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Stamps
Kinds of Stamps Selected AbstractsStructured assessment using multiple patient scenarios by videoconference in rural settingsMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 5 2008Tim J Wilkinson Context, The assessment blueprint of the Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine postgraduate curriculum highlighted a need to assess clinical reasoning. We describe the development, reliability, feasibility, validity and educational impact of an 8-station assessment tool, StAMPS (structured assessment using multiple patient scenarios), conducted by videoconference. Methods, StAMPS asks each candidate to be examined at each of 8 stations on issues relating to patient diagnosis or management. Each candidate remains located in a rural site but is examined in turn by 8 examiners who are located at a central site. Examiners were rotated through the candidates by either walking between videoconference rooms or by connecting and disconnecting the links. Reliability was evaluated using generalisability theory. Validity and educational impact were evaluated with qualitative interviews. Results, Fourteen candidates were assessed on 82 scenarios with a reliability of G = 0.76. There was a reasonable correlation with level of candidate expertise (, = 0.57). The videoconference links were acceptable to candidates and examiners but the walking rotation system was more reliable. Qualitative comments confirmed relevance and acceptability of the assessment tool and suggest it is likely to have a desirable educational impact. Conclusions, StAMPS not only reflects the content of rural and remote practice but also reflects the process of that work in that it is delivered from a distance and assesses resourcefulness and flexibility in thinking. The reliability and feasibility of this type of assessment has implications for people running any distance-based course, but the assessment could also be used in a face-to-face setting. [source] Simple Patterning via Adhesion between a Buffered-Oxide Etchant-Treated PDMS Stamp and a SiO2 Substrate,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 13 2007Y.-K. Kim Abstract A very simple polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pattern-transfer method is devised, called buffered-oxide etchant (BOE) printing. The mechanism of pattern transfer is investigated, by considering the strong adhesion between the BOE-treated PDMS and the SiO2 substrate. PDMS patterns from a few micrometers to sub-micrometer size are transferred to the SiO2 substrate by just pressing a stamp that has been immersed in BOE solution for a few minutes. The patterned PDMS layers work as perfect physical and chemical passivation layers in the fabrication of metal electrodes and V2O5 nanowire channels, respectively. Interestingly, a second stamping of the BOE-treated PDMS on the SiO2 substrate pre-patterned with metal as well as PDMS results in a selective transfer of the PDMS patterns only to the bare SiO2. In this way, the fabrication of a device structure consisting of two Au electrodes and V2O5 nanowire network channels is possible; non-ohmic semiconducting I,V characteristics, which can be modeled by serially connected percolation, are observed. [source] Your Audit Committee: How to Cope with the End of the "Rubber Stamp" EraJOURNAL OF CORPORATE ACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 4 2001Peter Woodlock Audit committee members at publicly traded firms now have to put their personal seal of approval on annual report financial statements. And this disclosure will appear over the printed name of each committee member. So don't expect your committee to "rubber stamp" top management's figures any more. They may even argue with you. But the way out is to give them confidence that your figures are indeed correct, improving committee oversight. The authors of this article supply a useful series of checklists that will help do that. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Selective Discharge of Electrostatic Charges on Electrets Using a Patterned Hydrogel Stamp,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 32 2010Xinlei Ma Malen mit Wasser: Ein topographisch gemusterter Stempel aus Agarosehydrogel wird genutzt, um Wasser , zum Zweck einer selektiven Entladung , auf einheitlich geladene PMMA-Elektrete zu drucken. Die hochaufgelösten elektrostatischen Ladungsmuster, die durch diesen einfachen Ansatz erzeugt werden, können die Reduktion von Metallionen induzieren und ermöglichen so die Herstellung von mikro- und nanoskaligen Metallstrukturen. PMMA=Polymethylmethacrylat. [source] Soft-Contact Optical Lithography Using Transparent Elastomeric Stamps and Application to Nanopatterned Organic Light-Emitting DevicesADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 9 2005T.-W. Lee Abstract Conventional photolithography uses rigid photomasks of fused quartz and high-purity silica glass plates covered with patterned microstructures of an opaque material. We introduce new, transparent, elastomeric molds (or stamps) of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) that can be employed as photomasks to produce the same resist pattern as the pattern of the recessed (or non-contact) regions of the stamps, in contrast to other reports in the literature[1] of using PDMS masks to generate edge patterns. The exposure dose of the non-contact regions with the photoresist through the PDMS is lower than that of the contact regions. Therefore, we employ a difference in the effective exposure dose between the contact and the non-contact regions through the PDMS stamp to generate the same pattern as the PDMS photomask. The photomasking capability of the PDMS stamps, which is similar to rigid photomasks in conventional photolithography, widens the application boundaries of soft-contact optical lithography and makes the photolithography process and equipment very simple. This soft-contact optical lithography process can be widely used to perform photolithography on flexible substrates, avoiding metal or resist cracks, as it uses soft, conformable, intimate contact with the photoresist without any external pressure. To this end, we demonstrate soft-contact optical lithography on a gold-coated PDMS substrate and utilized the patterned Au/PDMS substrate with feature sizes into the nanometer regime as a top electrode in organic light-emitting diodes that are formed by soft-contact lamination. [source] Preparation of Metallic Films on Elastomeric Stamps and Their Application for Contact Processing and Contact Printing,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2003H. Schmid Abstract The formation of permanent or reversible metallic patterns on a substrate has applications in microfabrication and analytical techniques. Here, we investigate how to metallize an elastomeric stamp, either for processing of a substrate mediated by the proximity between the metal on the stamp and an active layer on the substrate, or for contact printing of the metal from a stamp to a substrate. The stamps were made from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and were modified before metallizing them with Au by adding to or removing from their bulk mobile silicone residues, by oxidizing their surface with an O2 -plasma, by surface-fluorination via silanization, or by priming them with a Ti layer. The interplay between the adhesion of the different layers defines two categories of application: contact processing and contact printing. Contact processing corresponds to keeping the metal on the stamp after contacting a substrate; it is reversible and nondestructive, and useful to define transient electrical contacts or quench fluorescence on a surface, for example. Contact printing occurs when the metal on the stamp adheres to the printed surface. Contact printing can transfer a metal, layers of metals, or an oxide onto a substrate with submicrometer lateral resolution. The transfer can be total or localized to the regions of contact, depending on the morphology of the metal on the stamp and/or the surface chemistry of the substrate. [source] High-Resolution Contact Printing with Chemically Patterned Flat Stamps Fabricated by Nanoimprint LithographyADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 27 2009Xuexin Duan Chemically patterned flat stamps provide an effective solution to avoid mechanical stamp-stability problems currently encountered in microcontact printing. A new method is developed to fabricate chemical patterns on a flat PDMS stamp using nanoimprint lithography. Sub-100,nm gold patterns are successfully replicated by these chemically patterned flat PDMS stamps. [source] Thermochemical Patterning of Polymer Thin Films With Tunable Size-Reduction Effects Using Metal-Coated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) StampsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 21 2009Fangfang Wang Metal-coated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps are treated as parallel microelectrodes to selectively induce thermochemical crosslinking of polymer thin films on Si substrates. Periodical polymer micro- and nanostructures with various size-reduction effects can be achieved by changing the conditions during metal deposition or modifying the surface of the metal-coated PDMS stamp. [source] Stamps for Submicrometer Soft Lithography Fabricated by Capillary Force Lithography ,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 13 2004M. Bruinink A convenient, inexpensive technique for fabrication of stamps for submicrometer soft lithography from masters with micrometer-size features is presented. Templates fabricated by capillary-force lithography are robust against replica molding of stamps. The Figure shows the resulting metal structure after employing such a second-generation stamp in microcontact printing of octadecanethiol and subsequent wet chemical etching of the underlying gold. [source] Are People Ashamed of Paying with Food Stamps?JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2003Robert Breunig We evaluate the claim that marginal ,welfare stigma'causes a dollar of food to provide less utility if bought with food stamps rather than cash, and that this explains why, in the United States, the marginal propensity to consume food out of food stamps is larger than that out of income. This hypothesis has been advanced to explain the so-called ,cash-out puzzle': the empirical observation that the marginal propensity to consume food out of food stamps is much higher than that out of income, even for households who spend some cash income on food. We develop a theoretical model to identify the restrictions imposed by the hypothesis that the puzzle is indeed caused by such stigma. Using data from San Diego County, we find that two of the three predictions of the marginal stigma model are violated. These results cast serious doubt on the marginal stigma hypothesis. [source] Why Is Elvis on Burkina Faso Postage Stamps?JOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES, Issue 4 2008Cross-Country Evidence on the Commercialization of State Sovereignty Why would the country of Burkina Faso issue postage stamps featuring Elvis? In part, to make money, one example of what has been called the commercialization of state sovereignty. I could issue stamps, but no one would buy them. But many philatelists (stamp collectors) want countries' stamps, especially those with popular themes like Elvis or Disney characters, in their collection. I examine the commercialization of state sovereignty by first setting out a simple model and then, in the context of the predictions of this model, conduction an empirical examination of what determines whether a country will pursue a set of commercialization opportunities, from the benign to the malign. Three examples are examined: postage stamps, tax havens, and money laundering. The data analysis provides support for the idea that commercialization of state sovereignty is more likely in countries where it is more difficult to raise revenue in alternative ways, and less support for the role of costs of commercialization related to integrity and, for less benign activities, sanctions. The examined examples of commercialization that are more likely to directly raise revenue (stamp pandering and tax havens) are more attractive to poorer countries, and stamp pandering is more attractive to more agricultural countries at a given level of per-capita income. This provides some support to the notion that when revenue is difficult to raise in other ways, revenue-raising commercialization becomes more attractive. Being a tax haven or a stamp panderer is more attractive to small countries, a finding that is consistent with the Slemrod and Wilson (2007) hypothesis about tax havens that the benefits are unrelated to size but the costs are. The results corroborate and extend the Dharmapala and Hines (2007) finding that good governance is associated with tax haven status. Notably, governance has no partial association with the probability of being a money launderer. Thus, there is no evidence that bad governance as measured by the World Bank is associated with international unlawfulness. The fact that governance matters positively for the propensity to be a stamp panderer as well as to be a tax haven expands the Dharmapala-Hines interpretation that governance proxies for a country's credibility, and suggests that governance may also be associated with the capability to undertake domestic-welfare-enhancing activities and may help to explain why more of the most desperately poor nations of the world are not involved in the commercialization of state sovereignty. [source] Incentives, challenges, and dilemmas of TANF: A case studyJOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2002Barbara L. Wolfe This paper compares the incentives inherent in TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families), the U.S. welfare system in place after the 1996 reforms, with those of TANF's predecessor, AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children), using the experience in one state, Wisconsin, as an example. Is the new program successful in avoiding the "poverty trap" of the old welfare system, in which the marginal tax rates imposed on earnings and benefits were so high that they discouraged work effort outside a narrow earnings range? As women receiving assistance begin working more hours and earning more, income-conditioned benefits (Food Stamps, EITC, Medicaid, and subsidies for child care) are reduced and withdrawn, in effect constituting a "tax" on earnings. Under TANF, there is more support for these families, at least in Wisconsin, and so economic well-being should be higher for most women with earning in this range than it was under AFDC. But marginal tax rates under TANF remain high, and in some income ranges they are higher than under AFDC. Once in the work force, former TANF recipients have earnings over the long run that expose them to very high marginal tax rates, which decrease the benefits of working harder and make it very difficult to gain full eonomic independence. Evidence from other sources suggest that most low-skilled women have earnings in the same range and so are likely to face similar reductions in benefits such as child care subsidies or the EITC as their earnings increase, even if they are not receiving welfare-related benefits. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. [source] Stable Non-Covalent Large Area Patterning of Inert Teflon-AF Surface: A New Approach to Multiscale Cell Guidance,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 6 2010Francesco Valle Micro- and nano-patterning of cell adhesion proteins is demonstrated to direct the growth of neural cells, viz. human neuroblastoma SHSY5Y, at precise positions on a strongly antifouling substrate of technolological interest. We adopt a soft-lithographic approach with oxygen plasma modified PDMS stamps to pattern human laminin on Teflon-AF films. These patterns are based on the interplay of capillary forces within the stamp and non-covalent intermolecular and surface interactions. Remarkably, they remain stable for several days upon cell culture conditions. The fabrication of substrates with adjacent antifouling and adhesion-promoting regions allows us to reach absolute spatial control in the positioning of neuroblastoma cells on the Teflon-AF films. This patterning approach of a technologically-relevant substrate can be of interest in tissue engineering and biosensing. [source] Nanopatterning by an Integrated Process Combining Capillary Force Lithography and Microcontact PrintingADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 4 2010Xuexin Duan Abstract A novel nanopatterning process was developed by combining capillary force lithography (CFL) and microcontact printing (µCP). Flat polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as the substrate in CFL, and after chemical functionalization, as the stamp in µCP, which increased the resolution of both methods. The polymer patterns, produced by CFL on a thin polymer film on the flat PDMS substrate, acted as a mask to oxidize the uncovered regions of the PDMS. The chemical patterns were subsequently formed by gas phase evaporation of a fluorinated silane. After removal of the polymer, these stamps were used to transfer thiol inks to a gold substrate by µCP. Gold patterns at a scale of less than 100,nm were successfully replicated by these chemically patterned flat PDMS stamps. [source] Detachment Lithography of Photosensitive Polymers: A Route to Fabricating Three-Dimensional StructuresADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2010Junghoon Yeom Abstract A technique to create arrays of micrometer-sized patterns of photosensitive polymers on the surface of elastomeric stamps and to transfer these patterns to planar and nonplanar substrates is presented. The photosensitive polymers are initially patterned through detachment lithography (DL), which utilizes the difference in adhesion forces to induce the mechanical failure in the film along the edges of the protruded parts of the mold. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp with a kinetically and thermally adjustable adhesion and conformal contact can transfer the detached patterns to etched or curved substrates, as well as planar ones. These printed patterns remain photochemically active for further modification via photolithography, and/or can serve as resists for subsequent etching or deposition, such that photolithography can be used on highly nonconformal and nonplanar surfaces. Various 3D structures fabricated using the process have potential applications in MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) sensors/actuators, optical devices, and microfluidics. [source] Simple Patterning via Adhesion between a Buffered-Oxide Etchant-Treated PDMS Stamp and a SiO2 Substrate,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 13 2007Y.-K. Kim Abstract A very simple polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pattern-transfer method is devised, called buffered-oxide etchant (BOE) printing. The mechanism of pattern transfer is investigated, by considering the strong adhesion between the BOE-treated PDMS and the SiO2 substrate. PDMS patterns from a few micrometers to sub-micrometer size are transferred to the SiO2 substrate by just pressing a stamp that has been immersed in BOE solution for a few minutes. The patterned PDMS layers work as perfect physical and chemical passivation layers in the fabrication of metal electrodes and V2O5 nanowire channels, respectively. Interestingly, a second stamping of the BOE-treated PDMS on the SiO2 substrate pre-patterned with metal as well as PDMS results in a selective transfer of the PDMS patterns only to the bare SiO2. In this way, the fabrication of a device structure consisting of two Au electrodes and V2O5 nanowire network channels is possible; non-ohmic semiconducting I,V characteristics, which can be modeled by serially connected percolation, are observed. [source] Soft-Contact Optical Lithography Using Transparent Elastomeric Stamps and Application to Nanopatterned Organic Light-Emitting DevicesADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 9 2005T.-W. Lee Abstract Conventional photolithography uses rigid photomasks of fused quartz and high-purity silica glass plates covered with patterned microstructures of an opaque material. We introduce new, transparent, elastomeric molds (or stamps) of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) that can be employed as photomasks to produce the same resist pattern as the pattern of the recessed (or non-contact) regions of the stamps, in contrast to other reports in the literature[1] of using PDMS masks to generate edge patterns. The exposure dose of the non-contact regions with the photoresist through the PDMS is lower than that of the contact regions. Therefore, we employ a difference in the effective exposure dose between the contact and the non-contact regions through the PDMS stamp to generate the same pattern as the PDMS photomask. The photomasking capability of the PDMS stamps, which is similar to rigid photomasks in conventional photolithography, widens the application boundaries of soft-contact optical lithography and makes the photolithography process and equipment very simple. This soft-contact optical lithography process can be widely used to perform photolithography on flexible substrates, avoiding metal or resist cracks, as it uses soft, conformable, intimate contact with the photoresist without any external pressure. To this end, we demonstrate soft-contact optical lithography on a gold-coated PDMS substrate and utilized the patterned Au/PDMS substrate with feature sizes into the nanometer regime as a top electrode in organic light-emitting diodes that are formed by soft-contact lamination. [source] Factors Associated with Physician Interventions to Address Adolescent SmokingHEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, Issue 3 2004Tammy H. Sims Objective. To determine the percent of adolescent Medicaid patients with medical record documentation about tobacco use status and cessation assistance; and factors associated with providers documenting and intervening with adolescent smokers. Data Source. Secondary analysis of data collected in 1999 from medical records of Wisconsin Medicaid health maintenance organization (HMO) recipients 11 to 21 years old. Study Design. Random reviews and data collection were related to visits from January 1997 to January 1999. Data collected included patient demographics, provider type, number of visits, and whether smoking status and cessation interventions were documented. Data Extraction Methods. Medical charts were reviewed and a database was created using a data abstraction tool developed and approved by a committee to address tobacco use in Medicaid managed care participants. Principal Findings. Among adolescents seen by a physician from 1997 to 1999, tobacco use status was documented in 55 percent of patient charts. Most often tobacco use status was documented on history and physical or prenatal forms. Of identified adolescent smokers, 50 percent were advised to quit, 42 percent assisted, and 16 percent followed for smoking cessation. Pregnant patients were more likely to have tobacco use documented than nonpregnant patients (OR=10.8, 95 percent CI=4.9 to 24). The odds of documentation increased 21 percent for every one-year increase in patient age. Conclusions. Providers miss opportunities to intervene with adolescents who may be using tobacco. Medical record prompts, similar to the tobacco use question on prenatal forms and the tobacco use vital sign stamp, are essential for reminding providers to consistently document and address tobacco use among adolescents. [source] Preparation of Metallic Films on Elastomeric Stamps and Their Application for Contact Processing and Contact Printing,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2003H. Schmid Abstract The formation of permanent or reversible metallic patterns on a substrate has applications in microfabrication and analytical techniques. Here, we investigate how to metallize an elastomeric stamp, either for processing of a substrate mediated by the proximity between the metal on the stamp and an active layer on the substrate, or for contact printing of the metal from a stamp to a substrate. The stamps were made from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and were modified before metallizing them with Au by adding to or removing from their bulk mobile silicone residues, by oxidizing their surface with an O2 -plasma, by surface-fluorination via silanization, or by priming them with a Ti layer. The interplay between the adhesion of the different layers defines two categories of application: contact processing and contact printing. Contact processing corresponds to keeping the metal on the stamp after contacting a substrate; it is reversible and nondestructive, and useful to define transient electrical contacts or quench fluorescence on a surface, for example. Contact printing occurs when the metal on the stamp adheres to the printed surface. Contact printing can transfer a metal, layers of metals, or an oxide onto a substrate with submicrometer lateral resolution. The transfer can be total or localized to the regions of contact, depending on the morphology of the metal on the stamp and/or the surface chemistry of the substrate. [source] Solvent-Assisted Decal Transfer Lithography by Oxygen-Plasma Bonding and Anisotropic SwellingADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 22 2010Pilnam Kim Solvent-assisted decal transfer lithography (DTL) enables the formation of well-defined micro-/nanostructures over a large area (,4 in. wafer) by combining irreversible oxygen bonding and anisotropic swelling of poly(dimethoxylsiloxane) (PDMS). Such swelling-induced stress gradient allows for cohesion failure of the skin layer upon removal of the stamp, leaving behind a highly uniform layer (,100,nm). [source] Steps toward nationhood: Henry Laurens (1724,92) and the American Revolution in the South*HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 200 2005James J. Kirschke Henry Laurens's political career ranks among the South's crucial contributions to the Revolution and American nationhood, contributions that historians have largely neglected. This article attempts to estimate this Southern role through an examination of Laurens's life and letters, and the political culture of his home state, South Carolina. Laurens and others in the South, despite an incongruous commitment to slavery, gave the emerging nation a distinctly Southern stamp by advocating state federalism, the sovereignty of the people through democratic legislature, and a strong executive. [source] Bottom-Imprint Method for VSS Growth of Epitaxial Silicon Nanowire Arrays with an Aluminium CatalystADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 46 2009Zhang Zhang A bottom-imprint method to fabricate high-quality Si [100] nanowire arrays is described (see figure). This new approach combines the functions of a highly ordered anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template that acts as both a stamp and a template. Vertically aligned, Al-catalyzed Si nanowire (NW) arrays are grown epitaxially on the Si substrate with a narrow size distribution. [source] High-Resolution Contact Printing with Chemically Patterned Flat Stamps Fabricated by Nanoimprint LithographyADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 27 2009Xuexin Duan Chemically patterned flat stamps provide an effective solution to avoid mechanical stamp-stability problems currently encountered in microcontact printing. A new method is developed to fabricate chemical patterns on a flat PDMS stamp using nanoimprint lithography. Sub-100,nm gold patterns are successfully replicated by these chemically patterned flat PDMS stamps. [source] Ordered High-Density Si [100] Nanowire Arrays Epitaxially Grown by Bottom Imprint MethodADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 27 2009Zhang Zhang A novel bottom imprint method to fabricate high-quality Si [100] nanowire arrays is demonstrated. This new approach combines the functions of a high-ordering AAO template as a stamp and template simultaneously. By the protective polymer layer in the hot imprint, the vertical 40,nm Si nanowire arrays grow epitaxially on the Si substrate with a narrow size distribution [source] Thermochemical Patterning of Polymer Thin Films With Tunable Size-Reduction Effects Using Metal-Coated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) StampsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 21 2009Fangfang Wang Metal-coated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps are treated as parallel microelectrodes to selectively induce thermochemical crosslinking of polymer thin films on Si substrates. Periodical polymer micro- and nanostructures with various size-reduction effects can be achieved by changing the conditions during metal deposition or modifying the surface of the metal-coated PDMS stamp. [source] Soft Transfer Printing of Chemically Converted GrapheneADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 20 2009Matthew J. Allen A transfer printing process that allows precise patterning of chemically converted graphene is reported. The use of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp and surface energy manipulation resulted in successfully transferring spin-coated materials from one substrate to another. The method is capable of transferring sharp features to precise locations. This represents large-scale, high-throughput transfer printing of chemically converted graphene and paves the way for future complementary circuit design. [source] Intact Pattern Transfer of Conductive Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelet Composite Films to Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Platforms,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 10 2008Troy R. Hendricks A simple method for creating patterned conductive multilayered polymer/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet (xGnP) nanocomposite films is presented, by using the LBL assembly of xGnP and the intact pattern transfer of these films to a substrate. After four bilayers are deposited onto the stamp, conductive patterns can be created on virtually any substrate. [source] The "strong leadership" of George W. BushINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES, Issue 3 2008Fred I. Greenstein Abstract This paper further explores the phenomenon of the "strong leader" by presenting an account of President George W. Bush, whose early conduct in the White House seemed far from strong, but who rose to the challenge of the terrorist attacks on the US of September 11, 2001 and began to preside with authority and assertiveness over an administration that went to great lengths to put its stamp on the national and international policy agendas, but was intensely controversial in the policies it advanced. The paper provides a three dimensional account of Bush, reviewing his early years, political rise and presidential performance, and then analyzes his leadership style in terms of six criteria that have proven useful for characterizing and assessing earlier chief executives , emotional intelligence, cognitive style, effectiveness as a public communicator, organizational capacity, political skill, and the extent to which the president is guided by a realistic policy vision. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Nanofacet Lithography: A New Bottom-Up Approach to Nanopatterning and Nanofabrication by Soft Replication of Spontaneously Faceted Crystal Surfaces,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 10 2007R. Gabai The faceting of unstable crystal surfaces provides self-assembling templates for soft lithography, enabling the facile generation of a variety of periodic nanopatterned monolayers, nanowires, nanogrooves, nanogrids, and nanowaffles of Au and Si (the figure shows the replication of faceted sapphire to an elastomeric stamp, and then to a patterned self-assembled monolayer). [source] Stamps for Submicrometer Soft Lithography Fabricated by Capillary Force Lithography ,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 13 2004M. Bruinink A convenient, inexpensive technique for fabrication of stamps for submicrometer soft lithography from masters with micrometer-size features is presented. Templates fabricated by capillary-force lithography are robust against replica molding of stamps. The Figure shows the resulting metal structure after employing such a second-generation stamp in microcontact printing of octadecanethiol and subsequent wet chemical etching of the underlying gold. 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