subcutaneous + fat_layer)
Selected AbstractsEffectiveness of topical skin care provided in aged care facilitiesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE BASED HEALTHCARE, Issue 4 2005Brent Hodgkinson MSc GradCertPH GradCertEcon(Health) Executive summary Background, The 2001 Australian census revealed that adults aged 65 years and over constituted 12.6% of the population, up from 12.1% in 1996. It is projected that this figure will rise to 21% or 5.1 million Australians by 2031. In 1998, 6% (134 000) of adults in Australia aged 65 years and over were residing in nursing homes or hostels and this number is also expected to rise. As skin ages, there is a decreased turnover and replacement of epidermal skin cells, a thinning subcutaneous fat layer and a reduced production of protective oils. These changes can affect the normal functions of the skin such as its role as a barrier to irritants and pathogens, temperature and water regulation. Generally, placement in a long-term care facility indicates an inability of the older person to perform all of the activities of daily living such as skin care. Therefore, skin care management protocols should be available to reduce the likelihood of skin irritation and breakdown and ultimately promote comfort of the older person. Objectives, The objective of this review was to determine the best available evidence for the effectiveness and safety of topical skin care regimens for older adults residing in long-term aged care facilities. The primary outcome was the incidence of adverse skin conditions with patient satisfaction considered as a secondary outcome. Search strategy, A literature search was performed using the following databases: PubMed (NLM) (1966,4/2003), Embase (1966,4/2003), CINAHL (1966,4/2003), Current Contents (1993,4/2003), Cochrane Library (1966,2/2003), Web of Science (1995,12/2002), Science Citation Index Expanded and ProceedingsFirst (1993,12/2002). Health Technology Assessment websites were also searched. No language restrictions were applied. Selection criteria, Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials, randomised and non-randomised controlled trials evaluating any non-medical intervention or program that aimed to maintain or improve the integrity of skin in older adults were considered for inclusion. Participants were 65 years of age or over and residing in an aged care facility, hospital or long-term care in the community. Studies were excluded if they evaluated pressure-relieving techniques for the prevention of skin breakdown. Data collection and analysis, Two independent reviewers assessed study eligibility for inclusion. Study design and quality were tabulated and relative risks, odds ratios, mean differences and associated 95% confidence intervals were calculated from individual comparative studies containing count data. Results, The resulting evidence of the effectiveness of topical skin care interventions was variable and dependent upon the skin condition outcome being assessed. The strongest evidence for maintenance of skin condition in incontinent patients found that disposable bodyworn incontinence protection reduced the odds of deterioration of skin condition compared with non-disposable bodyworns. The best evidence for non-pressure relieving topical skin care interventions on pressure sore formation found the no-rinse cleanser Clinisan to be more effective than soap and water at maintaining healthy skin (no ulcers) in elderly incontinent patients in long-term care. The quality of studies examining the effectiveness of topical skin care interventions on the incidence of skin tears was very poor and inconclusive. Topical skin care for prevention of dermatitis found that Sudocrem could reduce the redness of skin compared with zinc cream if applied regularly after each pad change, but not the number of lesions. Topical skin care on dry skin found the Bag Bath/Travel Bath no-rinse skin care cleanser to be more effective at preventing overall skin dryness and most specifically flaking and scaling when compared with the traditional soap and water washing method in residents of a long-term care facility. Information on the safety of topical skin care interventions is lacking. Therefore, because of the lack of evidence, no recommendation on the safety on any intervention included in this review can be made. [source] Sonographic measurements of subcutaneous fat in obese individuals may correlate better with peripheral artery disease indicesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 5 2009Serafim Tsitsilonis MD Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of various methods for body fat assessment with indices of peripheral artery disease in the deep and superficial femoral arteries. Methods. The intima,media thickness (IMT), maximal IMT (max IMT), femoral wall thickness (FWT), maximal FWT (max FWT), cross-sectional intima media area (CIMA), and atherosclerotic burden score (ABS) were measured sonographically in 26 subjects. The minimum thickness of the abdominal subcutaneous fat layer (Smin) was measured sonographically close to the xyphoid process, and body fat percentage was calculated using various formulas. Results. Smin correlated significantly with body fat percentage calculated with all formulas and was the sole parameter that was associated significantly with all the femoral artery atherosclerotic indices IMT: r = 0.74, p < 0.001; max IMT: r = 0.53, p < 0.05; FWT: r = 0.78, p < 0.001; max FWT: r = 0.57, p < 0.005; ABS: r = 0.52, p < 0.05; CIMA: r = 0.86, p < 0.001; Smin was the major independent predictor of femoral IMT on a multiple stepwise regression analysis (, = 0.02; SE = 0.008, R2 = 0.35, p < 0.05). Conclusions. Smin correlates better than indirect indices and formulas of body fat estimation with markers of extracoronary atherosclerosis. Sonographic measurement of Smin may serve in the future as a useful tool in everyday clinical practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009 [source] SURVIVAL OF THREE SALMONELLA SEROTYPES ON BEEF TRIMMINGS DURING SIMULATED COMMERCIAL FREEZING AND FROZEN STORAGEJOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 2 2001G.A DYKES ABSTRACT This study investigated the survival of three Salmonella serotypes (S. Brandenberg, S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium) on beef trimmings during simulated commercial freezing, frozen storage for 9 months and subsequent abusive slow thawing and refreezing conditions. This was achieved by plating samples monthly and after thawing and refreezing on nonselective Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and selective Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate Agar (XLD) and incubating both at 37C for 24 h to determine Salmonella counts, aerobic counts and the presence, if any, of sublethal injury of this pathogen. Two freezing temperatures (,18C or ,35C) to simulate slow or rapid freezing respectively, and two inoculation levels (103 cfu g,1 or 105 cfu g,1) were used. Aerobic counts and counts of all the Salmonella serotypes did not change significantly (p > 0.05) during frozen storage or for any of the other treatments applied in this study. This finding was attributed to the insulating nature of the subcutaneous fat layer in this manufacturing cut. These results are important with respect to food safety associated with ground beef processing. [source] MRI of muscular fatMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, Issue 4 2002Fritz Schick Abstract An MRI technique with high selectivity and sensitivity to the signal components in the chemical shift range of methylene and methyl protons of fatty acids has been developed for noninvasive assessment of muscular fat in vivo. A spoiled gradient-echo sequence with spatial-spectral excitation by six equidistant pulses with 2°-(,9°)-17°-(,17°)-9°-(,2°) and a multi-echo train (TE = 16, 36, 56, 76, 96, and 116 ms) allowed a series of images to be recorded with a receiver bandwidth of 78 Hz per pixel. SIs from phantoms with lipid contents between 0.1% and 100% were compared to those from pure water. Thirty healthy volunteers underwent fat-selective imaging of their lower leg, and parallel localized proton spectroscopy of the tibialis anterior and the soleus muscle by a single-voxel stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) technique (TR = 2 s, TE = 10 ms, TM = 15 ms). Results show a high correlation (r = 0.91) between fat imaging and the spectroscopic approach in the soleus muscle, considering the percentage total fat content of musculature. The correlation coefficient was clearly lower (r = 0.55) in the tibialis anterior muscle due to signal contaminations from adjacent subcutaneous fat in the images, inhomogeneous fat distribution, and generally lower lipid content in this muscle. Applications of the new imaging technique showed marked intra- and interindividual variability in the spatial distribution of lipids in the musculature of the lower leg. No significant correlation of the muscular fat with the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer was found. In addition, the body mass index does not appear to determine muscular fat content, except in very obese cases. Magn Reson Med 47:720,727, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||