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Strength Conditions (strength + condition)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Chemistry83%

Kinds of Strength Conditions

  • ionic strength condition
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    Selected Abstracts

    Voltammetric Studies of Parallel Electrode Processes Under Low Ionic Strength Conditions.

    ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 7 2006
    Influence of Convection
    Abstract It is known that either a very strong enhancement or an almost complete depression of the height of one of two waves can be obtained when two analytes (one appropriately charged and one uncharged) are present in a quiet solution containing no supporting electrolyte. In this paper we examine whether these effects can be extended for solutions with forced convection. Three two-analyte mixtures were examined voltammetrically under conditions of no added supporting electrolyte and added convection. The first mixture (1,1,-ferrocenedimethanol and ferrocenesulfonate anion) changes its total charge from ,1 to +1 after electrooxidation of both components. Under all applied conditions, the introduction of convection caused an increase of both waves without changing the wave height ratio. A similar behavior was observed for the mixture of ferrocene and 1,1,-ferrocenedimethanol. For this system the total charge changes from 0 to +2. A substantial influence of convection on the ratio of two waves was found for the third mixture: ferrocene and ferrocenylmethyltrimethylammonium cation (total charge changes from +1 to +3). For this system the convection strongly depressed the migrational effects. The obtained experimental results were verified with simulations using software MIOTRAS. This software is capable of modeling diffusion, migration, convection and following homogenous reactions. The agreement between experiment and simulations was fairly good. [source]

    A homogenization method for estimating the bearing capacity of soils reinforced by columns

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 10 2005
    B. Jellali
    Abstract The ultimate bearing capacity problem of a strip foundation resting on a soil reinforced by a group of regularly spaced columns is investigated in the situation when both the native soil and reinforcing material are purely cohesive. Making use of the yield design homogenization approach, it is shown that such a problem may be dealt with as a plane strain yield design problem, provided that the reinforced soil macroscopic strength condition has been previously determined. Lower and upper bound estimates for such a macroscopic criterion are obtained, thus giving evidence of the reinforced soil strong anisotropy. Performing the upper bound kinematic approach on the homogenized bearing capacity problem, by using the classical Prandtl's failure mechanism, makes it then possible to derive analytical upper bound estimates for the reinforced foundation bearing capacity, as a function of the reinforced soil parameters (volume fraction and cohesion ratio), as well as of the relative extension of the reinforced area. It is shown in particular that such an estimate is closer to the exact value of the ultimate bearing capacity, than that derived from a direct analysis which implicitly assumes that the reinforced soil is an isotropic material. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Colorimetric Sensing of Adenosine Based on Aptamer Binding Inducing Gold Nanoparticle Aggregation

    CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2009
    Xueping Liu
    Abstract A simple and rapid colorimetric approach for the determination of adenosine has been developed via target inducing aptamer structure switching, thus leading to Au colloidal solution aggregation. In the absence of the analytes, the aptamer/gold nanoparticle (Au NP) solution remained well dispersed under a given high ionic strength condition in that the random-coil aptamer was readily wrapped on the surface of the Au NPs, which resulted in the enhancement of the repulsive force between the nanoparticles due to the high negative charge density of DNA molecules. While in the presence of adenosine, target-aptamer complexes were formed and the conformation of the aptamer was changed to a folded structure which disfavored its adsorption on the Au NP surface, thus leading to the reduction of the negative charge density on each Au NP and then the reduced degree of electrostatic repulsion between Au nanoparticles. As a result, the aggregation of the Au colloidal solution occurred. The changes of the absorption spectrum could be easily monitored by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. A linear correlation exists between the ratio of the absorbance of the system at 522 to 700 nm (A522 nm/A700 nm) and the concentration of adenosine between 100 nmol·L,1 and 10 µmol·L,1, with a detection limit of 51.5 nmol·L,1. [source]

    Protein purification using chromatography: selection of type, modelling and optimization of operating conditions

    JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION, Issue 2 2009
    J. A. Asenjo
    Abstract To achieve a high level of purity in the purification of recombinant proteins for therapeutic or analytical application, it is necessary to use several chromatographic steps. There is a range of techniques available including anion and cation exchange, which can be carried out at different pHs, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography. In the case of a complex mixture of partially unknown proteins or a clarified cell extract, there are many different routes one can take in order to choose the minimum and most efficient number of purification steps to achieve a desired level of purity (e.g. 98%, 99.5% or 99.9%). This review shows how an initial 'proteomic' characterization of the complex mixture of target protein and protein contaminants can be used to select the most efficient chromatographic separation steps in order to achieve a specific level of purity with a minimum number of steps. The chosen methodology was implemented in a computer- based Expert System. Two algorithms were developed, the first algorithm was used to select the most efficient purification method to separate a protein from its contaminants based on the physicochemical properties of the protein product and the protein contaminants and the second algorithm was used to predict the number and concentration of contaminants after each separation as well as protein product purity. The application of the Expert System approach was experimentally tested and validated with a mixture of four proteins and the experimental validation was also carried out with a supernatant of Bacillus subtilis producing a recombinant , -1,3-glucanase. Once the type of chromatography is chosen, optimization of the operating conditions is essential. Chromatographic elution curves for a three-protein mixture (, -lactoalbumin, ovalbumin and , -lactoglobulin), carried out under different flow rates and ionic strength conditions, were simulated using two different mathematical models. These models were the Plate Model and the more fundamentally based Rate Model. Simulated elution curves were compared with experimental data not used for parameter identification. Deviation between experimental data and the simulated curves using the Plate Model was less than 0.0189 (absorbance units); a slightly higher deviation [0.0252 (absorbance units)] was obtained when the Rate Model was used. In order to optimize operating conditions, a cost function was built that included the effect of the different production stages, namely fermentation, purification and concentration. This cost function was also successfully used for the determination of the fraction of product to be collected (peak cutting) in chromatography. It can be used for protein products with different characteristics and qualities, such as purity and yield, by choosing the appropriate parameters. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Mechanistic study of electroosmotic transport across hydrated nail plates: Effects of pH and ionic strength

    JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 12 2008
    Jinsong Hao
    Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pH and ionic strength on electroosmotic transport in transungual iontophoresis. Transungual iontophoretic transport of model neutral permeants mannitol (MA) and urea (UR) across fully hydrated human nail plates in phosphate-buffered saline of different pH and ionic strengths were investigated in vitro. Two protocols were involved in the transport experiments with each protocol divided into stages including passive and iontophoresis transport at 0.1 and/or 0.3 mA. Nail plate electrical resistance and water uptake of nail clippings were measured at various pH and ionic strengths. In the pH study, electroosmosis enhanced the anodal transport of MA at pH 9 and cathodal transport at pH 3. The Peclet numbers of MA were more than two times higher than those of UR under these conditions. No significant electroosmosis enhancement was observed for MA and UR at pH 5. In the ionic strength study, a decrease in solution ionic strength from 0.7 to 0.04 M enhanced electroosmotic transport. Nail electrical resistance increased with decreasing the ionic strength of the equilibrating solution, but reached a plateau when the ionic strength was less than approximately 0.07 M. Solution pH and ionic strength had no significant effect on nail hydration. Under the studied pH and ionic strength conditions, the effects of electroosmosis were small compared to the direct-field effects in transungual iontophoretic transport of small to moderate size permeants. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:5186,5197, 2008 [source]

    Elongation of the BH8 ,-hairpin peptide: Electrostatic interactions in ,-hairpin formation and stability

    PROTEIN SCIENCE, Issue 7 2001
    Marina Ramírez-Alvarado
    Abstract An elongated version of the de novo designed ,-hairpin peptide, BH8, has allowed us to gain insight into the role of electrostatic interactions in ,-hairpin stability. A Lys,Glu electrostatic pair has been introduced by adding a residue at the beginning and at the end of the N-terminal and C-terminal strands, respectively, of the ,-hairpin structure, in both orientations. The two resulting peptides and controls having Ala residues at these positions and different combinations of Ala with Lys, or Glu residues, have been analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), under different pH and ionic strength conditions. All of the NMR parameters, in particular the conformational shift analysis of C, protons and the coupling constants, 3JHN,, correlate well and the population estimates are in reasonable agreement among the different methods used. In the most structured peptides, we find an extension of the ,-hairpin structure comprising the two extra residues. Analysis of the pH and salt dependence shows that ionic pairs contribute to ,-hairpin stability. The interaction is electrostatic in nature and can be screened by salt. There is also an important salt-independent contribution of negatively charged groups to the stability of this family of ,-hairpin peptides. [source]