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Step Reaction (step + reaction)
Selected AbstractsP71 Metabolism of delta-3-Carene by human cytochrom 450 enzymesCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2004Mike Duisken Occupational exposure to monoterpenes occurs in saw mills, particle-board plants, carpentry shops and other types of wood-treating industries. The bicyclic monoterpene delta-3-Carene, one of the components of turpentine, may irritate the skin and muceous membranes and prolonged exposure may result in allergic contact dermatitis or chronic lung function impairment. The effects of low concentrations of delta-3-Carene on alveolar macrophages in vitro were examined and a dose-dependent relationship between the cell viability and the delta-3-Carene concentration was found. Little is known about the metabolism of delta-3-Carene in mammalians. In order to determine the toxic potential of this monoterpene we studied the human metabolism of delta-3-Carene in vitro. Therefore we used pooled human liver S9 and human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes. By using GC-MS analysis we found one main metabolite produced at high rates. The structure was identified by its mass spectra. The mass fragmentation indicated hydroxylation in allyl position. After synthesis of the assumed product in a four step reaction, it was characterized as delta-3-Carene-10-ol. There was a clear correlation between the concentration of the metabolite production, incubation time and enzyme concentration, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed that Km and Vmax values for the oxidation of delta-3-Carene by human liver microsomes were 0.39 ,M and 0.2 nmol/min/nmol P450. It is the first time that delta-3-Carene-10-ol is described as human metabolite of delta-3-Carene. [source] Synthesis of charged ultrafiltration poly(styrene- co -divinyl benzene) composite membraneJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 1 2008Sonny Sachdeva Abstract A ceramic supported crosslinked polystyrene composite membrane has been prepared from its monomers using a dual initiator system. The nonionic hydrophobic membrane so prepared has been chemically modified by a low temperature (50°C), single step reaction with chloroacetic acid. The carboxylated membrane has acid functional groups on its surface making it negatively charged and highly hydrophilic in nature. The membranes (unmodified and carboxylated) have been used for the separation of hazardous chromium (VI) salt solution where observed and intrinsic rejection has been studied as a function of pressure and concentration of the feed solution. The intrinsic rejection has been determined by calculating the concentration at the membrane surface (Cm) using Speigler-Kedam model and osmotic pressure model. The observed rejection for the chemically modified membrane decreases with increasing pressure but the intrinsic rejection is found to be more than 80% for all concentrations in the range of study. The experimental results have been fitted using Space-Charge model to obtain the membrane wall potential and the membrane surface concentration which are difficult to measure directly. The transport through the membrane capillaries has been described by the two dimensional model using Nernst-Planck equation for ion transport, Navier-Stokes equation and Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the radial distribution of potential. We have then presented a semianalytical series solution to the highly nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation to reduce the computational time required to solve the set of coupled differential equations. The effective wall potential of the carboxylated membrane was found to be ,28.07 mV. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] One-pot synthesis in aqueous system for water-soluble chitosan- graft -poly(ethylene glycol) methyl etherBIOPOLYMERS, Issue 6 2006J. Fangkangwanwong Abstract Chitosan is functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG) at the amino and hydroxyl groups via a single step reaction in a homogeneous aqueous system. A chitosan aqueous solution obtained from the mixture of chitosan and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) in water is a key factor in providing mild conditions to conjugate mPEG by using a carbodiimide conjugating agent. The reaction at ambient temperature for 24 h gives chitosan- g -mPEG with water solubility with mPEG content as high as 42%. This work demonstrates that a water-soluble chitosan,HOBt complex is an effective system for the preparation of chitosan derivatives via the aqueous system without the use of acids or organic solvents. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82:580,586, 2006 This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The "Published Online" date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com [source] Synthesis, Structure and Biological Activities of Novel Triazole Compounds Containing Thioamide GroupCHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2005Liu Fa-Qian Abstract Two compounds 2-benzoyl- N -phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)thioacetamide (1) and 2-(4-chlorobenzoyl)- N -phenyl- 2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)thioacetamide (2) were synthesized from substituted acetophenone, triazole and phenyl isothiocyanate by several step reactions. The structure of compound 1 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. It crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group P21/c, a=0.8806(2) nm, b=1.2097(2) nm,c=1.4809(3) nm, ,=105.88°, Z=4, V=1.5173(6) nm3, Dc=1.411 Mg/m3, ,=0.22 mm -1, F(000)=672, finalR1=0.040 and Rw=0.103. There is obvious potentially weak CH···N intermolecular interaction in the crystal, which stabilizes the structure. The results of biological test show that the two compounds have antifungal and plant growth regulating activities. [source] | ||||||||||