Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Step
Kinds of Step Terms modified by Step Selected AbstractsRegulation of NMDA receptor trafficking and function by striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (STEP)EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 11 2006Steven P. Braithwaite Abstract Regulation of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors is critical for the normal functioning of the central nervous system. There must be precise mechanisms to allow for changes in receptor function required for learning and normal synaptic transmission, but within tight constraints to prevent pathology. Tyrosine phosphorylation is a major means by which NMDA receptors are regulated through the equilibrium between activity of Src family kinases and tyrosine phosphatases. Identification of NMDA receptor phosphatases has been difficult, the best candidate being striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (STEP). Here we demonstrate that STEP is a critical regulator of NMDA receptors and reveal that the action of this tyrosine phosphatase controls the constitutive trafficking of NMDA receptors and leads to changes in NMDA receptor activity at the neuronal surface. We show that STEP binds directly to NMDA receptors in the absence of other synaptic proteins. The activity of STEP selectively affects the expression of NMDA receptors at the neuronal plasma membrane. The result of STEP's action upon the NMDA receptor affects the functional properties of the receptor and its downstream signaling. These effects are evident when STEP levels are chronically reduced, indicating that there is no redundancy amongst phosphatases to compensate for altered STEP function in the CNS. STEP may have evolved specifically to fill a pivotal role as the NMDA receptor phosphatase, having a distinct and restricted localization and compartmentalization, and unique activity towards the NMDA receptor and its signaling pathway. [source] Retracted and replaced: A modelling study of hyporheic exchange pattern and the sequence, size, and spacing of stream bedforms in mountain stream networks, Oregon, USAHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 15 2005Michael N. Gooseff Abstract This article has been retracted and replaced. See Retraction and Replacement Notice DOI: 10.1002/hyp.6350 Studies of hyporheic exchange flows have identified physical features of channels that control exchange flow at the channel unit scale, namely slope breaks in the longitudinal profile of streams that generate subsurface head distributions. We recently completed a field study that suggested channel unit spacing in stream longitudinal profiles can be used to predict the spacing between zones of upwelling (flux of hyporheic water into the stream) and downwelling (flux of stream water into the hyporheic zone) in the beds of mountain streams. Here, we use two-dimensional groundwater flow and particle tracking models to simulate vertical and longitudinal hyporheic exchange along the longitudinal axis of stream flow in second-, third-, and fourth-order mountain stream reaches. Modelling allowed us to (1) represent visually the effect that the shape of the longitudinal profile has on the flow net beneath streambeds; (2) isolate channel unit sequence and spacing as individual factors controlling the depth that stream water penetrates the hyporheic zone and the length of upwelling and downwelling zones; (3) evaluate the degree to which the effects of regular patterns in bedform size and sequence are masked by irregularities in real streams. We simulated hyporheic exchange in two sets of idealized stream reaches and one set of observed stream reaches. Idealized profiles were constructed using regression equations relating channel form to basin area. The size and length of channel units (step size, pool length, etc.) increased with increasing stream order. Simulations of hyporheic exchange flows in these reaches suggested that upwelling lengths increased (from 2·7 m to 7·6 m), and downwelling lengths increased (from 2·9 m to 6·0 m) with increase in stream order from second to fourth order. Step spacing in the idealized reaches increased from 5·3 m to 13·7 m as stream size increased from second to fourth order. Simulated upwelling lengths increased from 4·3 m in second-order streams to 9·7 m in fourth-order streams with a POOL,RIFFLE,STEP channel unit sequence, and increased from 2·5 m to 6·1 m from second- to fourth-order streams with a POOL,STEP,RIFFLE channel unit sequence. Downwelling lengths also increased with stream order in these idealized channels. Our results suggest that channel unit spacing, size, and sequence are all important in determining hyporheic exchange patterns of upwelling and downwelling. Though irregularities in the size and spacing of bedforms caused flow nets to be much more complex in surveyed stream reaches than in idealized stream reaches, similar trends emerged relating the average geomorphic wavelength to the average hyporheic wavelength in both surveyed and idealized reaches. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Translation of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) after ,1-adrenergic receptor stimulationJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2007Yaer Hu Abstract The ,-adrenergic system is implicated in long-term synaptic plasticity in the CNS, a process that requires protein synthesis. To identify proteins that are translated in response to ,-adrenergic receptor stimulation and the pathways that regulate this process, we investigated the effects of isoproterenol on the translation of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) in both cortico-striatal slices and primary neuronal cultures. Isoproterenol stimulation induced a rapid dose-dependent increase in STEP expression. Anisomycin blocked the increase in STEP expression while actinomycin D had no effect, suggesting a translation-dependent mechanism. Isoproterenol-induced STEP translation required activation of ,1-receptors. Application of the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor SL327 blocked both isoproterenol-induced activation of pERK and subsequent STEP translation. Inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002) or mTOR (rapamycin) also completely blocked STEP translation. These results suggest that co-activation of both the ERK and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways are required for STEP translation. As one of the substrates of STEP includes ERK itself, these results suggest that STEP is translated upon ,-adrenergic activation as part of a negative feedback mechanism. [source] Bayesian galaxy shape measurement for weak lensing surveys , II.MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 1 2008Application to simulations ABSTRACT In this paper, we extend the Bayesian model fitting shape measurement method presented in Miller et al., and use the method to estimate the shear from the Shear TEsting Programme simulations (STEP). The method uses a fast model fitting algorithm that uses realistic galaxy profiles and analytically marginalizes over the position and amplitude of the model by doing the model fitting in Fourier space. This is used to find the full posterior probability in ellipticity. The shear is then estimated in a Bayesian way from this posterior probability surface. The Bayesian estimation allows measurement bias arising from the presence of random noise to be removed. In this paper, we introduce an iterative algorithm that can be used to estimate the intrinsic ellipticity prior and show that this is accurate and stable. We present results using the STEP parametrization that relates the input shear ,T to the estimated shear ,M by introducing a bias m and an offset c: ,M,,T=m,T+c. The average number density of galaxies used in the STEP1 analysis was 9 per square arcminute, for STEP2 the number density was 30 per square arcminute. By using the method to estimate the shear from the STEP1 simulations we find the method to have a shear bias of m= 0.006 ± 0.005 and a variation in shear offset with point spread function type of ,c= 0.0002. Using the method to estimate the shear from the STEP2 simulations we find that the shear bias and offset are m= 0.002 ± 0.016 and c=,0.0007 ± 0.0006, respectively. In addition, we find that the bias and offset are stable to changes in the magnitude and size of the galaxies. Such biases should yield any cosmological constraints from future weak lensing surveys robust to systematic effects in shape measurement. Finally, we present an alternative to the STEP parametrization by using a quality factor that relates the intrinsic shear variance in a simulation to the variance in shear that is measured and show that the method presented has an average of Q, 100 which is at least a factor of 10 times better than other shape measurement methods. [source] Bayesian galaxy shape measurement for weak lensing surveys , I. Methodology and a fast-fitting algorithmMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 1 2007L. Miller ABSTRACT The principles of measuring the shapes of galaxies by a model-fitting approach are discussed in the context of shape measurement for surveys of weak gravitational lensing. It is argued that such an approach should be optimal, allowing measurement with maximal signal-to-noise ratio, coupled with estimation of measurement errors. The distinction between likelihood-based and Bayesian methods is discussed. Systematic biases in the Bayesian method may be evaluated as part of the fitting process, and overall such an approach should yield unbiased shear estimation without requiring external calibration from simulations. The principal disadvantage of model fitting for large surveys is the computational time required, but here an algorithm is presented that enables large surveys to be analysed in feasible computation times. The method and algorithm is tested on simulated galaxies from the Shear TEsting Programme (STEP). [source] ONE STEP BACK, TWO STEPS FORWARDPEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 4 2001Mark A. Sperling M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] INTENSIFYING THE SATURATION BIOPSY TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING PROSTATE CANCER AFTER PREVIOUS NEGATIVE BIOPSIES: A STEP IN THE WRONG DIRECTIONBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2009Simon Bott No abstract is available for this article. [source] NEXT STEPS FOR UKRAINE ABOLITION OF HIV REGISTRIES, IMPLEMENTATION OF ROUTINE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TESTING AND EXPANSION OF SERVICESADDICTION, Issue 3 2010JACOB M. IZENBERG No abstract is available for this article. [source] ONE STEP BACK, TWO STEPS FORWARDPEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 4 2001Mark A. Sperling M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] STEPS: A probabilistic precipitation forecasting scheme which merges an extrapolation nowcast with downscaled NWPTHE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, Issue 620 2006Neill E. Bowler Abstract An ensemble-based probabilistic precipitation forecasting scheme has been developed that blends an extrapolation nowcast with a downscaled NWP forecast, known as STEPS: Short-Term Ensemble Prediction System. The uncertainties in the motion and evolution of radar-inferred precipitation fields are quantified, and the uncertainty in the evolution of the precipitation pattern is shown to be the more important. The use of ensembles allows the scheme to be used for applications that require forecasts of the probability density function of areal and temporal averages of precipitation, such as fluvial flood forecasting,a capability that has not been provided by previous probabilistic precipitation nowcast schemes. The output from a NWP forecast model is downscaled so that the small scales not represented accurately by the model are injected into the forecast using stochastic noise. This allows the scheme to better represent the distribution of precipitation rate at spatial scales finer than those adequately resolved by operational NWP. The performance of the scheme has been assessed over the month of March 2003. Performance evaluation statistics show that the scheme possesses predictive skill at lead times in excess of six hours. © Crown copyright, 2006. [source] CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TIN-LEAD GLAZED POTTERY FROM THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS: INITIAL STEPS TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF SPANISH COLONIAL POTTERY IN THE AMERICAS,ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 4 2009J. G. IÑAÑEZ Majolica pottery was the most characteristic tableware produced in Europe during the Medieval and Renaissance periods. Because of the prestige and importance attributed to this ware, Spanish majolica was imported in vast quantities into the Americas during the Spanish Colonial period. A study of Spanish majolica was conducted on a set of 186 samples from the 10 primary majolica production centres on the Iberian Peninsula and 22 sherds from two early colonial archaeological sites on the Canary Islands. The samples were analysed by neutron activation analysis (NAA), and the resulting data were interpreted using an array of multivariate statistical approaches. Our results show a clear discrimination between different production centres, allowing a reliable provenance attribution of the sherds from the Canary Islands. [source] Changes in physical activity in pre-schoolers and first-grade children: longitudinal study in the Czech RepublicCHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2009E. Sigmund Abstract Background The transition from kindergarten to first year at school is associated with a variety of psychosocial changes in children. The aim of this longitudinal study was to identify the changes in children's physical activity (PA) upon entry to first year at school; and to identify the days of the school week that exhibit low PA. Methods We monitored the PA levels of 176 children twice: initially in kindergarten and again in first-year classes at school. The age (mean ± standard deviation) of children at kindergarten was 5.7 ± 0.5 years and 6.7 ± 0.5 years at the first year of elementary school. We evaluated PA employing the activity energy expenditure (AEE , kcal/kg/day) from Caltrac accelerometer and daily amount of steps (STEPS) from Yamax pedometer. Participants were monitored over 7 days to include a weekend. Results The mean AEE was 11.5 in pre-school girls and 12.9 kcal/kg/day in boys; and STEPS were 9923 steps/day in girls and 11 864 in boys on weekdays. At weekends, it was 11.5 kcal/kg/day in girls and 12.7 kcal/kg/day in boys and 10 606 steps/day in girls and 11 182 steps/day in boys. The mean AEE and STEPS in first-grade girls and boys was 9.9 and 9.8 kcal/kg/day respectively, and 7911 and 8252 steps/day respectively on weekdays, and 8.8 and 9.0 kcal/kg/day and 6872 and 7194 steps/day respectively at weekends. First-grade school children had significantly lower PA than pre-school children on weekdays (P < 0.0001) and at weekends (P < 0.0001). Decline in PA on weekdays was during time spent at school (P < 0.0001) and not during after-school children's leisure time. Conclusion The parts of the week when first-grade school children show low PA are the times spent in lessons and in after-school nursery and at weekends. PA needs to be promoted using intervention programmes mainly during the after-school nursery programmes and at weekends. [source] Clustering: An Essential Step from Diverging to ConvergingCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2007Marc Tassoul Within the context of new product development processes and the Creative Problem Solving (CPS) process, the authors have come to the view that clustering is to be seen as a separate step in the process of diverging and converging. Clustering is generally presented as part of the converging stages, and as such categorized as a selection technique, which in the authors' view does not do justice to this activity. It is about expanding knowledge, about connecting ideas, and connecting ideas to problem statements, functionalities, and values and consequences. It is about building a shared understanding, in other words about ,making sense', an essential creative activity in the development of concepts and, although different from a more freewheeling divergent phase, can be as creative and maybe even more so. Four kinds of clusterings are distinguished: object clustering, morphological clustering, functional clustering and gestalt clustering. Object clustering is mainly aimed at categorizing ideas into an overviewable set of groups of ideas. No special connections are being made, other then looking for similarities. Morphological clustering is used to split up a problem into subproblems after which the ideas generated are considered as subsolutions which can then be combined into concepts. Functional clustering is interesting when different approaches can be chosen to answer some question. It permits a more strategic choice to be made. Gestalt clustering is a more synthesis like approach, often with a more metaphoric and artistic stance. Collage is a good example of such clustering. General guidelines for clustering are: use a bottom-up process of emergence; postpone early rationalisations and verbalisations; start grouping ideas on the basis of feeling and intuition; and use metaphoric names to identify clusters. [source] Commentary: Fractional Resurfacing: A Step in ProgressDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 10 2010MARY CHRISTIAN-REED MD Mary Christian-Reed, MD, is a luminary for the Palomar Corporation. [source] Forced vibration testing of buildings using the linear shaker seismic simulation (LSSS) testing methodEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 7 2005Eunjong Yu Abstract This paper describes the development and numerical verification of a test method to realistically simulate the seismic structural response of full-scale buildings. The result is a new field testing procedure referred to as the linear shaker seismic simulation (LSSS) testing method. This test method uses a linear shaker system in which a mass mounted on the structure is commanded a specified acceleration time history, which in turn induces inertial forces in the structure. The inertia force of the moving mass is transferred as dynamic force excitation to the structure. The key issues associated with the LSSS method are (1) determining for a given ground motion displacement, xg, a linear shaker motion which induces a structural response that matches as closely as possible the response of the building if it had been excited at its base by xg (i.e. the motion transformation problem) and (2) correcting the linear shaker motion from Step (1) to compensate for control,structure interaction effects associated with the fact that linear shaker systems cannot impart perfectly to the structure the specified forcing functions (i.e. the CSI problem). The motion transformation problem is solved using filters that modify xg both in the frequency domain using building transfer functions and in the time domain using a least squares approximation. The CSI problem, which is most important near the modal frequencies of the structural system, is solved for the example of a linear shaker system that is part of the NEES@UCLA equipment site. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Modeling Passing Rates on a Computer-Based Medical Licensing Examination: An Application of Survival Data AnalysisEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT: ISSUES AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2004André F. de Champlain The purpose of this article was to model United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 2 passing rates using the Cox Proportional Hazards Model, best known for its application in analyzing clinical trial data. The number of months it took to pass the computer-based Step 2 examination was treated as the dependent variable in the model. Covariates in the model were: (a) medical school location (U.S. and Canadian or other), (b) primary language (English or other), and (c) gender. Preliminary findings indicate that examinees were nearly 2.7 times more likely to experience the event (pass Step 2) if they were U.S. or Canadian trained. Examinees with English as their primary language were 2.1 times more likely to pass Step 2, but gender had little impact. These findings are discussed more fully in light of past research and broader potential applications of survival analysis in educational measurement. [source] Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace Uranium with a Bismuth-Film Electrode Based on the U(VI),U(V) Reduction Step of the Uranium-Cupferron ComplexELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 3 2006Georgia Kefala Abstract This work reports the use of adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) for the determination of uranium on a preplated rotating-disk bismuth-film electrode (BiFE). The principle of the method relied on the complexation of U(VI) ions with cupferron and the subsequent adsorptive accumulation of the complex on the surface of the BiFE. The uranium in the accumulated complex was then reduced by means of a cathodic voltammetric scan while the analytically useful U(VI),U(V) reduction signal was monitored. The experimental variables as well as potential interferences were investigated and the figures of merit of the method were established. Using the selected conditions, the 3, limit of detection for uranium was 0.1,,g L,1 at a preconcentration time of 480,s and the relative standard deviation was 4.7% at the 5,,g L,1 level for a preconcentration time of 120,s (n=8). The accuracy of the method was established by analyzing a reference sea water sample. [source] Facilitating involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous during out-patient treatment: a randomized clinical trialADDICTION, Issue 3 2009Kimberly S. Walitzer ABSTRACT Aim This study evaluated two strategies to facilitate involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA),a 12-Step-based directive approach and a motivational enhancement approach,during skills-focused individual treatment. Design Randomized controlled trial with assessments at baseline, end of treatment and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after treatment. Participants, setting and intervention A total of 169 alcoholic out-patients (57 women) assigned randomly to one of three conditions: a directive approach to facilitating AA, a motivational enhancement approach to facilitating AA or treatment as usual, with no special emphasis on AA. Measurements Self-report of AA meeting attendance and involvement, alcohol consumption (percentage of days abstinent, percentage of days heavy drinking) and negative alcohol consequences. Findings Participants exposed to the 12-Step directive condition for facilitating AA involvement reported more AA meeting attendance, more evidence of active involvement in AA and a higher percentage of days abstinent relative to participants in the treatment-as-usual comparison group. Evidence also suggested that the effect of the directive strategy on abstinent days was mediated partially through AA involvement. The motivational enhancement approach to facilitating AA had no effect on outcome measures. Conclusions These results suggest that treatment providers can use a 12-Step-based directive approach to effectively facilitate involvement in AA and thereby improve client outcome. [source] Copper-Catalyzed Activation of Disulfides as a Key Step in the Synthesis of Benzothiazole MoietiesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2010Jakub Hyvl Abstract A convenient synthesis of substituted benzothiazoles has been accomplished by way of a copper catalyzed reaction of aromatic disulfide amines and aldehydes. The process, which involves copper catalyzed activation of disulfide functionality, proceeds in a tandem fashion via C,H bond activation, followed by aerobic oxidation of a resulting dihydrobenzothiazole intermediate. The scope and limitations of the reaction are demonstrated on a variety of substrates. [source] A C2 -Chiral Bis(amidinium) Catalyst for a Diels,Alder Reaction Constituting the Key Step of the Quinkert,Dane Estrone SynthesisEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2003Svetlana B. Tsogoeva Abstract A novel C2 -chiral bis(amidinium) salt 12 has been synthesised from 5-(tert -butyl)isophthalic acid. The hydrogen-bond-mediated association of dienophiles 3a and 3b with the chiral host molecule 12 accelerates the Diels,Alder reactions with diene 2 by more than three orders of magnitude. In addition, enantioselective formation of the desired adducts is observed under catalysis with 12. Good ratios of 4a(b) + ent - 4a(b)/5a(b) + ent - 5a(b) from 1:10 to 1:22 were found in all reactions. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003) [source] A step toward DSM-V: cataloguing personality-related problems in living,EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 4 2005Robert R. McCrae Intractable problems with DSM-IV's Axis II mandate an entirely new approach to the diagnosis of personality-related pathology. The Five-Factor Model of personality provides a scientifically grounded basis for personality assessment, and Five-Factor Theory postulates that personality pathology is to be found in characteristic maladaptations that are shaped by both traits and environment. A four-step process of personality disorder (PD) diagnosis is proposed, in which clinicians assess personality, problems in living, clinical severity, and, optionally, PD patterns. We examine item content in five problem checklists to update the list of personality-related problems used in Step 2 of the four-step process. Problems were reliably assigned to relevant factors and facets, and a number of additions were made to an earlier catalogue. The four-step process can be used by clinicians, and may be incorporated in a future DSM. This article is a U.S. government publication and is in the public domain in the United States. [source] Development of Flavor Descriptors for Pawpaw Fruit Puree: A Step Toward the Establishment of a Native Tree Fruit IndustryFAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Melani W. Duffrin The pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a native tree fruit with potential as a high-value niche crop for farmers in fresh-market and processing ventures. With a flavor resembling a combination of banana, mango, and pineapple, this fruit could compete with exported specialty fruits in the United States such as mango and papaya. The study objective was to develop a descriptive language for frozen pawpaw fruit puree, thereby assisting growers in the selection of superior varieties for fresh-market and processing ventures. Panelists generated 13 visual, 17 flavor, and 12 texture puree descriptors. Using these descriptors with fruit collected from Southeast Ohio (SEO) wild patches and two varieties (1,23 and 10,35), panelists identified both sour and bitter tastes in SEO puree compared to puree from either variety. The varieties also displayed positive characteristics of stronger melon and fresh flavors compared to SEO puree. Additional language descriptors for pawpaw puree may be needed. [source] Control of Optical Hysteresis in Block Copolymer Photonic Gels: A Step Towards Wet Photonic Memory FilmsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 11 2010Eunjoo Kim Abstract Polystyrene- block -poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (PS- b -P2VP) block copolymer photonic gels are fabricated that exhibit controllable optical hysteresis in response to a cyclic pH sweep. The optical hysteresis is tuned by controlling the ion-pairing affinity between various anions and the protonated pyridinium ions on the P2VP block, which is highly dependent on the hydration energy of the ions, the dielectric constant of the solvent, and the ionic strength of the medium. The pH coercivity defining the magnitude of hysteresis of the photonic gels could be varied from 0.26 to 7.4. Photonic gel films with strong optical hysteresis can serve as wet photonic memory films where information can be cyclically recorded and erased at least 15 times and maintained for at least 96,h. The memory colors can be further tuned by selection of the copolymer molecular weight. [source] The Italian General Election of 13 May 2001: Democratic Alternation or False Step?GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 4 2001Sergio Fabbrini First page of article [source] Multifunctional Integrated Platforms: Fabrication of Advanced Functional Devices Combining Soft Chemistry with X-ray Lithography in One Step (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 48 200948/2009) Combining bottom-up sol,gel assembly with micro- and nanofabrication offers a simple and fast route to develop multifunctional integrated platforms, from microfluidics to microarrays, allowing the chemistry and geometry to be tailored to the application, as reported by Paolo Falcaro, Plinio Innocenzi, and co-workers on p. 4932. The inside cover illustrates different patterns of functionalized surfaces. The background is an example of highly controlled microfluidic interface fabricated combining deep X-rays lithography with sol,gel syntheses. [source] Fabrication of Advanced Functional Devices Combining Soft Chemistry with X-ray Lithography in One StepADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 48 2009Paolo Falcaro Deep X-ray lithography combined with sol,gel techniques offers facile fabrication of controlled patterned films. Using sol,gel, different functional properties can be induced; deep X-ray lithography alters the functionality in the exposed regions. Miniaturized devices based on local property changes are easily fabricated: this technique requires no resist, enabling direct patterning of films in a one-step lithographic process. [source] Retracted and replaced: A modelling study of hyporheic exchange pattern and the sequence, size, and spacing of stream bedforms in mountain stream networks, Oregon, USAHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 15 2005Michael N. Gooseff Abstract This article has been retracted and replaced. See Retraction and Replacement Notice DOI: 10.1002/hyp.6350 Studies of hyporheic exchange flows have identified physical features of channels that control exchange flow at the channel unit scale, namely slope breaks in the longitudinal profile of streams that generate subsurface head distributions. We recently completed a field study that suggested channel unit spacing in stream longitudinal profiles can be used to predict the spacing between zones of upwelling (flux of hyporheic water into the stream) and downwelling (flux of stream water into the hyporheic zone) in the beds of mountain streams. Here, we use two-dimensional groundwater flow and particle tracking models to simulate vertical and longitudinal hyporheic exchange along the longitudinal axis of stream flow in second-, third-, and fourth-order mountain stream reaches. Modelling allowed us to (1) represent visually the effect that the shape of the longitudinal profile has on the flow net beneath streambeds; (2) isolate channel unit sequence and spacing as individual factors controlling the depth that stream water penetrates the hyporheic zone and the length of upwelling and downwelling zones; (3) evaluate the degree to which the effects of regular patterns in bedform size and sequence are masked by irregularities in real streams. We simulated hyporheic exchange in two sets of idealized stream reaches and one set of observed stream reaches. Idealized profiles were constructed using regression equations relating channel form to basin area. The size and length of channel units (step size, pool length, etc.) increased with increasing stream order. Simulations of hyporheic exchange flows in these reaches suggested that upwelling lengths increased (from 2·7 m to 7·6 m), and downwelling lengths increased (from 2·9 m to 6·0 m) with increase in stream order from second to fourth order. Step spacing in the idealized reaches increased from 5·3 m to 13·7 m as stream size increased from second to fourth order. Simulated upwelling lengths increased from 4·3 m in second-order streams to 9·7 m in fourth-order streams with a POOL,RIFFLE,STEP channel unit sequence, and increased from 2·5 m to 6·1 m from second- to fourth-order streams with a POOL,STEP,RIFFLE channel unit sequence. Downwelling lengths also increased with stream order in these idealized channels. Our results suggest that channel unit spacing, size, and sequence are all important in determining hyporheic exchange patterns of upwelling and downwelling. Though irregularities in the size and spacing of bedforms caused flow nets to be much more complex in surveyed stream reaches than in idealized stream reaches, similar trends emerged relating the average geomorphic wavelength to the average hyporheic wavelength in both surveyed and idealized reaches. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Two Steps Forward, One Step BackINFANCY, Issue 2 2000Emily W. Bushnell First page of article [source] ,Step back in time and live the legend': experiential marketing and the heritage sectorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 2 2007Debra Leighton This paper investigates experiential marketing as a potential survival strategy for cultural heritage attractions competing in the leisure and tourism marketplace. The paper explores the nature and scope of the heritage industry, heritage as a consumption-based experience and the evidence of adoption of the experiential paradigm by a number of sites and attractions. A content analysis (Krippendorf, 1980 cited in Easterby-Smith et al., 2002) of promotional leaflets and websites and a case study provide the analytical basis for this evaluation and the paper concludes by proposing an indicative framework for experiential marketing in this sector. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] An Efficient Domino Synthesis of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones via an SNAr/Coupling/Demesylation Reaction Catalyzed by Copper(I) as Key StepADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 6 2010Dingben Chen Abstract An efficient copper-catalyzed method for the synthesis of quinoxalin-2(1,H)-ones derivatives via domino SNAr/coupling/demesylation reaction of N -(2-halophenyl)methylsulfonamides with 2-halo amides has been developed. Various quinoxalinones with diversity at three positions on their scaffold have been obained, and the method is valuable for the construction of this kind of molecules with biological and pharmaceutical activities. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||