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Structural Solution (structural + solution)
Selected AbstractsA Structural Solution to Communication Dilemmas in a Virtual CommunityJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 3 2007Dongyoung Sohn In a many-to-many communication setting like a virtual community, individuals may be strongly tempted to free-ride on others' contributions, which would eventually lead to the collapse of the community. To find a structural solution to the "communication dilemma," this study compared the performances of 2 communication structures,one based on the interpersonal networks (network-generalized exchange: NEX; e.g., blogs) and the other based on a public electronic bulletin board (group-generalized exchange: GEX). In a 2 × 2 × 2 longitudinal between-subject experiment, it was found that changing GEX to NEX could increase the contributions made by individuals. Furthermore, NEX was found to be an effective structure for N-person communication particularly when a large number of individuals were involved. The findings imply that an individual's cooperative motivation is a function of the incentive structure of a particular form of information exchange, which means that altering the exchange form may be a possible solution to the communication dilemmas in virtual communities. Résumé Une solution structurelle aux dilemmes de communication dans une communauté virtuelle Dans un contexte de communication multivoque comme celui d'une communauté virtuelle, les individus peuvent être fortement tentés de profiter des contributions des autres tout en s,abstenant eux-mêmes de contribuer, ce qui en définitive mènerait à l'effondrement de la communauté. Afin de trouver une solution structurelle au « dilemme de communication », cette étude a comparé le rendement de deux structures de communication : l,une fondée sur les réseaux interpersonnels (NEX)(p. ex. les blogues) et l'autre s,appuyant sur un babillard électronique public (GEX). Dans le cadre d'une expérience longitudinale inter-sujets de 2 x 2 x 2, il est apparu que de changer GEX pour NEX pourrait augmenter le nombre de contributions faites par des individus. De plus, il fut observé que NEXétait une structure efficace pour la communication N personnes, particulièrement lorsqu,un grand nombre d'individus étaient impliqués. Les conclusions laissent entendre que la motivation incitant à coopérer d,un individu est fonction de la structure incitative d'une forme particulière d'échange d,information, ce qui signifie que de modifier la forme de l'échange peut être une solution possible aux dilemmes de communication dans les communautés virtuelles. Abstract Ein struktureller Lösungsansatz bei Kommunikationsdilemmata in virtuellen Gemeinschaften In einer Vielpersonen-Kommunikationsumgebung, wie z.B. virtuellen Gemeinschaften, können Personen leicht in Versuchung geraten, ohne eigene Anstrengung von anderen Teilnehmern zu profitieren, was letztendlich zum Zusammenbruch der Gemeinschaft führen kann. Um eine strukturelle Lösung zu diesem "Kommunikationsdilemma" zu finden, wurden in dieser Studie zwei Kommunikationsstrukturen hinsichtlich ihrer Leistung verglichen: eine Struktur basierend auf interpersonalen Netzwerken (NEX) (z.B. Blogs) und die andere basierend auf einem öffentlich zugänglichen elektronischen Forums (GEX). In einem Längsschnittexperiment (2x2, between-subject-design) konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein Wechsel von GEX zu NEX mit einem Zuwachs der Individualbeiträge einherging. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich NEX als effektive Struktur für N-Personen- Kommunikation, besonders dann, wenn eine größere Anzahl an Individuen beteiligt ist. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Motivation einer Person zur Kooperation die Funktion der Anreizstruktur einer bestimmten Form des Informationsaustauschs ist. Dies bedeutet, dass eine Veränderung der Austauschsform eine mögliche Lösung für Kommunikationsdilemmata in virtuellen Gemeinschaften sein kann. Resumen Una Solución Estructural a los Dilemas de Comunicación en una Comunidad Virtual En escenarios de comunicación de muchos contra muchos como lo es en una comunidad virtual, los individuos pueden estar tentados fuertemente de aprovechar las contribuciones de los otros, lo cual puede eventualmente llevar al colapso de la comunidad. Para encontrar una solución a este "dilema de comunicación," este estudio comparó el rendimiento de 2 estructuras de comunicación , una basada en una red interpersonal (NEX)(a saber, blogs) y la otra basada en un tablón público de anuncios (GEX). En un experimento longitudinal entre sujetos 2 x 2 x 2, se encontró que cambiando GEX por NEX puede incrementar las contribuciones hechas por los individuos. Más aún, se encontró que NEX era una estructura más efectiva para la comunicación de N-persona particularmente cuando un número grande de individuos estuvieron involucrados. Los resultados significan que la motivación de cooperación de un individuo está en función de la estructura de incentivo de esa forma particular de intercambio de información, lo que significa que alterando la forma de intercambio puede ser una solución posible al dilema de comunicación de las comunidades virtuales. ZhaiYao Yo yak [source] Structural Solutions to Social Dilemmas: A Field Study on Commuters' Willingness to Fund Improvements in Public Transit,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Jeffrey A. Joireman The present field study examined commuters'(N= 152) willingness to fund improvements in public transit. Consistent with Samuelson's (1993; Samuelson & Messick, 1995) multiattribute evaluation model of structural change in social dilemmas, support for the transit plan was higher when it was perceived to be (a) effective at reducing congestion and pollution, (b) personally beneficial, and (c) fair in terms of taxes and benefits. Also consistent with predictions, these relationships were moderated by individual differences in social value orientation (MClintock, 1968) and the consideration of future consequences (CFC; Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994). Prosocials responded more to the perceived fairness of the plan, while proselfs responded more to the plan's effectiveness in reducing congestion. Low CFCs responded more to the plan's personal benefits and effectiveness in reducing congestion, while high CFCs responded more to the plan's effectiveness in reducing pollution. [source] A parallel program using SHELXD for quick heavy-atom partial structural solution on high-performance computersJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2007Zheng-Qing Fu A parallel algorithm has been designed for SHELXD to solve the heavy-atom partial structures of protein crystals quickly. Based on this algorithm, a program has been developed to run on high-performance multiple-CPU Linux PCs, workstations or clusters. Tests on the 32-CPU Linux cluster at SER-CAT, APS, Argonne National Laboratory, show that the parallelization dramatically speeds up the process by a factor of roughly the number of CPUs applied, leading to reliable and instant heavy-atom sites solution, which provides the practical opportunity to employ heavy-atom search as an alternative tool for anomalous scattering data quality evaluation during single/multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD/MAD) data collection at synchrotron beamlines. [source] CRUNCH: a phase refinement program for high-resolution macromolecular structuresJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2000David A. Langs A phase refinement program for high-resolution macromolecular structures is described. The mean phase error of an initial structural solution can often be as large as 60° prior to attempting a refinement, but the CRUNCH program procedure may allow one to reduce this phase error to 10 or 20° for all data prior to actually inspecting any map to see how well it may fit a structural model. The procedure is similar to the real/reciprocal space refinement loop incorporated in the half-baked algorithm described by Sheldrick [Sheldrick & Gould (1995). Acta Cryst. B51, 423,431.] Refinement results are presented for nine different structures which diffract to better than 1.2,Å resolution. The program and test data are available via anonymous ftp (nexus.hwi.buffalo.edu). [source] A Structural Solution to Communication Dilemmas in a Virtual CommunityJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 3 2007Dongyoung Sohn In a many-to-many communication setting like a virtual community, individuals may be strongly tempted to free-ride on others' contributions, which would eventually lead to the collapse of the community. To find a structural solution to the "communication dilemma," this study compared the performances of 2 communication structures,one based on the interpersonal networks (network-generalized exchange: NEX; e.g., blogs) and the other based on a public electronic bulletin board (group-generalized exchange: GEX). In a 2 × 2 × 2 longitudinal between-subject experiment, it was found that changing GEX to NEX could increase the contributions made by individuals. Furthermore, NEX was found to be an effective structure for N-person communication particularly when a large number of individuals were involved. The findings imply that an individual's cooperative motivation is a function of the incentive structure of a particular form of information exchange, which means that altering the exchange form may be a possible solution to the communication dilemmas in virtual communities. Résumé Une solution structurelle aux dilemmes de communication dans une communauté virtuelle Dans un contexte de communication multivoque comme celui d'une communauté virtuelle, les individus peuvent être fortement tentés de profiter des contributions des autres tout en s,abstenant eux-mêmes de contribuer, ce qui en définitive mènerait à l'effondrement de la communauté. Afin de trouver une solution structurelle au « dilemme de communication », cette étude a comparé le rendement de deux structures de communication : l,une fondée sur les réseaux interpersonnels (NEX)(p. ex. les blogues) et l'autre s,appuyant sur un babillard électronique public (GEX). Dans le cadre d'une expérience longitudinale inter-sujets de 2 x 2 x 2, il est apparu que de changer GEX pour NEX pourrait augmenter le nombre de contributions faites par des individus. De plus, il fut observé que NEXétait une structure efficace pour la communication N personnes, particulièrement lorsqu,un grand nombre d'individus étaient impliqués. Les conclusions laissent entendre que la motivation incitant à coopérer d,un individu est fonction de la structure incitative d'une forme particulière d'échange d,information, ce qui signifie que de modifier la forme de l'échange peut être une solution possible aux dilemmes de communication dans les communautés virtuelles. Abstract Ein struktureller Lösungsansatz bei Kommunikationsdilemmata in virtuellen Gemeinschaften In einer Vielpersonen-Kommunikationsumgebung, wie z.B. virtuellen Gemeinschaften, können Personen leicht in Versuchung geraten, ohne eigene Anstrengung von anderen Teilnehmern zu profitieren, was letztendlich zum Zusammenbruch der Gemeinschaft führen kann. Um eine strukturelle Lösung zu diesem "Kommunikationsdilemma" zu finden, wurden in dieser Studie zwei Kommunikationsstrukturen hinsichtlich ihrer Leistung verglichen: eine Struktur basierend auf interpersonalen Netzwerken (NEX) (z.B. Blogs) und die andere basierend auf einem öffentlich zugänglichen elektronischen Forums (GEX). In einem Längsschnittexperiment (2x2, between-subject-design) konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein Wechsel von GEX zu NEX mit einem Zuwachs der Individualbeiträge einherging. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich NEX als effektive Struktur für N-Personen- Kommunikation, besonders dann, wenn eine größere Anzahl an Individuen beteiligt ist. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Motivation einer Person zur Kooperation die Funktion der Anreizstruktur einer bestimmten Form des Informationsaustauschs ist. Dies bedeutet, dass eine Veränderung der Austauschsform eine mögliche Lösung für Kommunikationsdilemmata in virtuellen Gemeinschaften sein kann. Resumen Una Solución Estructural a los Dilemas de Comunicación en una Comunidad Virtual En escenarios de comunicación de muchos contra muchos como lo es en una comunidad virtual, los individuos pueden estar tentados fuertemente de aprovechar las contribuciones de los otros, lo cual puede eventualmente llevar al colapso de la comunidad. Para encontrar una solución a este "dilema de comunicación," este estudio comparó el rendimiento de 2 estructuras de comunicación , una basada en una red interpersonal (NEX)(a saber, blogs) y la otra basada en un tablón público de anuncios (GEX). En un experimento longitudinal entre sujetos 2 x 2 x 2, se encontró que cambiando GEX por NEX puede incrementar las contribuciones hechas por los individuos. Más aún, se encontró que NEX era una estructura más efectiva para la comunicación de N-persona particularmente cuando un número grande de individuos estuvieron involucrados. Los resultados significan que la motivación de cooperación de un individuo está en función de la estructura de incentivo de esa forma particular de intercambio de información, lo que significa que alterando la forma de intercambio puede ser una solución posible al dilema de comunicación de las comunidades virtuales. ZhaiYao Yo yak [source] Structure and conformational analysis of a bidentate pro-ligand, C21H34N2S2, from powder synchrotron diffraction data and solid-state DFTB calculationsACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 5 2009Edward E. Ávila The molecular and crystalline structure of ethyl 1,,2,,3,,4,,4a,,5,,6,,7,-octahydrodispiro[cyclohexane-1,2,-quinazoline-4,,1,,-cyclohexane]-8,-carbodithioate (I) was solved and refined from powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction data. The initial model for the structural solution in direct space using the simulated annealing algorithm implemented in DASH [David et al. (2006). J. Appl. Cryst.39, 910,915] was obtained performing a conformational study on the fused six-membered rings of the octahydroquinazoline system and the two spiran cyclohexane rings of (I). The best model was chosen using experimental evidence from 1H and 13C NMR [Contreras et al. (2001). J. Heterocycl. Chem.38, 1223,1225] in combination with semi-empirical AM1 calculations. In the refined structure the two spiran rings have the chair conformation, while both of the fused rings in the octahydroquinazoline system have half-chair conformations compared with in-vacuum density-functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/6-311G*, DFTB (density-functional tight-binding) theoretical calculations in the solid state and other related structures from X-ray diffraction data. Compound (I) presents weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds of the type N,H...S and C,H...S, which produce delocalization of the electron density in the generated rings described by graph symbols S(6) and S(5). Packing of the molecules is dominated by van der Waals interactions. [source] Crystallization and initial crystallographic characterization of a vicilin-type seed storage protein from Pinus koraiensisACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F (ELECTRONIC), Issue 12 2007Tengchuan Jin The cupin superfamily of proteins includes the 7S and 11S seed storage proteins. Many members of this family of proteins are known allergens. In this study, the Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) vicilin-type 7S seed storage protein was isolated from defatted pine-nut extract and purified by sequential gel-filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. Well diffracting single crystals were obtained by the vapor-diffusion method in hanging drops. The crystals belong to the primitive cubic space group P213, with unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 148.174,Å. Two vicilin molecules were present in the asymmetric unit and the Matthews coefficient was determined to be 2.90,Å3,Da,1, with a corresponding solvent content of ,58%. A molecular-replacement structural solution has been obtained using the program Phaser. Refinement of the structure is currently under way. [source] Structured Becoming: Evolutionary Processes in Design EngineeringARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Issue 4 2010Klaus Bollinger Abstract Computational design techniques are changing the role of analysis tools in collaborations between architects and engineers. Digital feedback loops of synthesis, analysis and evaluation establish a ,process of becoming' in which structural solutions evolve and adapt to specific requirements. Highly differentiated constructions are possible when digital techniques are fully integrated in design and production. Klaus Bollinger, Manfred Grohmann and Oliver Tessmann discuss these novel paradigms in relation to recent projects from engineering office Bollinger + Grohmann. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Global Financial Architecture: Twenty-First Century Solutions,AUSTRALIAN ACCOUNTING REVIEW, Issue 3 2009Jane Diplock AO Twentieth-century global financial architectural solutions are outdated and have been found wanting. They are fundamentally structural solutions and continuing to rely on them would be to run the risk of repeating our mistakes. We must look to twenty-first century solutions. Solutions created post-1945 need replacing with networked solutions, reflecting what we see in the Internet and its development. These are not fanciful notions but concepts that have already been successfully modelled, albeit in a relatively narrow sphere. What we need is a mechanism by which global financial standards can be implemented in every jurisdiction around the world. This paper proceeds from the premise that the nexus between investor confidence and financial market stability is a crucial one, and one that a regulatory approach can impact. It discusses the international regulatory environment and the role of key players in the emerging global financial architecture, in particular the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). It also examines the potential that mutual recognition offers for the trans-Tasman market. [source] | ||||||||||