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Strategies

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences33%
Life Sciences17%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting10%
Humanities and Social Sciences10%
Chemistry9%
Engineering4%
Psychology3%
Earth and Environmental Science2%
Polymers and Materials Science2%
5 Other Domains10%

Kinds of Strategies

  • Cross-Coupl strategy
  • ablation strategy
  • acculturation strategy
  • acquisition strategy
  • active set strategy
  • active strategy
  • adaptation strategy
  • adaptive remeshing strategy
  • adaptive strategy
  • additional strategy
  • advertising strategy
  • allocation strategy
  • alternative management strategy
  • alternative strategy
  • alternative therapeutic strategy
  • alternative treatment strategy
  • analysis strategy
  • analytic strategy
  • analytical strategy
  • another strategy
  • anti-predator strategy
  • anticancer strategy
  • antipredator strategy
  • antiviral strategy
  • appropriate management strategy
  • appropriate strategy
  • assessment strategy
  • association strategy
  • attractive strategy
  • attractive therapeutic strategy
  • augmentation strategy
  • avoidance strategy
  • basic strategy
  • behavioral strategy
  • behavioural strategy
  • best strategy
  • bet-hedging strategy
  • bidding strategy
  • biological strategy
  • breeding strategy
  • bridging strategy
  • business strategy
  • cancer prevention strategy
  • cardioprotective strategy
  • care strategy
  • cessation strategy
  • chain strategy
  • change strategy
  • chemoprevention strategy
  • children strategy
  • choice strategy
  • classification strategy
  • clinical strategy
  • cloning strategy
  • coating strategy
  • cognitive strategy
  • collection strategy
  • collective strategy
  • colonization strategy
  • combination strategy
  • combined strategy
  • common strategy
  • common therapeutic strategy
  • communication strategy
  • communicative strategy
  • compensation strategy
  • compensatory strategy
  • competitive strategy
  • complementary strategy
  • comprehensive search strategy
  • comprehensive strategy
  • computational strategy
  • conditional strategy
  • conflict resolution strategy
  • consensus strategy
  • conservation strategy
  • containment strategy
  • control strategy
  • cooperative strategy
  • coping strategy
  • core strategy
  • corporate environmental strategy
  • corporate political strategy
  • corporate strategy
  • cost-effective strategy
  • cost-saving strategy
  • coupling strategy
  • crop management strategy
  • current management strategy
  • current strategy
  • current therapeutic strategy
  • current treatment strategy
  • cyclization strategy
  • decision strategy
  • decision-making strategy
  • decoding strategy
  • decomposition strategy
  • defence strategy
  • defense strategy
  • defensive strategy
  • delivery strategy
  • deployment strategy
  • design strategy
  • detection strategy
  • developing strategy
  • development strategy
  • developmental strategy
  • diagnostic strategy
  • dietary strategy
  • different management strategy
  • different sampling strategy
  • different strategy
  • different therapeutic strategy
  • different treatment strategy
  • differentiation strategy
  • directive strategy
  • disclosure strategy
  • discursive strategy
  • disease control strategy
  • disease management strategy
  • dispersal strategy
    		•
  • dissemination strategy
  • distinct strategy
  • distribution strategy
  • diversification strategy
  • dominant strategy
  • dosing strategy
  • drug design strategy
  • dual strategy
  • early intervention strategy
  • ecological strategy
  • economic development strategy
  • economic strategy
  • educational strategy
  • effective conservation strategy
  • effective intervention strategy
  • effective management strategy
  • effective strategy
  • effective therapeutic strategy
  • effective treatment strategy
  • efficient strategy
  • electoral strategy
  • emerging strategy
  • emotion regulation strategy
  • empirical strategy
  • employment strategy
  • empowerment strategy
  • energy strategy
  • enforcement strategy
  • engineering strategy
  • environmental strategy
  • equilibrium strategy
  • escape strategy
  • estimation strategy
  • evaluation strategy
  • evasion strategy
  • evolution strategy
  • evolutionarily stable strategy
  • evolutionary strategy
  • exercise strategy
  • experimental strategy
  • extraction strategy
  • fall prevention strategy
  • feasible strategy
  • fed-batch strategy
  • feedback strategy
  • feeding strategy
  • female strategy
  • fermentation strategy
  • firm strategy
  • fisheries management strategy
  • fishing strategy
  • flexible strategy
  • fmoc strategy
  • follow-up strategy
  • foraging strategy
  • formulation strategy
  • fruitful strategy
  • functional strategy
  • functionalization strategy
  • fundraising strategy
  • future research strategy
  • future strategy
  • future therapeutic strategy
  • future treatment strategy
  • gene therapy strategy
  • gene transfer strategy
  • general strategy
  • genetic strategy
  • global strategy
  • good strategy
  • governance strategy
  • government strategy
  • grand strategy
  • group strategy
  • growth strategy
  • habitat selection strategy
  • harm reduction strategy
  • harvest strategy
  • harvesting strategy
  • health promotion strategy
  • health strategy
  • hedging strategy
  • highly efficient strategy
  • history strategy
  • hr strategy
  • hunting strategy
  • hybrid strategy
  • ideal strategy
  • identification strategy
  • identity strategy
  • imaging strategy
  • immobilization strategy
  • immunization strategy
  • immunosuppressive strategy
  • immunotherapeutic strategy
  • immunotherapy strategy
  • implementation strategy
  • important strategy
  • improved strategy
  • improvement strategy
  • imputation strategy
  • individual strategy
  • induction strategy
  • infection strategy
  • influence strategy
  • information strategy
  • innovation strategy
  • innovative strategy
  • instructional strategy
  • integrate strategy
  • integrated pest management strategy
  • intervention strategy
  • interventional strategy
  • invasive strategy
  • investment strategy
  • involvement strategy
  • iteration strategy
  • iterative strategy
  • job search strategy
  • key strategy
  • knowledge strategy
    		•
  • labeling strategy
  • leadership strategy
  • learning strategy
  • licensing strategy
  • life history strategy
  • life strategy
  • life-history strategy
  • lifestyle strategy
  • limited sampling strategy
  • literacy strategy
  • livelihood strategy
  • long-term strategy
  • main strategy
  • maintenance strategy
  • major strategy
  • management strategy
  • many strategy
  • market strategy
  • marketing strategy
  • mating strategy
  • maturation strategy
  • measurement strategy
  • medical strategy
  • medicine strategy
  • metabolic engineering strategy
  • migration strategy
  • migratory strategy
  • mitigation strategy
  • mixed strategy
  • modeling strategy
  • modelling strategy
  • modification strategy
  • molecular strategy
  • momentum strategy
  • monetary policy strategy
  • monitoring strategy
  • multidisciplinary strategy
  • multifaceted strategy
  • multiple strategy
  • mutation detection strategy
  • narrative strategy
  • national literacy strategy
  • national strategy
  • negotiation strategy
  • neuroprotective strategy
  • new control strategy
  • new management strategy
  • new strategy
  • new synthetic strategy
  • new therapeutic strategy
  • new treatment strategy
  • novel strategy
  • novel synthetic strategy
  • novel therapeutic strategy
  • novel treatment strategy
  • numerical strategy
  • numerous strategy
  • nutritional strategy
  • of strategy
  • offer strategy
  • one strategy
  • one-pot strategy
  • operating strategy
  • operations strategy
  • operative strategy
  • optimal hedging strategy
  • optimal management strategy
  • optimal strategy
  • optimal treatment strategy
  • optimization strategy
  • optimum strategy
  • organizational strategy
  • other strategy
  • outline strategy
  • oviposition strategy
  • own strategy
  • pain management strategy
  • parallelization strategy
  • participation strategy
  • particular strategy
  • passive strategy
  • pcr strategy
  • pedagogical strategy
  • pest management strategy
  • pharmacologic strategy
  • pharmacological strategy
  • physiological strategy
  • planning strategy
  • plant strategy
  • policy strategy
  • politeness strategy
  • political strategy
  • popular strategy
  • portfolio strategy
  • positive coping strategy
  • possible strategy
  • possible therapeutic strategy
  • potential new strategy
  • potential strategy
  • potential therapeutic strategy
  • powerful strategy
  • practical strategy
  • preconditioning strategy
  • prediction strategy
  • predictive control strategy
  • prefer coping strategy
  • prefer strategy
  • preparation strategy
  • preservation strategy
  • preventative strategy
  • prevention strategy
  • preventive strategy
  • pricing strategy
  • problem-solving strategy
  • procedural strategy
  • processing strategy
  • procurement strategy
  • product strategy
  • production strategy
  • promising strategy
  • promising therapeutic strategy
    		•
  • promotion strategy
  • promotional strategy
  • prophylactic strategy
  • prophylaxis strategy
  • proposed control strategy
  • proposed strategy
  • protection strategy
  • protective strategy
  • proteomic strategy
  • public health strategy
  • purchasing strategy
  • pure strategy
  • purification strategy
  • quality improvement strategy
  • rational strategy
  • reasonable strategy
  • recent strategy
  • recovery strategy
  • recruitment strategy
  • reduction strategy
  • refinement strategy
  • regeneration strategy
  • regenerative strategy
  • regulation strategy
  • rehabilitation strategy
  • relate strategy
  • release strategy
  • religious coping strategy
  • remediation strategy
  • remeshing strategy
  • repair strategy
  • reperfusion strategy
  • replacement strategy
  • reproductive strategy
  • research strategy
  • resistance management strategy
  • resolution strategy
  • response strategy
  • restoration strategy
  • retention strategy
  • review strategy
  • reward strategy
  • rhetorical strategy
  • risk management strategy
  • risk reduction strategy
  • risk stratification strategy
  • safety strategy
  • salvage strategy
  • same strategy
  • sampling strategy
  • scale-up strategy
  • scheduling strategy
  • screening strategy
  • search strategy
  • second strategy
  • selection strategy
  • separation strategy
  • sequencing strategy
  • service recovery strategy
  • service strategy
  • set strategy
  • several strategy
  • sexual strategy
  • short-term strategy
  • similar strategy
  • simple strategy
  • social strategy
  • solution strategy
  • sourcing strategy
  • specific strategy
  • specific therapeutic strategy
  • stabilization strategy
  • stable strategy
  • subsistence strategy
  • successful strategy
  • suggested strategy
  • suitable strategy
  • supply chain strategy
  • support strategy
  • surgical strategy
  • surveillance strategy
  • survival strategy
  • sustainable management strategy
  • sustainable strategy
  • synthesis strategy
  • synthetic strategy
  • systematic search strategy
  • tagging strategy
  • targeted strategy
  • targeting strategy
  • teaching strategy
  • testing strategy
  • therapeutic strategy
  • therapeutical strategy
  • therapy strategy
  • tissue engineering strategy
  • tobacco control strategy
  • tracking strategy
  • trading strategy
  • training strategy
  • transfer strategy
  • transgenic strategy
  • treatment strategy
  • unified strategy
  • union strategy
  • used strategy
  • useful strategy
  • useful therapeutic strategy
  • vaccination strategy
  • vaccine strategy
  • validation strategy
  • valuable strategy
  • variety of strategy
  • various strategy
  • various treatment strategy
  • ventilation strategy
  • ventilatory strategy
  • versatile strategy
  • viable strategy
  • work strategy

    • Terms modified by Strategies

  • strategy available
  • strategy change
  • strategy choice
  • strategy combining
  • strategy consisting
  • strategy development
  • strategy effectiveness
    		•
  • strategy equilibrium
  • strategy formulation
  • strategy framework
  • strategy household survey
  • strategy implementation
  • strategy inventory
  • strategy lead
    		•
  • strategy making
  • strategy paper
  • strategy process
  • strategy profile
  • strategy research
  • strategy selection
  • strategy similar
    		•
  • strategy theory
  • strategy training
  • strategy use
  • strategy used

    • Selected Abstracts

    CALLING TIME FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENGLISH ALCOHOL HARM REDUCTION STRATEGY

    ADDICTION, Issue 12 2004
    IAN T. GILMORE
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    STRATEGY AND SHAREHOLDER VALUE CREATION: THE REAL OPTIONS FRONTIER

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 2 2000
    Martha Amram
    The current interest in real options reflects the dramatic increase in the uncertainty of the business environment. Viewed narrowly, the real options approach is the extension of financial option pricing models to the valuation of options on real (that is, nonfinancial) assets. More broadly, the real options approach is a way of thinking that helps managers formulate their strategic options,the future opportunities that are created by today's investments,while considering their likely effect on shareholder value. But if the real options framework promises to link strategy more closely to shareholder value creation, there are some major challenges on the frontier of application. In the first part of this paper, the authors tackle the question, "What is really new about real options, and how does the approach differ from other wellestablished ways to make strategic decisions under uncertainty?" This article provides a specific definition of real options that relies on the ability to track marketpriced risk. Using examples from oil exploration and pharmaceutical drug development, the authors also show how specific features of the industry and the application itself determine the usefulness of the real options approach. The second part of the paper addresses the question: Given the many differences between real and financial options, how should a real options application be framed? The authors examine the use of real options in the valuation of Internet companies to demonstrate the required judgment and tradeoffs in the framing of real options applications. The case of Webvan, an online grocer, is used to illustrate the inter-action between strategy, execution, and valuation. [source]

    FINANCIAL STRATEGY FOR MIDDLE MARKET COMPANIES: a ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 4 2000
    Article first published online: 5 APR 200
    Dennis Soter begins with the provocative observation that "U.S. companies, private as well as public, are systematically underleveraged," and goes on to suggest that debt-financed stock repurchases may help address the current valuation problems faced by many middle market companies (and by many larger firms in basic industries as well). Soter makes his case by presenting two case histories. In the first, Equifax, the Atlanta-based provider of credit information services, combined a leveraged Dutch auction stock repurchase with a multi-year series of open market repurchase programs and an EVA incentive plan to produce large increases in operating efficiency and shareholder value. In the second, FPL Group (the parent of Florida Power and Light) became the first profitable utility to cut its dividend, substituting a policy of ongoing stock repurchase for its 33% reduction in dividend payments. Following Soter, John Brehm, the CFO of IPALCO Enterprises (the parent of Indianapolis Power and Light), explains the rationale for his company's decision to become the first utility to do a leveraged recap (while also cutting its dividend by a third). As in the case of Equifax, IPALCO's dramatic change in capital structure (also combined with an EVA incentive plan) was associated with major operating improvements and a positive stock market response. But, of course, high leverage is not right for all companies. And, to reinforce that point, James Perry, CEO of Argosy Gaming, recounts his harrowing experience of having to raise new equity shortly after taking charge of his overleveraged company. By arranging an infusion of convertible preferred, Argosy was able not only to stave off bankruptcy, but to fund major new investment and engineer a remarkable turnaround of its operations. Finally, William Dutmers, Chairman of Knape & Vogt, a small midwestern manufacturing company, discusses the role of debt-financed stock repurchases and an EVA management approach in his company's recent operating improvements. [source]

    I. INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF EARLY INSTITUTIONAL DEPRIVATION ON DEVELOPMENT: BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH STRATEGY OF THE ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN ADOPTEES (ERA) STUDY

    MONOGRAPHS OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2010
    Michael Rutter
    First page of article [source]

    II. THE PRESENT STUDY: RESEARCH STRATEGY AND METHODS

    MONOGRAPHS OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2005
    Article first published online: 16 DEC 200
    First page of article [source]

    COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES: INVESTIGATING THE NEED FOR TRADE-OFFS IN OPERATIONS STRATEGY

    PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2002
    KENNETH K. BOYER
    A heated debate continues over the need for trade-offs in operations strategy. Some researchers call for plants to focus on a single manufacturing capability and devote their limited resources accordingly, while others claim that advanced manufacturing technology (amt) enables concurrent improvements in quality, cost, flexibility, and delivery. Yet there is little empirical evidence for or against the trade-off model. In response, this study addresses the question: "To what extent do manufacturing plants view competitive priorities as trade-offs?" We employ survey data collected from managers and operators in 110 plants that have recently implemented AMT. Our findings suggest that trade-offs remain. However, perceived differences in competitive priorities are subtle and may vary across levels of the plant hierarchy. [source]

    REVISITING ALTERNATIVE THEORETICAL PARADIGMS IN MANUFACTURING STRATEGY

    PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2000
    M. Hsafizadeh
    Testing and cross-validation of theories and paradigms are necessary to advance the field of manufacturing strategy. When the findings of one study are also obtained in other studies, using entirely different databases, we become more confident in the results. Replication alleviates concerns about spurious results and is one motivation for this study. We examine aspects of the tradeoffs concept, production competence paradigm, and a manufacturing strategy taxonomy framework. In regard to the tradeoffs concept, we found evidence of tradeoffs between some, but certainly not all, manufacturing capabilities of quality, cost, delivery, and customization. The relationships get sharper when controlling for process choice. For example, the tradeoff between cost and customization is particularly strong between plants that have different process choices. We find that such tradeoffs can change, or even disappear, however, once the process choice is in place. With respect to the production competence paradigm, our analysis shows a statistically significant correlation between production competence and operations performance in batch shops, but not in plants with other process choices. Finally, using variables similar to those of Miller and Roth, our data produced three similar clusters even though their unit of analysis was much more macro than ours. Controlling for process choice is consistent with the current manufacturing strategy literature that emphasizes dynamic development of capabilities within the context of path dependencies. A major argument of this strand of research is that operations decisions not only affect current capabilities, but also set the framework for development of capabilities in the future. That being the case, controlling for process choice (or other factors such as industry or markets) should contribute to the understanding of capability-development paths adopted by different manufacturing plants. In short, we found at least partial support for each of the theories examined here, even though the theories seem on the surface to be contradictory and mutually exclusive. Controlling for process choice or other measures of dependency goes a long way in uncovering consistency across different theories and empirical studies in operations management. [source]

    STRATEGY, STRUCTURE AND PROCESS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: A TEST OF THE MILES AND SNOW MODEL

    PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 4 2009
    RHYS ANDREWS
    We present a comprehensive empirical application of the Miles and Snow (1978) model of organizational strategy, structure and process to the public sector. We refine the model by distinguishing between strategy formulation and implementation, and applying it to 90 public service organizations. Although the empirical evidence shows that organizational strategies fit the Miles and Snow categories of prospector, defender and reactor, the relationship between these strategies and organizational structures (for example, centralization) and processes (for example, planning) is less consistent with their model. Conclusions are drawn for public management theory and practice. [source]

    PRIVATE LEGISLATION AS A STRATEGY OF POLITICAL NEGOTIATION

    PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 4 2009
    ANAT MAOR
    This article contributes to the perception of the role of the legislator as political initiator in modern parliamentarianism. Most of the research literature relates to the parliament member as a ,eam player' of their faction and party. This research was conducted into the functioning of the Israeli parliament The Knesset and into private members' legislation. The article examines in an innovative way the act of legislation, not only as a judicial or procedural process but as a process of political negotiation. The concept and findings that arose from the study of the role of the legislator as initiator of bills and negotiator with the government gives important knowledge and perspective on legislation as a political negotiation process. [source]

    STRATEGY AND STRUCTURE OF MARKET COMPETITION: THE TAIWANESE CABLE TV INDUSTRY IN THE 1990s

    THE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 3 2002
    Lu-Lin CHENG
    Cable TV plays a dominant role in the media environment of Taiwanese society. Before the passage of the Cable TV Law in 1993, the industry was a vibrant informal sector; it was highly differentiated, and acted as a democratic alternative to the formal media. The 1993 Cable TV Law, which designed a competitive market with five licenses issued in each area, was touted as a victory for democracy by the opposition parties. In less than a decade, however, drastic merger movements led to a monopolistic structure. The abuse of monopolistic power has become pervasive. This article studies this unexpected historical twist by examining the industry's market dynamics during the country's democratization in the 1990s. To show the path-dependent mechanisms in the nonlinear development trajectory of the market, a sociological approach is applied that emphasizes firms' competitive strategies in controlling the multiple dimensions of uncertainties and rules that induce this competition. [source]

    THE ROLE OF DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY IN LOCAL TELECOMMUNICATION ENTRY AND MARKET EVOLUTION: 1999,2002,

    THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2006
    SHANE GREENSTEIN
    We examine the role of differentiation among competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) in nearly 1,200 U.S. cities in 1999 and 2002, before and after a valuation crash affecting communications firms. We test and reject the null hypothesis of homogeneous competitors. We also find strong evidence that differentiated CLECs account for both potential market demand and the business strategies of competitors when making their entry decisions. Finally, product heterogeneity in markets in 1999 helps predict how the structure of markets evolved through 2002. We conclude that the policy debate for local telecommunications regulation should account for differentiated behavior. [source]

    HERMENEUTIC MORAL FICTIONALISM AS AN ANTI-REALIST STRATEGY

    ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2008
    Stacie Friend
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    A BUREAUCRAT'S PROCUREMENT STRATEGY: BUDGET CONSTRAINTS AND RATIONING

    ANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2007
    Signe ANTHON
    ABSTRACT,:,We investigate a bureaucratic principal responsible for the procurement of goods and services from private agents. The bureaucrat is evaluated on output and controlled by a limited budget. The agents maximize profit, have private information about variable production costs, and have positive outside options which are lost upon acceptance of a procurement contract. The setting is relevant for, e.g. governmental agencies. We show how this setup makes probabilistic rationing and overproduction for low-cost agents a useful tool for the bureaucrat. [source]

    BOOSTING STRATEGY WITH AN ONLINE COMMUNITY

    BUSINESS STRATEGY REVIEW, Issue 1 2010
    Lynda Gratton
    A programme that merged online communities with strategic development and implementation at Nokia has provided valuable lessons about the new ways employees are able to engage and interact. Lynda Gratton and Joel Casse tell how "deep involvement" evolved into the "Booster Programme". [source]

    Safety and Efficacy of Bivalirudin in High-risk Patients Admitted Through the Emergency Department

    ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 8 2009
    Chadwick D. Miller MD
    Abstract Objectives:, The objective was to assess the safety and efficacy of bivalirudin monotherapy in patients with high-risk acute coronary syndrome (ACS) presenting to the emergency department (ED). Methods:, Data from the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage StrategY (ACUITY) trial were used to conduct a post hoc subgroup analysis of high-risk ACS patients (cardiac biomarker elevation or ST-segment deviation) who initially presented to the ED. The ACUITY trial randomized patients to receive heparin (unfractionated [UFH] or enoxaparin) plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition (GPI), bivalirudin plus GPI, or bivalirudin monotherapy. Endpoints included composite ischemia, major bleeding (not coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) related), and net clinical outcome (major bleeding plus composite ischemia). Results:, Of 13,819 participants in the ACUITY trial, 6,441 presented initially to the ED, met high-risk criteria, and were included in the primary analysis. Bivalirudin alone when compared to heparin plus GPI, after adjusting for covariates, was associated with an improvement in net clinical outcome (12.3% vs. 14.3%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66 to 0.99), similar composite ischemia (9.3% vs. 9.1%, adjusted OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.77 to 1.24), and less major bleeding (4.0% vs. 6.8%, adjusted OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.75). Bivalirudin plus GPI when compared to heparin plus GPI had similar net clinical outcome (13.8% vs. 14.3%, adjusted OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.75 to 1.11), composite ischemia (8.8% vs. 9.1%, adjusted OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.69 to 1.11), and major bleeding (6.8% vs. 6.8%, adjusted OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.30). Conclusions: Bivalirudin monotherapy decreases major bleeding while providing similar protection from ischemic events compared to heparin plus GPI in patients with high-risk ACS admitted through the ED. [source]

    Strategies in Human Nonmonotonic Reasoning

    COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 3 2000
    Marilyn Ford
    Although humans seem adept at drawing nonmonotonic conclusions, the nonmonotonic reasoning systems that researchers develop are complex and do not function with such ease. This paper explores people's reasoning processes in nonmonotonic problems. To avoid the problem of people's conclusions being based on knowledge rather than on some reasoning process, we developed a scenario about life on another planet. Problems were chosen to allow the systematic study of people's understanding of strict and nonstrict rules and their interactions. We found that people had great difficulty reasoning and we identified a number of negative factors influencing their reasoning. We also identified three positive factors which, if used consistently, would yield rational and coherent reasoning,but no subject achieved total consistency. (Another possible positive factor, specificity, was considered but we found no evidence for its use.) It is concluded that nonmonotonic reasoning is hard. When people need to reason in a domain where they have no preconceived ideas, the foundation for their reasoning is neither coherent nor rational. They do not use a nonmonotonic reasoning system that would work regardless of content. Thus, nonmonotonic reasoning systems that researchers develop are expected to do more reasoning than humans actually do! [source]

    Strategies for the numerical integration of DAE systems in multibody dynamics

    COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION, Issue 2 2004
    E. Pennestrì
    Abstract The number of multibody dynamics courses offered in the university is increasing. Often the instructor has the necessity to go through the steps of an algorithm by working out a simple example. This gives the student a better understand of the basic theory. This paper provides a tutorial on the numerical integration of differential-algebraic equations (DAE) arising from the dynamic modeling of multibody mechanical systems. In particular, some algorithms based on the orthogonalization of the Jacobian matrix are herein discussed. All the computational steps involved are explained in detail and by working out a simple example. It is also reported a brief description and an application of the multibody code NumDyn3D which uses the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) approach. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 12: 106,116, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20005 [source]

    Comparison of Additional Costs for Several Replacement Strategies of Randomly Ageing Reinforced Concrete Pipes

    COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 7 2009
    Franck Schoefs
    Some of them carry seawater and can deteriorate with time because of internal corrosion. Because of the low O2 content of aggressive water, slow corrosion is expected for such applications. If the RCPs are not periodically replaced, they will eventually fail. Replacement strategies for these pipes depend on (1) the risks associated with the failure of the water distribution network, and (2) the costs associated with replacing the pipes, including the removal of existing pipes, installation of new pipes, and associated production losses. Because of the lack of statistical data regarding RCP failure, the development of a risk-based replacement strategy is not an easy task. This article demonstrates how predictive models for the evolution of the failure of RCPs and the associated consequences of failure can be used to develop risk-based replacement strategies for RCPs. An application for the replacement strategies of a network modeled as a system consisting of 228 RCPs is presented as a case study. We focus on the assessment of the number of replaced components that governs the costs. The main objective of this article is to provide a theoretical approach for comparing replacement strategies, based on (1) the results of a reliability study, (2) the representation of the distributions of failed components (binomial distribution), and (3) the decision tree representation for replacement of RCPs. A focus on the scatter of the induced costs themselves is suggested to emphasize the financial risk. [source]

    Design and Management Strategies for Mixed Public Private Transportation Networks: A Meta-Heuristic Approach

    COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2009
    Avinash Unnikrishnan
    In this study, private companies are assumed to have a degree of control over highway sections on which they perform maintenance and rehabilitation and capacity expansion activities. The private investors recover the cost of construction by levying tolls. The public agency is assumed to maintain the rest of the network with the objective of minimizing total system generalized cost. The bi-directional impact of roadway utilization on deterioration and deterioration on utilization is modeled in this study. The model accounts for route choice of users and all users are assumed to choose routes that have equal and minimal experienced generalized cost. The nonconvex and discontinuous multi-objective mathematical program is solved using nondominant sorting genetic algorithm-II and the pareto-optimal trade-off surface between the profit of the private company and the total system cost is generated. Computational runs are conducted to demonstrate the suitability and flexibility of the developed framework in modeling various policy decisions such as the presence of noncompete clauses. [source]

    Tabu Search Strategies for the Public Transportation Network Optimizations with Variable Transit Demand

    COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 7 2008
    Wei Fan
    A multi-objective nonlinear mixed integer model is formulated. Solution methodologies are proposed, which consist of three main components: an initial candidate route set generation procedure (ICRSGP) that generates all feasible routes incorporating practical bus transit industry guidelines; a network analysis procedure (NAP) that decides transit demand matrix, assigns transit trips, determines service frequencies, and computes performance measures; and a Tabu search method (TSM) that combines these two parts, guides the candidate solution generation process, and selects an optimal set of routes from the huge solution space. Comprehensive tests are conducted and sensitivity analyses are performed. Characteristics analyses are undertaken and solution qualities from different algorithms are compared. Numerical results clearly indicate that the preferred TSM outperforms the genetic algorithm used as a benchmark for the optimal bus transit route network design problem without zone demand aggregation. [source]

    Management Strategies and Improvement of Performance of Sewer Networks

    COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 7 2007
    Denys Breysse
    Even when they are conscious about the needs of maintenance to keep the system in a good condition, they lack efficient methods and tools that may help them in taking appropriate decisions. One can say that no really satisfactory and efficient tool exists, enabling the optimization of Inspection, Maintenance, or Rehabilitation (IMR) strategies on such systems. Sewer managers and researchers have been involved for many years in the French National Research Project for Renewal of Non Man Entry Sewer System (RERAU,Réhabilitation des Réseaux d'Assainissement Urbains, in French) to improve their knowledge of these systems and the management policies. During the RERAU project, a specific action has been dedicated to the modeling of asset ageing and maintenance. A special attention has been dedicated to the description of defects and dysfunctions, to the evaluation of performances and its modeling, accounting for its various dimensions (from the point of view of the manager, of the user, of the environment,). After having defined an Index of Technical Performance (ITp), we will introduce the Index of Technical and Economic Performance (ITEp) that is a combined measure of performance (including social costs) and technical costs. This index provides an objective standard tool for managers to compare different alternatives. It is used in the article to compare some simple IMR strategies. It sets the basis of a new method for no-man entry sewer system management, enabling us to analyze the profitableness of investment in terms of both technical and economic performance. [source]

    Initialization Strategies in Simulation-Based SFE Eigenvalue Analysis

    COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2005
    Song Du
    Poor initializations often result in slow convergence, and in certain instances may lead to an incorrect or irrelevant answer. The problem of selecting an appropriate starting vector becomes even more complicated when the structure involved is characterized by properties that are random in nature. Here, a good initialization for one sample could be poor for another sample. Thus, the proper eigenvector initialization for uncertainty analysis involving Monte Carlo simulations is essential for efficient random eigenvalue analysis. Most simulation procedures to date have been sequential in nature, that is, a random vector to describe the structural system is simulated, a FE analysis is conducted, the response quantities are identified by post-processing, and the process is repeated until the standard error in the response of interest is within desired limits. A different approach is to generate all the sample (random) structures prior to performing any FE analysis, sequentially rank order them according to some appropriate measure of distance between the realizations, and perform the FE analyses in similar rank order, using the results from the previous analysis as the initialization for the current analysis. The sample structures may also be ordered into a tree-type data structure, where each node represents a random sample, the traverse of the tree starts from the root of the tree until every node in the tree is visited exactly once. This approach differs from the sequential ordering approach in that it uses the solution of the "closest" node to initialize the iterative solver. The computational efficiencies that result from such orderings (at a modest expense of additional data storage) are demonstrated through a stability analysis of a system with closely spaced buckling loads and the modal analysis of a simply supported beam. [source]

    Strategies for Successful Marine Conservation: Integrating Socioeconomic, Political, and Scientific Factors

    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2005
    CAROLYN J. LUNDQUIST
    áreas marinas protegidas; planificación de conservación; reservas marinas Abstract:,As the process of marine-protected-area design and implementation evolves, the incorporation of new tools will advance our ability to create and maintain effective protected areas. We reviewed characteristics and approaches that contribute to successful global marine conservation efforts. One successful characteristic emphasized in most case studies is the importance of incorporating stakeholders at all phases of the process. Clearly defined goals and objectives at all stages of the design process are important for improved communication and standardized expectations of stakeholder groups. The inclusion of available science to guide the size and design of marine protected areas and to guide clear monitoring strategies that assess success at scientific, social, and economic levels is also an important tool in the process. Common shortcomings in marine conservation planning strategies include government instability and resultant limitations to monitoring and enforcement, particularly in developing nations. Transferring knowledge to local community members has also presented challenges in areas where in situ training, local capacity, and existing infrastructure are sparse. Inaccessible, unavailable, or outdated science is often a limitation to conservation projects in developed and developing nations. To develop and maintain successful marine protected areas, it is necessary to acknowledge that each case is unique, to apply tools and lessons learned from other marine protected areas, and to maintain flexibility to adjust to the individual circumstances of the case at hand. Resumen:,A medida que evoluciona el proceso de diseño e implementación de áreas marinas protegidas, la incorporación de nuevas herramientas mejorará nuestra habilidad para crear y mantener áreas protegidas efectivas. Revisamos las características y enfoques que contribuyen a los esfuerzos exitosos de conservación marina global. La importancia de incorporar a los actores en todas las fases del proceso es una característica exitosa enfatizada en la mayoría de los estudios de caso. Es importante que haya metas y objetivos claramente definidos para todas las etapas del proceso de diseño para mejorar la comunicación y estandarizar las expectativas de los grupos interesados. La inclusión de la ciencia disponible para guiar el tamaño y diseño de áreas marinas protegidas y para guiar las estrategias de monitoreo que evalúa el éxito a nivel científico, social y económico también son herramientas importantes en el proceso. Defectos comunes en las estrategias de planificación de conservación marina incluyen la inestabilidad gubernamental y las resultantes limitaciones para el monitoreo y vigilancia, particularmente en países en desarrollo. La transferencia de conocimiento a miembros de la comunidad local también ha enfrentado retos en áreas donde el entrenamiento in situ, la aptitud local y la infraestructura existente son escasos. La ciencia inaccesible, no disponible u obsoleta a menudo es una limitación para los proyectos de conservación en países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Para desarrollar y mantener áreas marinas protegidas exitosas, es necesario reconocer que cada caso es único, aplicar herramientas y lecciones aprendidas en otras áreas marinas protegidas y mantener la flexibilidad para ajustarse a las circunstancias individuales de cada caso. [source]

    Combining Strategies to Select Reserves in Fragmented Landscapes

    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2004
    KRISTINA D. ROTHLEY
    These criteria are assumed to be reasonable surrogates for the true network objectives. Caution is warranted, however, because the relationships between the selection criteria and the reserve-network objectives may be inconsistent. Conflicts are also likely to arise because no single reserve network will be optimal with respect to multiple objectives (or selection criteria) simultaneously. Instead, reserve planners must compromise between conflicting demands. We field tested the relationships between a variety of selection criteria and the objectives of a reserve network for the sandplain natural communities on Martha's Vineyard Island, Massachusetts (U.S.A.). Selection criteria that correlated with the reserve-network objectives were used in a multi-objective integer program to identify the 10-patch reserve networks that were optimal with each objective independently and those that offered optimal tradeoffs between the reserve-network objectives. From these 10-patch networks, one can select a final reserve network that provides the preferred compromise between the objectives. Resumen:,La utilización de criterios de selección, como el tamaño de parche, para clasificar el valor de conservación de los parches de hábitat y evaluar redes de reservas alternativas es un método para identificar redes de reservas en paisajes fragmentados con datos especie-específicos limitados,. Se asume que estos criterios son sustitutos razonables de los verdaderos objetivos de la red. Sin embargo, se requiere cuidado porque las relaciones entre los criterios de selección y los objetivos de la red de reservas pueden ser inconsistentes. Es probable que surjan conflictos porque ninguna red de reservas seráóptima con respecto a objetivos (o criterios de selección) múltiples simultáneamente. Más bien, los planificadores de reservas deben transigir entre demandas conflictivas. Probamos las relaciones entre una variedad de criterios de selección y los objetivos de una red de reservas para comunidades arenícolas naturales en la Isla Martha's Vineyard, Massachussets (E.U.A.). Los criterios de selección que se correlacionaron con los objetivos de la red de reservas fueron utilizados en un programa multi-objetivo integral para identificar las 10 redes de reservas de fragmentos óptimas con cada objetivo independientemente y las que ofrecían compensaciones óptimas entre los objetivos de la red de reservas. De estas 10 redes de reservas de fragmentos, se puede seleccionar una red de reservas final que proporcione el compromiso preferido entre los objetivos. [source]

    Disconnects in Evaluating the Relative Effectiveness of Conservation Strategies

    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2004
    Kathryn A. Saterson
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    Introduction Strategies Put to the Test: Local Adaptation versus Heterosis

    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2004
    PHILIPPINE VERGEER
    exogamia; introducciones multi-fuente; introducciones uni-fuente; Succisa pratensis Abstract:,Plant biodiversity has declined seriously because of both habitat deterioration and habitat fragmentation. As a result, many species have been forced into small, fragmented, and isolated populations and are believed to suffer from higher extinction risks. Genetic reinforcement and the establishment of new populations are now widely used to prevent extinction. However, the genetic background of transplants may seriously affect the long-term success of these populations because increased genetic variation may reduce the risk of inbreeding or lead to better performance by restored heterozygosity levels (heterosis). Introduced transplants, however, may be poorly adapted to the new local conditions. We tested the initial success of alternative introduction strategies. We evaluated the potential for inbreeding, heterosis, and/or local adaptation after introduction of artificial populations of Succisa pratensis. We introduced individuals from local and distant artificial populations that were created from either small or large populations. We created the artificial populations with the same census population size but varying effective population sizes by adjusting the relatedness of individuals. We analyzed the demographic consequences of inbreeding, heterosis, and/or local adaptation of these artificial populations. Reduced performance after selfing was manifested by a reduction in seed production, seed weight, germination, and flowering percentage. Seed production, seed weight, flowering percentage, and number of flowerheads were negatively affected by small population size. Local adaptation increased biomass and flowering percentage for local individuals. Seed weight and seed production exhibited significant heterosis. Our results demonstrate that threatened populations can benefit from introduction and genetic reinforcement of individuals from related populations. Significant differences among the artificial populations for several measured performance components suggest that introduction or reinforcement is best achieved through material from a local population or, when unavailable, from several large populations. Resumen:,La biodiversidad de plantas ha declinado seriamente tanto por el deterioro como la fragmentación de hábitats. Como resultado, muchas especies han sido relegadas a poblaciones pequeñas, fragmentadas y aisladas cuyos riesgos de extinción se piensa que son mayores. El reforzamiento genético y el establecimiento de poblaciones nuevas se utilizan ampliamente en la actualidad para prevenir la extinción. Sin embargo, los antecedentes genéticos de transplantes pueden afectar seriamente el éxito de estas poblaciones a largo plazo debido a que el incremento en la variación genética puede reducir el riesgo de endogamia o puede conducir a un mejor rendimiento por lograr niveles de heterocigosidad restaurados (heterosis). No obstante, los trasplantes introducidos pueden adaptarse deficientemente a las nuevas condiciones locales. Probamos el éxito inicial de estrategias de introducción alternativas. Evaluamos el potencial de endogamia, heterosis y/o adaptación local después de la introducción de poblaciones artificiales de Succisa pratensis. Introdujimos individuos de poblaciones locales y de poblaciones artificiales distantes que fueron creadas a partir de poblaciones tanto pequeñas como grandes. Las poblaciones artificiales fueron creadas con el mismo tamaño poblacional censal pero variaron en tamaños poblacionales efectivos al ajustar la parentela de los individuos. Analizamos las consecuencias demográficas de la endogamia, heterosis y/o adaptación local de estas poblaciones artificiales. Después de la autofecundación se manifestó una reducción en el rendimiento por reducción en la producción y peso de semillas y en el porcentaje de germinación y floración. La producción y peso de semillas, el porcentaje de floración y el número de botones florales fueron afectados negativamente por el tamaño poblacional pequeño. La adaptación local incrementó la biomasa y el porcentaje de floración en individuos locales. El peso y producción de semillas mostró heterosis significativa. Nuestros resultados demuestran que las poblaciones amenazadas pueden beneficiarse de la introducción y del reforzamiento genético de individuos de poblaciones emparentadas. Las diferencias significativas entre las poblaciones artificiales en varios de los componentes de rendimiento medidos sugiere que la introducción o reforzamiento se logra mejor con material de una población local o, cuando no disponible, con material de varias poblaciones grandes. [source]

    Conservation Strategies for Endemic Fish Species Threatened by the Three Gorges Dam

    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2003
    YOUNG-SEUK PARK
    diseño de reserva; especies endémicas; modelo de comunidad; peces; presa Three Gorges Abstract: The largest damming project to date, the Three Gorges Dam has been built along the Yangtze River (China), the most species-rich river in the Palearctic region. Among 162 species of fish inhabiting the main channel of the upper Yangtze, 44 are endemic and are therefore under serious threat of global extinction from the dam. Accordingly, it is urgently necessary to develop strategies to minimize the impacts of the drastic environmental changes associated with the dam. We sought to identify potential reserves for the endemic species among the 17 tributaries in the upper Yangtze, based on presence/absence data for the 44 endemic species. Potential reserves for the endemic species were identified by characterizing the distribution patterns of endemic species with an adaptive learning algorithm called a "self-organizing map" (SOM). Using this method, we also predicted occurrence probabilities of species in potential reserves based on the distribution patterns of communities. Considering both SOM model results and actual knowledge of the biology of the considered species, our results suggested that 24 species may survive in the tributaries, 14 have an uncertain future, and 6 have a high probability of becoming extinct after dam filling. Resumen: El proyecto de represa más grande a la fecha, la Presa Three Gorges fue construida en el Río Yangtze (China), el río con mayor riqueza de especies en la región Paleártica. Entre las 162 especies de peces que habitan el canal principal del alto Yangtze, 44 son endémicas y por tanto están seriamente amenazadas de extinción global por la presa. Consecuentemente, es urgente desarrollar estrategias para minimizar los impactos de los cambios ambientales drásticos asociados con la presa. Tratamos de identificar las reservas potenciales para las especies endémicas entre los 17 afluentes en el alto Yangtze, en base a datos de presencia y ausencia de las 44 especies endémicas. Se identificaron las reservas potenciales para la especies endémicas caracterizando los patrones de distribución de especies endémicas con un algoritmo de aprendizaje adaptivo denominado "mapa auto-organizante" (MAO). Con este método, también predijimos las probabilidades de ocurrencia de especies en reservas potenciales en base a los patrones de distribución de las comunidades. Tomando en cuenta tanto los resultados del modelo MAO como el conocimiento actual de la biología de especies en consideración, nuestros resultados sugieren que 24 especies pueden sobrevivir en los afluentes, 14 tienen un futuro incierto y 6 tienen una alta probabilidad de extinguirse después del llenado de la presa. [source]

    Ex Post Voluntary Disclosure Strategies for Insiders,

    CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 4 2003
    Carolyn B. Levine
    Abstract Asymmetric information between corporate insiders and other market participants can lead to large bid-ask spreads or even a collapse of trade in financial markets. In this paper, we discuss how voluntary disclosure by insiders can remedy this problem. When insiders make disclosure decisions after they become informed, other market participants update their prior beliefs on the basis of both the information disclosed and the information not disclosed. Insiders then give up some or all of their information advantage to weakly increase their profits. These results do not rely on ex ante commitments on the part of the insiders. [source]

    Marketing Strategies and Challenges of Small-Scale Organic Producers in Central North Carolina

    CULTURE, AGRICULTURE, FOOD & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 3 2000
    Assistant Professor Susan L. Andreatta
    First page of article [source]

    Strategies for the Curiosity-Driven Museum Visitor

    CURATOR THE MUSEUM JOURNAL, Issue 4 2004
    Jay Rounds
    ABSTRACT Tracking studies show that museum visitors typically view only 20 to 40 percent of an exhibition. Current literature states that this partial use sub-optimizes the educational benefit gained by the visitor, and that skilled visitors view an exhibition comprehensively and systematically. Contrary to that viewpoint, this paper argues that partial use of exhibitions is an intelligent and effective strategy for the visitor whose goal is to have curiosity piqued and satisfied. By using analytical approaches derived from "optimal foraging theory" in ecology, this paper demonstrates that the curiosity-driven visitor seeks to maximize the Total Interest Value of his or her museum visit. Such visitors use a set of simple heuristics to find and focus attention only on exhibit elements with high interest value and low search costs. Their selective use of exhibit elements results in greater achievement of their own goals than would be gained by using the exhibition comprehensively. [source]