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Stabilisation
Selected AbstractsEXCHANGE RATE STABILISATION, LEARNING AND THE TAYLOR PRINCIPLEAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 2 2007Article first published online: 30 MAY 200, HEINZ-PETER SPAHN The paper explores whether central banks can keep their interest rates independent from given foreign rates, and to what extent interest policies designed to stabilise nominal exchange rate changes can be applied instead of, or in addition to, the traditional interest rate response to inflation gaps. This modification of a Taylor Rule is analysed in a simple macro model with some New Keynesian features. Information is imperfect; agents cannot build rational expectations but try to learn ,true' market relations. Results show that the Taylor Principle can be generalised in an open economy with flexible exchange rates. [source] The Economics of IPO Stabilisation, Syndicates and Naked ShortsEUROPEAN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2007Tim Jenkinson G3; G24 Abstract Stabilisation is the bidding for and purchase of securities by an underwriter immediately after an offering for the purpose of preventing or retarding a fall in price. Stabilisation is price manipulation, but regulators allow it within strict limits , notably that stabilisation may not occur above the offer price. For legislators and market authorities, a false market is a price worth paying for an orderly market. This paper compares the rationale for regulators' allowing IPO stabilisation with its effects. It finds that stabilisation does have the intended effects, but that underwriters also seem to have other motives to stabilise, including favouring certain aftermarket sellers and enhancing their own reputation and profits. A puzzling aspect of stabilisation is why underwriters create ,naked short' positions which are loss-making to cover when, as is usual, the aftermarket price rises to a premium. We set up a model to show that the lead underwriter may profit from a naked short at the expense of the rest of the syndicate given the way commissions are apportioned between them. We argue that a naked short mitigates the misalignment of interests which stabilisation causes between issuer and lead underwriter, although it does so at the expense of the non-lead underwriters. [source] Fiscal Policy, Business Cycles and Economic Stabilisation: Evidence from Industrialised and Developing Countries,FISCAL STUDIES, Issue 4 2007Young Lee This paper empirically investigates the responsiveness of fiscal policy to business cycles and the effectiveness of fiscal policy in reducing economic fluctuations. From regressions on the responsiveness of fiscal policy to business cycles, we find that the government's current expenditures and subsidies & transfers move counter-cyclically, whereas taxes and capital expenditures move pro-cyclically. Using economic fluctuations in neighbouring countries as an instrumental variable, we show that ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates understate the responsiveness of fiscal policy to economic fluctuations. We also find that fiscal policy responds asymmetrically over economic fluctuations. In investigating the effectiveness of fiscal policy in reducing economic fluctuations, we mitigate omitted variable bias by adding four important factors - military expenditures, oil production, economic fluctuations in neighbouring countries and fiscal policy responsiveness to business cycles. The results of effectiveness regressions are consistent with the responsiveness regressions, highlighting the importance of current expenditures, especially subsidies and transfers, in responding to business cycles and stabilising the economy. [source] Once-daily OROS®,hydromorphone for the management of chronic nonmalignant pain: a dose-conversion and titration studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 10 2007M. Wallace Summary Background:, The use of opioid analgesics for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain is becoming more widely accepted, and long-acting formulations are an important treatment option. Aim:, To assess conversion to extended-release OROS® hydromorphone from previous stable opioid agonist therapy in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain of moderate-to-severe intensity. Methods:, In this open-label multicentre trial, patients were stabilised on their previous opioid therapy before being switched to OROS® hydromorphone at a ratio of 5 : 1 (morphine sulphate equivalent to hydromorphone hydrochloride). The OROS® hydromorphone dose was titrated over 3,16 days to achieve effective analgesia, and maintenance treatment continued for 14 days. Results:, Study medication was received by 336 patients; 66% completed all study phases. Stabilisation of OROS® hydromorphone was achieved by 94.6% of patients, the majority in two or fewer titration steps (mean time, 4.2 days). Mean pain intensity scores, as determined by the Brief Pain Inventory, decreased during OROS® hydromorphone treatment (p , 0.001). The percentage of patients rating their pain relief as ,good' or ,complete' increased, and the use of rescue analgesics for breakthrough pain decreased. The interference of pain with everyday activities (e.g. walking or work), and the effects on mood and enjoyment of life, also improved during the study (all p < 0.001). OROS® hydromorphone was well tolerated, and adverse events were those expected for opioid agonist therapy. Conclusion:, Patients with chronic nonmalignant pain who had been receiving opioid therapy easily underwent conversion to OROS® hydromorphone, with no loss of efficacy or increase in adverse events. [source] Instrument Insufficiency and Economic StabilisationTHE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2006Roger J. Bowden Recently concerns have been raised in New Zealand about the effectiveness of monetary policy in controlling inflation while avoiding damage to the economy from high exchange rates. This review examines the basis for concern and identifies the problem as a failure in the primary instrument, namely the Reserve Bank's official cash rate, to adequately impact further along the term structure curve, which has become the more sensitive area for aggregate demand. Direct control over expenditure is therefore weak, and too much leeway is left to the housing and other asset markets to sustain demand in the economy. Globalisation of credit availability and financial technology have helped to blunt the policy instrument in this respect, shifting the adjustment burden on to the exchange rate. Deft management of interest and currency expectations can help, but the problem may require closer coordination and cooperation between monetary and fiscal policy, restoring a stabilisation role for the latter. [source] Inflation Stabilisation with Durable Goods and Endogenous Time Preference,THE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 274 2010ARMAN MANSOORIAN We consider inflation stabilisation policies for a small open economy with an endogenous time preference when consumption exhibits durability. The time preference effect and the durability effect have competing influences on the adjustment of consumption expenditures, which will likely exhibit an initial boom followed by a recession. Further, inflation stabilisation leads to an increase in labour supply and a boom in investment and output. The country experiences a sharp deterioration in its net foreign asset position. [source] Adaptive Dynamic Output Feedback Stabilisation of Nonlinear SystemsASIAN JOURNAL OF CONTROL, Issue 3 2002A. Ilchmann ABSTRACT An adaptive dynamical output feedback controller is introduced for a class of nonlinear non-minimum phase systems. This adaptive controller achieves practical stabilisation, that means the output will asymptotically tend to a pre-specified neighbourhood of the origin. In case of linear systems, we can even prove adaptive stabilisation. [source] Stabilisation of RNA Bulges by Oligonucleotide Complements Containing an Adenosine AnalogueCHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 11 2003Annemieke Madder Abstract Incorporation of 2,-deoxy-2,- , -(1-naphthylmethyl)tubercidin into an oligodeoxyribonucleotide mostly has little or a slightly negative effect on the Tmvalues of complexes with DNA complements. With the same naphthylmethyl-substituted nucleoside at the 3,-end of a 2,-O-methyloligoribonucleotide, however, a stabilisation of 1,2,°C in the corresponding complexes with both DNA and RNA is observed. When the target sequence is an RNA fragment forming a two- or three-nucleotide bulge, complexes with (naphthylmethyl)tubercidin-modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides, as well as with the corresponding 2,-O-methyloligoribonucleotides, give stabilisations of 1,2,°C for the three-nucleotide bulge and of almost 4,°C for the two-nucleotide bulge. This stabilisation is specific to RNA, since the corresponding complexes with the DNA fragments do not display this effect. Thus, the (naphthylmethyl)tubercidin-containing oligonucleotides are the first reported oligonucleotide modifications that specifically stabilise bulged RNA. [source] 3235: Application of autologous cultivated corneal epithelium for restoring of corneal surfaceACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010D DOBROWOLSKI Purpose To present results of transplantations of cultured corneal epithelium in limbal stem cell insufficiency. Methods 26 patients were donors of limbal epithelium for corneal epithelial culture. Patients suffered from limbal deficiency in one eye after chemical or thermal burn. Limbal cells from 2 mm2 biopsy were seeded on amniotic membrane. Cultures were carried in standard conditions in supplememted DMEM in presence of 3T3 fibroblasts. After superficial keratectomy amniotic carries with epithelial cells were transplanted on denuded corneas. Stabilisation of corneal surface was evaluated. Results 3 months after surgery 61,5% of eyes showed stabile epithelium with corneal slight haze caused by the amnion. In 50,0% of eyes there was no recurrent conjuntival neovascularisation. 38,4% of eyes remained cloudy due to stromal revascularization. In 4 eyes total conjuctival pannus developed again. Visual acuity ranged from counting fingers to 0,5. Conclusion Grafting of cultured epithelium is a promising method in treatment of limbal stem cell insufficiency in burns. [source] Impulse-based dynamic simulation in linear timeCOMPUTER ANIMATION AND VIRTUAL WORLDS (PREV: JNL OF VISUALISATION & COMPUTER ANIMATION), Issue 4-5 2007Jan Bender Abstract This paper describes an impulse-based dynamic simulation method for articulated bodies which has a linear time complexity. Existing linear-time methods are either based on a reduced-coordinate formulation or on Lagrange multipliers. The impulse-based simulation has advantages over these well-known methods. Unlike reduced-coordinate methods, it handles nonholonomic constraints like velocity-dependent ones and is very easy to implement. In contrast to Lagrange multiplier methods the impulse-based approach has no drift problem and an additional stabilisation is not necessary. The presented method computes a simulation step in O(n) time for acyclic multi-body systems containing equality constraints. Closed kinematic chains can be handled by dividing the model into different acyclic parts. Each of these parts is solved independently from each other. The dependencies between the single parts are solved by an iterative method. In the same way inequality constraints can be integrated in the simulation process in order to handle collisions and permanent contacts with dynamic and static friction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Functional analysis in Drosophila indicates that the NBCCS/PTCH1 mutation G509V results in activation of smoothened through a dominant-negative mechanismDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2004Gary R. Hime Abstract Mutations in the human homolog of the patched gene are associated with the developmental (and cancer predisposition) condition Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (NBCCS), as well as with sporadic basal cell carcinomas. Most mutations that have been identified in the germline of NBCCS patients are truncating or frameshift mutations, with amino acid substitutions rarely found. We show that a missense mutation in the sterol-sensing domain G509V acts as a dominant negative when assayed in vivo in Drosophila. Ectopic expression of a Drosophila patched transgene, carrying the analogous mutation to G509V, causes ectopic activation of Hedgehog target genes and ectopic membrane stabilisation of Smoothened. The G509V transgene behaves in a manner similar, except in its subcellular distribution, to a C-terminal truncation that has been characterised previously as a dominant-negative protein. G509V exhibits vesicular localisation identical to the wild-type protein, but the C-terminal truncated Patched molecule is localised predominantly to the plasma membrane. This finding suggests that dominant-negative function can be conferred by interruption of different aspects of Patched protein behaviour. Another mutation at the same residue, G509R, did not exhibit dominant-negative activity, suggesting that simple removal of the glycine at 509 is not sufficient to impart dominant-negative function. Developmental Dynamics 229:780,790, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Intra-articular stabilisation of the equine cricoarytenoid jointEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 6 2008J. CHEETHAM Summary Reasons for performing study: The success of laryngoplasty is limited by abduction loss in the early post operative period. Objective: To determine the efficacy of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in stabilising the cricoarytenoid joint (CAJ) and reducing the force on the laryngoplasty suture. Hypothesis: Injection into the cricoarytenoid joint resists the forces produced by physiological laryngeal air flows and pressures thereby reducing the force experienced by the laryngoplasty suture. Methods: Ten cadaver larynges were collected at necropsy and PMMA was injected into one CAJ at selected random. Each larynx was subjected to physiological conditions with with constant (static) or cycling (dynamic) flow. The specimens were tested sequentially in each of 4 conditions: 1) bilateral full abduction (Control 1); 2) transection of the suture on the side without PMMA; 3) bilateral abduction achieved by replacing the suture (Control 2); and 4) cutting the suture on the PMMA side. Tracheal pressure and flow and pressure in the flow chamber were recorded using pressure and flow transducers. The strain experienced by each suture during bilateral abduction (Controls 1 and 2) was measured. Statistical comparison of the 4 conditions was performed using a mixed effect model with Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons. The strain gauge data were analysed by paired comparison of the regression slopes. Results: In the static and dynamic states, tracheal pressure increased and tracheal flow decreased when the suture on the non-cement side was cut (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in any outcome measure between PMMA injected into the CAJ and bilaterally abducted specimens (Controls 1 and 2) for either condition. The rate of increase in strain with increasing translaryngeal pressure was significantly less on the suture with PMMA placed in the CAJ (P = 0.03). Conclusions: These data provide strong evidence that injecting PMMA into the CAJ resists the collapsing effect of physiological airflows and pressures in vitro and reduces the force experienced by the laryngoplasty suture during maximal abduction. Potential relevance: Augmentation of prosthetic laryngoplasty with this technique may reduce arytenoid abduction loss in the early post operative period. [source] Delivering on the Potential of the New CAPEUROCHOICES, Issue 2 2005Mariann Fischer Boel Recent discussions on the CAP have focused on the budget. However, in the public debate the policy itself is often still a caricature of the old CAP that existed until the early 1990s. The CAP has changed fundamentally over the past decade. The recent direction of the CAP , markets and rural development , was set by the European Council in Göteborg and Lisbon. Strong economic performance must go hand in hand with the sustainable use of natural resources. The key elements of the new CAP are a market policy where intervention is a safety net, income stabilisation is delivered through decoupled aids subject to cross-compliance, and a reinforced rural development policy that focuses on jobs, growth and sustainability. We must use the new CAP to unlock the potential for growth, jobs and innovation and put good ideas into practice. We need to work in partnership with farmers, foresters, the agrifood business, NGOs, the population of rural areas, the research community and of course public authorities. But to achieve all of this we need a stable budgetary environment, in which farmers and businesses can plan. In short, we need the resources to deliver on the potential of the new CAP. Les discussions sur la PAC, récemment, se sont focalisées sur le budget. En même temps, le contenu politique de la réforme, tel qu'il est vu dans le débat public, n'est rien d'autre que la caricature de l'ancienne PAC telle qu'elle existait avant les années 90. Or, au cours de la dernière décennie, la PAC a radicalement changé. Son nouveau cours , axé sur les marchés et le développement rural , a été défini lors des conseils européens de Göteborg et de Lisbonne. Les bonnes performances économiques doivent aller de concert avec l'utilisation durable des ressources naturelles. Une politique de marché, pour laquelle l'intervention n'est qu'un filet de sécurité, une stabilisation des revenus qui prend la forme d'aides découplées sous réserve d'application de normes, un développement rural renforcé, enfin, centré sur les emplois, la croissance et la durabilité, voilà les clés de la nouvelle PAC. Celle-ci doit être utilisée pour déchaîner les possibilités en matière de croissance d'emplois, d'innovation et de durabilité. Il faut pour cela s'appuyer sur les agriculteurs, les forestiers, les industries agroalimentaires, les organisations non gouvernementales, les populations des zones rurales, les chercheurs, et bien sûr les autorités publiques. Mais pour réaliser tout cela, il faut encore un environnement budgétaire stable, permettant aux agriculteurs et aux industriels de planifi er leurs actions. En d'autres termes, il faut des ressources pour que la nouvelle PAC tienne ses promesses. Die jüngsten Diskussionen über die GAP konzentrierten sich auf den Haushalt. In der öffentlichen Debatte ist die Politik selbst jedoch häufig noch ein Zerrbild der alten GAP, wie diese sich bis in die frühen 1990er Jahre darstellte. In den letzten zehn Jahren hat sich die GAP von Grund auf verändert. Die jüngste Richtung der GAP , Märkte und die Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums , wurde vom Europäischen Rat in Göteborg und Lissabon vorgegeben. Eine hohe wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit muss mit der nachhaltigen Nutzung der natürlichen Ressourcen Hand in Hand gehen. Die Schlüsselelemente der neuen GAP sind eine Marktpolitik, in der die Intervention als Sicherheitsnetz dient und eine Einkommensstabilisierung mittels entkoppelter Beihilfen erfolgt, für die Cross Compliance gilt; sowie eine gestärkte Politik zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums, welche sich auf Arbeitsplätze, Wachstum sowie Nachhaltigkeit konzentriert. Wir müssen die neue GAP dazu verwenden, das Potenzial für Wachstum, Arbeitsplätze und Innovationen frei zu setzen, und gute Ideen in die Tat umsetzen. Wir müssen partnerschaftlich mit den Landwirten, Förstern, Unternehmen der Agrar- und Ernährungswirtschaft, Nicht-Regierungsorganisationen (NRG), der Landbevölkerung, der Forschungsgemeinschaft und natürlich der öffentlichen Verwaltung zusammen arbeiten. Dafür benötigen wir jedoch eine stabile Haushaltssituation, die es den Landwirten und Unternehmen ermöglicht zu planen. Kurzum: Wir benötigen die Ressourcen, um das Potenzial der GAP auszuschöpfen. [source] Hungarian Agriculture at the Dawn of EU AccessionEUROCHOICES, Issue 1 2004Imre Nemeth Summary Hungarian AgricuIture at the Dawn of EU Accession Hungary and Hungarian agriculture nurse high hopes for EU-accession. Agriculture and rural development were of pivotal importance during the accession negotiations, in the accession referendum and the preparations for accession. The success in integrating our agriculture into the CAP and the single market will substantially influence public opinion in the post-accession years. We expect our membership to stabilise market conditions and to improve development possibilities in rural areas where there is great demand for better employment and living conditions. These benefits will emerge from our integration into the single market, our involvement in decision-making and from the backing of EU resources. But the challenges of EU membership also evoke fears amongst Hungarian farmers. The transformation of agriculture is incomplete, agricultural incomes and investments are stagnant, rural infrastructure is somewhat weak and marketing systems are rather inefficient. Hungarian farmers have difficulty accepting the relatively low levels of direct aids whereas they face full health and food safety restrictions from day one of accession. The CAP Reform of June 2003 confuses and slows down our preparatory work. Hungarian agriculture, however, is determined to respond to the challenges of accession. Our common Europe will prove stronger with Hungarian agriculture, and Hungarian agriculture has to become stronger through our EU membership. L'agriculture hongroise au temps zéro de I'accession OLa Hongrie et l'agriculture hongroise mettent de grands espoirs dans L'accession à l'Union Européenne. L'agriculture et le développement rural ont été au centre des négotiations sur l'accession, du référendum associé et des mesures préparatoires correspondantes. l'opinion publique sera grandement influenceée, dans les années qui suivront l'accession, par le succés de l'intégration de notre agriculture dans la politique agricole commune et le marché unique. De notre appartenance à l'UE, nous attendons la stabilisation des marchés et l'amélioration des perspectives de développement dans les zones rurales oú le besoin de meilleures conditions de vie et d'emploi se fait sentir avec acuité. Ces avantages devraient provenir de notre intégration dans le marché unique, de notre participation aux décisions collectives et d'un soutien à la mesure des ressources de l'Union Européenne. Cependant, les défis de l'intégration européenne ne vont pas aussi sans susciter des craintes chez les agriculteurs hongrois. La transformation de l'agriculture est incompléte, les revenus et les investissements stagnent, les infrastructures rurales sont insuffisantes et l'organisation des marchés inefficace. Les agriculteurs hongrois acceptent difficilement de ne bénéficier que d'aides directes relativement faibles, alors que, dés le premier jour de l'accession, ils seront soumis à tous les réglements communautaires en matiére de santé et de sécurité alimentaires. La réforme de la PAC en juin 2003 complique encore et ralentit les travaux préparatoires à l'accession. Néanmoins, l'agriculture hongroise est résolue à relever le défi. L'Europe commune sera plus forte avec l'agriculture hongroise et cette derniére sera renforcée par son appartenance à l' Europe Ungarische Landwirtschaft kurz vor dem EU-Beitritt Ungarn und die ungarische Landwirtschaft setzen große Hoffnungen in den EU-Beitritt. Die Landwirtschaft und die Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums waren in den Beitrittsverhandlungen, beim Volksentscheid zum Beitritt und bei den Vorbereitungen des Beitritts von entscheidender Bedeutung. Das Gelingen bei der Integration unserer Landwirtschaft in die GAP und den Binnenmarkt wird die öffendiche Meinung in den Jahren nach dem Beitritt entscheidend beeinflussen. Wir erhoffen uns von unserer Mitgliedschaft stabilere Marktbedingungen und bessere Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten im ländlichen Raum, wo Verbesserungen im Hinblick auf Beschäftigungssituation und Lebensbedingungen dringend erforderlich sind. Dies wird durch unsere Integration in den Binnenmarkt, unseren Beitrag zur Entscheidungsfindung und mit Hilfe von EU-Ressourcen erfolgen. Die Herausforderungen der EU-Mitgliedschaft rufen jedoch bei den ungarischen Landwirten auch Ängste hervor. Die Transformation der Landwirtschaft ist noch nicht abgeschlossen, die ländwirtschaftlichen Einkommen und die Investitionen stagnieren, die landliche Infrastruktur ist recht schwach entwickelt und die Vermarktung ist relativ ineffizient. Die ungarischen Landwirte können nur schwer akzeptieren, dass ab dem ersten Tag ihres Beitritts zwar alle Gesundheits- und Nahrungs-mittelsicherheitsbestimmunge n eingehalten werden müssen, aber nur geringe direkte Beihilfen gewährt werden. Die Reform der GAP vom Juni 2003 irritiert und verzögert unsere Vorbereitungen. Die ungarische Landwirtschaft ist jedoch entschlossen, sich den Herausforderungen des Beitritts zu stellen. Unser gemeinsames Europa wird mit der ungarischen Landwirtschaft noch stärker, und die ungarische Landwirtschaft muss durch unsere EU-Mitgliedschaft gestärkt werden. [source] The Economics of IPO Stabilisation, Syndicates and Naked ShortsEUROPEAN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2007Tim Jenkinson G3; G24 Abstract Stabilisation is the bidding for and purchase of securities by an underwriter immediately after an offering for the purpose of preventing or retarding a fall in price. Stabilisation is price manipulation, but regulators allow it within strict limits , notably that stabilisation may not occur above the offer price. For legislators and market authorities, a false market is a price worth paying for an orderly market. This paper compares the rationale for regulators' allowing IPO stabilisation with its effects. It finds that stabilisation does have the intended effects, but that underwriters also seem to have other motives to stabilise, including favouring certain aftermarket sellers and enhancing their own reputation and profits. A puzzling aspect of stabilisation is why underwriters create ,naked short' positions which are loss-making to cover when, as is usual, the aftermarket price rises to a premium. We set up a model to show that the lead underwriter may profit from a naked short at the expense of the rest of the syndicate given the way commissions are apportioned between them. We argue that a naked short mitigates the misalignment of interests which stabilisation causes between issuer and lead underwriter, although it does so at the expense of the non-lead underwriters. [source] Molecular Iodine Stabilization in an Extended N···I,I···N AssemblyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 24 2009Francesco Isaia Abstract The adduct [bis(quinoxaline)-2,2,,3,3,-disulfide·I2], (Q2S2·I2), (1) can be easily synthesised from the reaction of Q2S2 and I2 in CH2Cl2 or, in the absence of any solvent, through diffusion of I2 vapours at 60 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the presence of an extended N···I,I···N assembly in which each I2 molecule links a Q2S2 molecule at both ends through a nitrogen atom to form a polymeric species; the d(I,I) and d(N,I) bond lengths confirm a very weak nitrogen,iodine interaction at the base of the N···I,I···N assembly. DFT calculations provide optimised distances for the N···I and I,I bonds and explanation for the zigzag chain formation: the mPW1PW functional and the B3LYP hybrid functional with a variety of basis sets for the I atomic species [CRENBL, LANL2DZ, LANL2DZ(d,p), LANL08(d), SBKJC, SBKJC polarised-LFK and Stuttgart RLC] have been tested. Compound 1 proved stable up to nearly 100 °C, and the stability is to be mainly attributed to the lattice energy of its polymeric structure then to donor,acceptor stabilisation. The facile insertion of molecular iodine into the Q2S2 network makes this compound an interesting iodine sponge, suitable for I2 storage; moreover, Q2S2 can easily collect and release I2(g) by a temperature-controlled process (60 and 97 °C, respectively). (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] Wireless signal-preamble assisted Mach,Zehnder modulator bias stabilisation in wireless signal transmission over optical fibreEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS, Issue 6 2008Debashis Chanda Lithium niobate based Mach,Zehnder electro-optic modulators are increasingly being used in high-speed digital as well as analog optical links. Depending on the application, digital or analog, the bias point of such a modulator is held constant at a particular point on the sinusoidal electrical to optical power transfer characteristics of the modulator. Bias point drift is one of the major limitations of lithium niobate based Mach,Zehnder electro-optic modulators. This increases the bit error rate of the system and affects adjacent channel performances. In one of the most popular methods of bias control, a pilot tone is used to track the bias point drift. However, pilot tone based bias tracking reduces overall intermodulation free dynamic range of the link. In this paper we propose a method where Mach,Zehnder modulator bias drift is tracked and maintained at the desired point by tracking the power variation of the preamble of wireless signal data frames. The method has no detrimental effects on system performances as no external signal is exclusively injected into the system for bias tracking purposes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Moduli stabilisation and applications in IIB string theoryFORTSCHRITTE DER PHYSIK/PROGRESS OF PHYSICS, Issue 3 2007J.P. Conlon String compactifications represent the most promising approach towards unifying general relativity with particle physics. However, naive compactifications give rise to massless particles (moduli) which would mediate unobserved long-range forces, and it is therefore necessary to generate a potential for the moduli. In the introductory chapters I review this problem and recall how in IIB compactifications the dilaton and complex structure moduli can be stabilised by 3-form fluxes. There exist very many possible discrete flux choices which motivates the use of statistical techniques to analyse this discretuum of choices. Such approaches generate formulae predicting the distribution of vacua and I describe numerical tests of these formulae on the Calabi-Yau ,4[1,1,2,2,6]. Stabilising the Kähler moduli requires nonperturbative superpotential effects. I review the KKLT construction and explain why this must in general be supplemented with perturbative Kähler corrections. I show how the incorporation of such corrections generically leads to non-supersymmetric minima at exponentially large volumes, giving a detailed account of the,, expansion and its relation to Kähler corrections. I illustrate this with explicit computations for the Calabi-Yau ,4[1,1,1,6,9]. The next part of the article examines phenomenological applications of this construction. I first describe how the magnitude of the soft supersymmetry parameters may be computed. In the large-volume models the gravitino mass and soft terms are volume-suppressed. As we naturally have ,, ,1, this gives a dynamical solution of the hierarchy problem. I also demonstrate the existence of a fine structure in the soft terms, with gaugino masses naturally lighter than the gravitino mass by a factor ln (MP/m3/2). A second section gives a detailed analysis of the relationship of moduli stabilisation to the QCD axions relevant to the strong CP problem, proving a no-go theorem on the compatibility of a QCD axion with supersymmetric moduli stabilisation. I describe how QCD axions can coexist with nonsupersymmetric perturbative stabilisation and how the large-volume models naturally contain axions with decay constants that are phenomenologically allowed and satisfy the appealing relationship fa2 ,MPMsusy. A further section describe how a simple and predictive inflationary model can be built in the context of the above large-volume construction, using the no-scale Kähler potential to avoid the , problem. I finally conclude, summarising the phenomenological scenario and outlining the prospects for future work. [source] A Strategic Framework for Monitoring Coastal Change in Australia's Wet-dry Tropics , Concepts and ProgressGEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2009C. MAX FINLAYSON Abstract A strategic framework for monitoring natural and human-induced change in the coastal plains of the Alligator Rivers Region in the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia is presented. The framework also supports refinement of methods used to monitor the vulnerability of coastal areas to change, including human-induced climate change and sea-level rise. The information derived through the framework can be used to assess scenarios, highlight the potential significance and implications of changes, and assist land managers formulate management responses. The framework incorporates several large-scale studies for monitoring atmospheric and hydrodynamic processes as well as mapping and monitoring projects specific to environmental change in the freshwater wetlands and the floodplains of the Region. Monitoring is proposed to address processes influencing the stability and rate of change of the floodplain environments. These include large-scale processes, such as inter-annual variability in weather conditions affecting the morphology of the coastal plains, shoreline and riverbank stabilisation, headward expansion of tidal creeks, and salinisation of freshwater basins. Information management is also addressed, and a Geographic Information System structure proposed for effective data collation, analysis and management. The information management system will facilitate data sharing and participation of multiple agencies and organisations interested in coastal change, especially where a landscape perspective or whole ecosystem approach is advocated. [source] Complex grouting tasks at home and abroad as seen by the contractor.GEOMECHANICS AND TUNNELLING, Issue 5 2009Komplexe Injektionsaufgaben im In- und Ausland aus der Sicht des Ausführenden Grouting; Site report; Injektionen; Baubericht Abstract "The devil is in the detail" , this is particularly true for the implementation of complex grouting work. The term grouting includes a number of sophisticated processes including waterproofing, stabilisation, pressure tunnel, compensation, inclined shaft, vacuum, consolidation, sealing curtain, alluvial and rock grouting. The formulation of injection criteria, as part of the design as well as for construction, varies as much as the descriptions of these techniques. Some criteria are explained through examples from the point of view of the contractor. "Die Tücke liegt im Detail" , ganz besonders gilt dies für die Durchführung komplexer Injektionsaufgaben. Unter dem Begriff Injektion verbergen sich zahlreiche anspruchsvolle Bauverfahren, unter anderen Abdicht-, Verfestigungs-, Druckstollen-, Hebungs-, Schrägschacht-, Vakuum-, Consolidation-, Dichtschleier-, Alluvial-, und Felsinjektionen. So verschieden wie die Bezeichnungen sind die Anforderungen an die Formulierung von Injektionskriterien, sowohl in der Planung als auch in der Ausführung. Anhand von Beispielen werden einige Kriterien aus ausführungstechnischer Sicht erläutert. [source] Functional behaviour of bone around dental implants,GERODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Clark M. Stanford Achieving a long-term stable implant interface is a significant clinical issue when there is insufficient cortical bone stabilisation at implant placement. Clinical outcomes studies suggest that the higher risk implants are those placed in compromised cortical bone (thin, porous, etc.) in anatomical sites with minimal existing trabecular bone (characterised as type IV bone). In establishing and maintaining an implant interface in such an environment, one needs to consider the impact of masticatory forces, the response of bone to these forces and the impact of age on the adaptive capacity of bone. These forces, in turn, have the potential to create localised changes in interfacial stiffness through viscoelastic changes at the interface. Changes in bone as a function of age (e.g. localised hypermineralised osteopetrosis and localised areas of osteopenia) will alter the communication between osteocytes and osteoblasts creating the potential for differences in response of osteoblastic cells in the older population. A key to understanding the biomechanical and functional behaviour of implants in the older population is to control the anticipated modelling and remodelling behaviour through implant design that takes into account how tissues respond to the mechanically active environment. [source] The influence of statin characteristics on their safety and tolerabilityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 10 2004G. De Angelis Summary The efficacy of the statins for both primary and secondary prevention has now been clearly established in patients across the spectrum of cardiovascular risk. In addition to their primary effect in reducing plasma cholesterol, the statins possess various ,pleiotropic' effects that may contribute to their clinical effectiveness in reducing cardiovascular events, e.g. improvement of endothelial function, reduction of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol oxidation and stabilisation of atheromatous plaques. Although statins share similar chemical characteristics, they differ significantly in terms of their molecular synthesis, solubility and pharmacokinetic behaviour and metabolism. Side-effects secondary to long-term statin therapy are rare, but rhabdomyolysis may occur when statins are administered together with other drugs that have a direct toxic effect on muscle or which inhibit statin metabolism. Among the various statins, it would appear that fluvastatin has the lowest propensity to interact with other drugs and the least potential to induce myotoxicity. [source] Effectiveness of arthroscopic versus open surgical stabilisation for the management of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instabilityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE BASED HEALTHCARE, Issue 2 2007Choong Ng BMedSci(Melb) Abstract Background, Anterior instability is a frequent complication following a traumatic glenohumeral dislocation. Frequently the underlying pathology associated with recurrent instability is a Bankart lesion. Surgical correction of Bankart lesions and other associated pathology is the key to successful treatment. Open surgical glenohumeral stabilisation has been advocated as the gold standard because of consistently low postoperative recurrent instability rates. However, arthroscopic glenohumeral stabilisation could challenge open surgical repair as the gold standard treatment for traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. Objectives, Primary evidence that compared the effectiveness of arthroscopic versus open surgical glenohumeral stabilisation was systematically collated regarding best-practice management for adults with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. Search strategy, A systematic search was performed using 14 databases: MEDLINE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), ISI Web of Science, Expanded Academic ASAP, Proquest Medical Library, Evidence Based Medicine Reviews, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, TRIP Database, PubMed, ISI Current Contents Connect, Proquest Digital Dissertations, Open Archives Initiative Search Engine, Australian Digital Thesis Program. Studies published between January 1984 and December 2004 were included in this review. No language restrictions were applied. Selection criteria, Eligible studies were those that compared the effectiveness of arthroscopic versus open surgical stabilisation for the management of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability, which had more than 2 years of follow up and used recurrent instability and a functional shoulder questionnaire as primary outcomes. Studies that used non-anatomical open repair techniques, patient groups that were specifically 40 years or older, or had multidirectional instability or other concomitant shoulder pathology were excluded. Data collection and analysis, Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of each study for inclusion into the review, the study design used and its methodological quality. Where any disagreement occurred, consensus was reached by discussion with an independent researcher. Studies were assessed for homogeneity by considering populations, interventions and outcomes. Where heterogeneity was present, synthesis was undertaken in a narrative format; otherwise a meta-analysis was conducted. Results, Eleven studies were included in the review. Two were randomised controlled trials. Evidence comparing arthroscopic and open surgical glenohumeral stabilisation was of poor to fair methodological quality. Hence, the results of primary studies should be interpreted with caution. Observed clinical heterogeneity in populations and outcomes was highlighted and should be considered when interpreting the meta-analysis. Authors also used variable definitions of recurrent instability and a variety of outcome measures, which made it difficult to synthesise results. When comparable data were pooled, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the arthroscopic and open groups with respect to recurrent instability rates, Rowe score, glenohumeral external rotation range and complication rates. Conclusions, Statistically, it appears that both surgical techniques are equally effective in managing traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. In light of the methodological quality of the included studies, it is not possible to validate arthoscopic stabilisation to match open surgical stabilisation as the gold standard treatment. Further research using multicentred randomised controlled trials with sufficient power and instability-specific questionnaires with sound psychometric properties is recommended to build on current evidence. The choice of treatment should be based on multiple factors between the clinician and the patient. [source] High dietary methionine plus cholesterol stimulates early atherosclerosis and late fibrous cap development which is associated with a decrease in GRP78 positive plaque cellsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Anthony Zulli Summary The role of homocysteine, or its precursor methionine, in the formation of fibrous caps and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is unclear. Homocysteine can stimulate collagen accumulation and upregulate the ER stress chaperone glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78). The aim of this study was to determine if high dietary methionine would increase fibrous caps, and that removal of an atherogenic diet would decrease the amount of ER stressed cells. New Zealand white rabbits were fed for 2, 4, or 12 weeks an atherogenic diet [1% methionine + 0.5% cholesterol (2MC, 4MC or 12MC)]; for 4 or 12 weeks a 0.5% cholesterol diet (4Ch, 12Ch); and to study plaque regression, an MC diet for 2 or 4 weeks accompanied by 10 weeks of a normal diet (2MCr, 4MCr). Endothelial function, atherosclerosis and GRP78 positive cells were studied. Endothelial function was abolished in 4MC and atherosclerosis increased 17-fold (P < 0.05) compared with 4Ch. Fibrous caps composed 48% of total plaque area in 12MC vs. 10% in 12Ch (P < 0.01), and 12MC expressed less GRP78 plaque cells vs. 12Ch (P < 0.01). Four MCr had less plaque GRP78 cells than 12MC (P < 0.05) and less endothelial GRP78 cells (P < 0.01). In addition, GRP78 positive cells were the highest in 4MC, but decreased in all other groups (P < 0.01). GRP78 positive cells within the fibrous cap inversely correlated with cap size (r2 = 0.9). These studies suggest that high dietary methionine could be beneficial for plaque stabilisation, and a normal diet also stabilises plaque and decreases the number of stressed plaque cells. [source] Prolonging microbial shelf life of foods through the use of natural compounds and non-thermal approaches , a reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Maria Rosaria Corbo Summary This paper proposes a review of some alternative approaches for food stabilisation and shelf life prolonging (based on the use of natural compounds and/or non-thermal techniques). After a brief description of food structure implication on the way of using the alternative approaches, two paragraphs summarise the topics of natural molecules (essential oils, lysozyme, lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase system, fatty acids, chitosan) and non-thermal approaches (high hydrostatic and homogenisation pressures, pulsed electric fields, high power ultrasound and irradiation). Finally, the last sections deal with the use of combined hurdles (along with the proposal of three possible modes of action of a multi-target preservation), the mathematical approaches for shelf life evaluating and some critical issues to be addressed in the future for a real scaling up of the proposed techniques. [source] Protein stabilisation of Chardonnay wine using trisacryl and bentonite: a comparative studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Johannes De Bruijn Summary The stabilisation of a Chilean Chardonnay wine by SP-Trisacryl-M and bentonite was investigated, evaluating protein, polyphenol and polysaccharide adsorption, turbidity and wine quality. The wine could be stabilised by adding at least 0.3 kg m,3 of bentonite or 12 kg m,3 of trisacryl, removing 95% and 76% of the wine proteins, respectively. The protein adsorption data for bentonite and trisacryl were fitted using the Freundlich isotherm. The wine protein adsorption isotherm on trisacryl was unfavourable. Protein removal from Chardonnay by trisacryl in a packed column at continuous operation was about 50% during the first 70 bed volumes (BV) of treated wine and decreased progressively until the end of the treatment (100 BV). The adsorbents showed a higher selectivity for proteins than for polyphenols and polysaccharides. A sensorial panel could not detect statistically significant differences between the bentonite and trisacryl treatments of wine at P , 0.05. [source] The effects of soluble gas stabilisation on the quality of packed sardine fillets (Sardina pilchardus) stored in air, VP and MAPINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 11 2008Rogério Mendes Summary Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) is a species that for its abundance assumes great importance in the Portuguese fishing sector. In order to contribute for a better utilisation of this species, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the pre-treatment with soluble gas stabilisation (SGS) (100% CO2 at 2 bar, during 15 and 30 min) on the quality and shelf-life of sardine fillets, packed in air (AP), vacuum (VP) and modified atmosphere (MAP: 5% O2/35% CO2/60% N2). During the chilled storage, the quality changes were evaluated by sensory evaluation, chemical and microbiological analysis. The total volatile basic nitrogen content remained almost constant, between 16 and 19 mg N/100 g muscle, during the storage period, for all samples. The TBARs values increased with storage time, for all batches and storage conditions. The application of SGS treatment to sardine fillets, resulted in a bacteriostatic effect, contributing to the improvement of the microbiological quality of fillets. Considering a sensory criteria, the shelf-life of SGS pre-treated sardine fillets was found to be 5 days in AP and MAP while in VP-treated fillets a shelf-life of 8 days was reported. At sensory rejection, sardine fillets presented a K -value of 30% in AP and MAP batches and 40% in VP batch. [source] Effect of soluble CO2 stabilisation and vacuum packaging in the shelf life of farmed sea bream and sea bass filletsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2008Rogério Mendes Summary The objective of this study was to determine the differences of sensory, microbiological and chemical quality in vacuum-packaged fillets of sea bream and sea bass previously submitted to soluble gas solubilisation (SGS) with 100% CO2, at 2 bar for 30 and 60 min and stored at chilled temperature for 15 days. Apart from pH value that showed a regular increase during chilled storage, the other chemical index [total volatile bases nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs)] had showed to be poor indicators of changes in quality of products. Final TVB-N values ranged from 16.0 to 17.4 mg N per 100 g and from 17.3 to 19.4 mg N per 100 g in sea bream and sea bass, respectively. Sensory evaluation resulted as the most reliable parameter of quality decay. The results show that SGS treatment kept the initial quality of fillets for longer time, which was particularly visible on the sea bream fillets, thus contributing to an extension in 2,3 days of the shelf life. SGS had also a positive effect in the delay of microbial growth. [source] Similarities and differences in the historical development of flood management in the alluvial stretches of the Lower Mississippi Basin and the Rhine Basin,§IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue S1 2006Dick de Bruin ingénierie hydraulique fluviale; développement historique des bassins du Rhin et du Mississippi inférieur; plaines alluviales Abstract Although the rivers Rhine and Mississippi cannot be compared as features of nature,the Mississippi River as a feature of nature is much bigger and more impressive than the Rhine,one can still observe striking similarities on flood management in both river basins, in particular in the alluvial flat reaches. But there are also some fundamental differences, not only technically but also institutionally. Since industrialization (around 1800), inland navigation became a major user on both river systems and later flood control started developing more fundamentally. Large intervention works were needed, mainly developed and based on trial and error. In both cases it has led to irreversible effects, which demand continuous attention. For the alluvial stretches in both river basins, a review is given on the most important developments in river engineering over the last two centuries. For both rivers, nautical management and flood control were held in one institutional hand at national/federal level, because both uses/sectors need the creation and regular maintenance of one similar issue: a stable and deep main channel. But the way in which in particular flood management gradually developed institutionally, as an essential part of integrated water management in the alluvial flat lower reaches of both river systems, has diverged. Discussions on financing, priorities, public disclosure, multifunctional aspects, etc. have led in both basins to lengthy procedures and complicated policy making. This paper elaborates on the historic development of fundamentals in river engineering and river management in the alluvial plains of the Rhine Basin and the Lower Mississippi Basin, more in particular focusing on the development of flood protection dikes, and on the stabilization of major channels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bien que le Rhin et le Mississippi ne puissent pas être comparés en termes physiques,le Mississippi est beaucoup plus grand et impressionnant que le Rhin,on peut pourtant observer des similitudes saisissantes dans la protection contre les inondations des deux bassins, en particulier dans les plaines alluviales. Mais il existe également quelques différences fondamentales, non seulement techniques mais institutionnelles. Depuis les débuts de l'industrialisation (vers 1800), la navigation est devenue un usage très important sur les deux fleuves et la protection contre les inondations à commencer à se mettre en place de façon plus systématique. De grands travaux d'intervention ont été nécessaires, principalement basés sur la règle empirique de l'essai/erreur. Dans les deux cas, ceci a entraîné des effets irréversibles, qui nécessitent une surveillance permanente. Pour les plaines alluviales des deux bassins, l'article passe en revue la plupart des développements de l'ingénierie hydraulique fluviale des deux cent dernières années. Pour les deux fleuves, la gestion de la navigation et la protection contre les inondations ont été regroupées dans une même institution au niveau national/fédéral, parce que les deux usages/secteurs demandaient la création et l'entretien régulier d'une même infrastructure: un canal principal stable et profond. Mais la manière dont la protection contre les inondations s'est progressivement développée sur le plan institutionnel, comme élément essentiel de la gestion intégrée de l'eau dans les plaines alluviales des deux fleuves, s'est différenciée. Des débats sur le financement, les priorités, l'information du public, les aspects multi fonctionnels, etc., ont conduit les deux bassins à mettre en place des procédures lourdes et des prises de décision complexes. Cet article présente le développement historique des principes fondamentaux de l'hydraulique fluviale et de la gestion de fleuve dans les plaines alluviales du bassin du Rhin et du bassin inférieur du Mississippi, en mettant l'accent sur le développement des digues de protection et la stabilisation des canaux principaux. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Stabilization of soft clay in irrigation projects,IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue 2 2005M. M. Mubeen stabilisation de chaux; utilisation d'argile molle; déchet de pierre pulvérisée; ouvrage d'irrigation Abstract Clay,lime improvement is an effective means to improve soft clay soil. Lime stabilization especially improves the strength and the workability of the clay soil. In addition, lime improvement provides more resistance to the soil structure and to the effect of weather on the soil structure. This study has investigated lime stabilization of soft clay and the possibility of utilizing waste rock powder produced in crusher plants as a supplemental material for lime stabilization in order to increase the strength of the soil structure. The purpose of the study was to apply the results especially in irrigation projects in order to avoid the problems of soft clay on irrigation structures in Sri Lanka. However, the results and conclusions can be considered for other regions, where the same type of soft clay problems exists. The Dutch Oostvaardersplassen (OVP) soft clay, which has a high plasticity, low shear strength and high natural water content, was chosen for the investigations. The results of unconfined compressive strength for different water contents of clay and also for different lime and waste rock powder contents show an excellent increase in strength and workability. The waste rock powder proved to increase the effect of lime stabilization. The strength improvement caused by waste rock powder is more significant for those soils which have a low clay content. Since in irrigation projects a wide range of clay soils exist, this investigation may be useful to utilize waste rock powder in order to improve the quality and the durability of the foundation of irrigation structures in the long run. Therefore the application of lime and rock material improvement on soft clay in irrigation projects may be a useful approach to stabilize soft soils and improve medium-scale shallow foundation irrigation structures and road and canal embankments, including repairing canal leaks. It has also been found that by applying this method in irrigation projects in Sri Lanka, the stabilization cost for structures on soft clay can be significantly reduced compared to other methods. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. L'amélioration de l'argile avec de la chaux est une moyenne effective pour améliorer la terre de l'argile molle. Spécialement la stabilisation de chaux améliore la force et la maniabilité de la terre argileuse. De plus l'amélioration de chaux fournit plus de résistance à la structure de la terre avec l'effet du temps sur la structure de la terre pendant les conditions atmosphériques différentes. Dans cette étude on a examiné la stabilisation de chaux dans l'argile molle et la possibilité de utiliser des déchets de pierre pulvérisée, obtenus par pulvériser des usines, comme une matérielle supplémentaire pour la stabilisation de chaux afin que la force de la structure de la terre s'améliore. L'objective de cette étude était d'appliquer les résultats spécialement dans des projets d'irrigation pour éviter des problèmes de l'argile molle dans des structures d'irrigation en Sri Lanka. Les résultats et les conclusions peuvent être considérés pour d'autres régions, ayant le même problème de l'argile molle. Les Oostvaarderplassen (OVP) en Hollande ont de l'argile molle ayant une plasticité haute, une résistance au cisaillement basse et un haut pourcentage de l'eau naturelle. C'est pour ça les Oostvaardersplassen ont été choisis pour accomplir la recherche. Les résultats de la force de pression indéfinie pour des teneurs en eau différents dans l'argile, aussi pour les teneurs en chaux différents et des déchets de pierres pulvérisées montrent une augmentation excellente de la force et de la maniabilité. Les déchets de pierre pulvérisée se révèlent d'augmenter l'effet de la stabilisation de chaux. L'amélioration de la force, causée par les déchets de pierre pulvérisée, est plus significative pour ces terres ayant un teneur d'argile bas. Parce que les projets d'irrigation ont beaucoup de la terre d'argile cette recherche peut être utile pour user des déchets de pierre pulvérisée pour améliorer la qualité et la durabilité de la fondation des structures d'irrigation à long terme. C'est pourquoi l'application du matériel de chaux et de pierre sur de l'argile molle dans des projets d'irrigation peut être une approche utile pour stabiliser des terres molles et peut améliorer des structures de fondations d'irrigation dans des eaux pas profondes, dans des remblais de chemins et de canaux, inclus dans des réparations des fuites de canaux. Aussi on a révélé qu'en appliquant ce méthode dans des projets d'irrigation en Sri Lanka les coûts de la stabilisation des structures sur de l'argile molle peuvent être réduits d'une manière importante comparée avec d'autres méthodes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||