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State Behavior (state + behavior)
Selected AbstractsInstitutional Effects on State Behavior: Convergence and DivergenceINTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2001Liliana Botcheva We develop a new typology for examination of the effects of international institutions on member states' behavior. Some institutions lead to convergence of members' practices, whereas others result, often for unintended reasons, in divergence. We hypothesize that the observed effect of institutions depends on the level of externalities to state behavior, the design of the institution, and variation in the organization and access of private interests that share the goals of the institution. We illustrate these propositions with examples drawn from international institutions for development assistance, protection of the ozone layer, and completion of the European Union's internal market. We find that significant externalities and appropriately designed institutions lead to convergence of state behavior, whereas divergence can result from the absence of these conditions and the presence of heterogeneity in domestic politics. [source] Norm Collision: Explaining the Effects of International Human Rights Pressure on State BehaviorINTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 2 2004Sonia Cardenas Scholars have offered several types of explanations regarding how international human rights pressure can shape state behavior. Some of these explanations are rationalist-materialist in orientation, emphasizing realist notions of power or neoinstitutionalist concerns with self-interest. Others have drawn on ideational-constructivist accounts to emphasize the role of norms, identity, and social actors. Additionally, scholars have paid attention to how international and domestic factors, sometimes in interaction, mediate human rights change. This essay surveys this literature, noting a trend toward theoretical synthesis; it also draws on insights from quantitative research and comparative politics to account for persistence in human rights violations and, more specifically, the timing of policy successes and failures. [source] The Rift: Explaining Europe's Divergent Iraq Policies in the Run-Up of the American-Led War on IraqFOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2006JÜRGEN SCHUSTER America's plan to attack Iraq split Europe down the middle. Why did European countries take such different stances toward the Bush administration's policy? This article examines three different approaches, each rooted in one of international relations (IRs) prominent schools of thought, with regard to their explanatory power in this specific puzzle. Firstly, it shows that public opinion (utilitarian,liberal approach) cannot account for whether a state joined the "coalition of the willing" or not. Secondly, it demonstrates that in Eastern Europe systemic forces of power relations (neorealist approach) are suitable for explaining state behavior, but not in Western Europe. Thirdly, it shows that the ideological orientations of governments (liberal,constructivist approach) were the decisive factor in determining whether a state supported the United States in Western Europe, but not in Eastern Europe. These results offer some interesting insights for the theoretical debate in IRs theory and foreign policy analysis, which are discussed in the final section of the article. In regard to foreign policy analysis, for example, the results of this study propose to "bring political parties in." [source] Thucydides and Modern RealismINTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2006JONATHAN MONTEN This paper makes two main arguments about the relationship between Thucydides, modern realism, and the key conceptual ideas they introduce to situate and explain international politics. First, Thucydides refutes the central claim underlying modern realist scholarship, that the sources of state behavior can be located not in the character of the primary political units but in the decentralized system or structure created by their interaction. Second, however, analyses that discuss Thucydides exclusively with respect to this "third-image" realism do not take into account the most important emendation made to political realism in the last half of the twentieth century, Kenneth Waltz's Theory of International Politics. Waltz reformulates the theory of how anarchic political structures affect the behavior of their constituent units and suggests that the question posed by realism,and to be asked of Thucydides,is not whether states behave according to the Athenian thesis or consistently observe the power-political laws of nature, but whether they suffer "costs" in terms of political autonomy, security, and cultural integrity if they do not. Many scholars are therefore incorrect to assume that demonstrating the importance of non-structural factors in The Peloponnesian War severs the connection between Thucydides and structural realism. Thucydides may in fact be a realist, but not for reasons conventionally assumed. [source] Primed for Violence: The Role of Gender Inequality in Predicting Internal ConflictINTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2005M. Caprioli We know, most notably through Ted Gurr's research, that ethnic discrimination can lead to ethnopolitical rebellion,intrastate conflict. I seek to discover what impact, if any, gender inequality has on intrastate conflict. Although democratic peace scholars and others highlight the role of peaceful domestic behavior in predicting state behavior, many scholars have argued that a domestic environment of inequality and violence,structural and cultural violence,results in a greater likelihood of violence at the state and the international level. This project contributes to this line of inquiry and further tests the grievance theory of intrastate conflict by examining the norms of violence that facilitate a call to arms. And in many ways, I provide an alternative explanation for the significance of some of the typical economic measures,the greed theory,based on the link between discrimination, inequality, and violence. I test whether states characterized by higher levels of gender inequality are more likely to experience intrastate conflict. Ultimately, the basic link between gender inequality and intrastate conflict is confirmed,states characterized by gender inequality are more likely to experience intrastate conflict, 1960,2001. [source] Institutional Effects on State Behavior: Convergence and DivergenceINTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2001Liliana Botcheva We develop a new typology for examination of the effects of international institutions on member states' behavior. Some institutions lead to convergence of members' practices, whereas others result, often for unintended reasons, in divergence. We hypothesize that the observed effect of institutions depends on the level of externalities to state behavior, the design of the institution, and variation in the organization and access of private interests that share the goals of the institution. We illustrate these propositions with examples drawn from international institutions for development assistance, protection of the ozone layer, and completion of the European Union's internal market. We find that significant externalities and appropriately designed institutions lead to convergence of state behavior, whereas divergence can result from the absence of these conditions and the presence of heterogeneity in domestic politics. [source] Norm Collision: Explaining the Effects of International Human Rights Pressure on State BehaviorINTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 2 2004Sonia Cardenas Scholars have offered several types of explanations regarding how international human rights pressure can shape state behavior. Some of these explanations are rationalist-materialist in orientation, emphasizing realist notions of power or neoinstitutionalist concerns with self-interest. Others have drawn on ideational-constructivist accounts to emphasize the role of norms, identity, and social actors. Additionally, scholars have paid attention to how international and domestic factors, sometimes in interaction, mediate human rights change. This essay surveys this literature, noting a trend toward theoretical synthesis; it also draws on insights from quantitative research and comparative politics to account for persistence in human rights violations and, more specifically, the timing of policy successes and failures. [source] Southeast Asia: A Community of DiversityPOLITICS & POLICY, Issue 1 2007Damien Kingsbury The region known as the Southeast provides the basis for a broad political community characterized by cultural and ethnic diversity, disparities in economic performance, and differences in regime and constitutional foundations. In recent years, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) group of nations has made strides toward building a community based on respect for these differences. Despite a growing acceptance for democratic processes and human rights, the influence of these values over existing institutions and state behavior remains incomplete. The future development of the ASEAN region, and the nations that comprise it, is likely to be based on the strength and character of the relationships these states forge with one another and with more powerful external actors. [source] Effects of Adsorbent Characteristics on Adiabatic Vacuum Swing Adsorption Processes for Solvent Vapor RecoveryCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 11 2006S. A. Al-Muhtaseb Abstract The effects of the adsorbent characteristics on the performance parameters and periodic state behavior of the vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) solvent vapor recovery (SVR) processes are examined and optimized. The adsorbent characteristics studied were the adsorbent particle's porosity, density, radius and heat capacity, the packed bed void fraction, the isosteric heat of adsorption, the monolayer saturation limit of the solvent molecules on the adsorbent, the adsorbent's affinity to adsorb the solvent molecules and the mass transfer coefficient for the adsorption of the solvent molecules. It was found that the best VSA-SVR process performances can be obtained using adsorbents characterized by the minimum possible packed bed void fraction and particle porosity, with the maximum possible adsorbent heat capacity and density, adsorption monolayer saturation capacity and mass transfer coefficient, and at intermediate adsorption affinity and isosteric heat of adsorption of the solvent molecules. [source] | ||||||||||