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Step Backward (step + backward)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	50%

Selected Abstracts

Harmonizing External Quotas in an FTA: A Step Backward?

ECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 3 2002
Olivier Cadot
This paper explores how political,economy forces shape quantitative barriers against the rest of the world in an FTA. We show that whereas the dilution of lobbying power in an FTA typically leads to a relaxation of external quotas, this result is likely to be overturned as integration deepens. In particular, we show that cooperation among member countries on the level of their external quotas, cross,border lobbying by import,competing interests in the free,trade area, and the consolidation of national external quotas into a single one, all lead to stiffer restrictions against imports from the rest of the world. We also show that, unlike tariffs, endogenous quotas are not crucially affected by the presence of rules of origin. [source]

Colorectal Cancer: 2 Steps Backward

CA: A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS, Issue 6 2009
Mary Desmond Pinkowish News & Views Editor
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

A NEW PARADIGM FOR FRESHWATER FRAGILARIOID DIATOM CLASSIFICATION?

JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2001
A CRITIQUE OF LANGE-BERTALOT'S NEW SYSTEM
Morales, E. A.1 & Trainor, F. R.2 1Phycology Section, Patrick Center for Environmental Research, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 USA; 2Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3043 USA In a recent study of freshwater diatoms from South America (Rumrich et al. 2000), Lange-Bertalot introduced a new paradigm for the classification of fragilarioid diatoms. This new system is antagonistic to that presented by Williams and Round (1987) because Lange-Bertalot recognizes a marked variability in the characters chosen and a supposed overall continuity of morphological features among the genera created by his English counterparts. Lange-Bertalot then proposes a partitioning of Fragilaria into two genera: Fragilaria and Staurosira mainly based on the presence/absence of rimoportulae and areolate girdle bands. The newly defined Fragilaria includes relatively large phytoplankters such as F. capucina and F. crotonensis. In turn, Staurosira includes, for the most part, small periphytic organisms, and contains several new species that were based on varieties of old Fragilaria taxa. This fragmentation of species and their varieties is based on a supposed morphological discontinuity. As a consequence an apparent increase in species diversity has occurred within the fragilarioid group. The present work analyzes Lange-Bertalot's new paradigm and confronts it with recent LM and SEM evidence. The incorporation of concepts such as plasticity, polymorphism, and parallel evolution in current classification systems is also discussed. It is concluded that Lange-Bertalot's system represents a step backward from that of Williams and Round. Some adjustments in the latter scheme could be sufficient to accommodate the diversity of fragilarioids known at present. [source]

Is focal task-specific dystonia limited to the hand and face?

MOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue 7 2007
Steven E. Lo MD
Abstract Focal task-specific dystonia (FTSD) of the hand and face have been well described; however, FTSD of the leg is exceedingly rare. We describe and demonstrate by videotape 2 patients with FTSD affecting the leg, in both cases triggered specifically by walking down steps. Walking on a level surface, up steps, and down steps backward, and sideways were normal. An interoceptive sensory trick (imagining walking in a different modality) led to temporary improvement. Our patients appear to demonstrate that task-specificity in focal dystonia may not be limited to skilled, rehearsed actions and that FTSD may occur in an activity that is relatively automatic. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society [source]