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Structural Development (structural + development)
Selected AbstractsControl of the Morphology and Structural Development of Solution-Processed Functionalized Acenes for High-Performance Organic TransistorsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 10 2009Jung Ah Lim Abstract Solution-processable functionalized acenes have received special attention as promising organic semiconductors in recent years because of their superior intermolecular interactions and solution-processability, and provide useful benchmarks for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Charge-carrier transport in organic semiconductor thin films is governed by their morphologies and molecular orientation, so self-assembly of these functionalized acenes during solution processing is an important challenge. This article discusses the charge-carrier transport characteristics of solution-processed functionalized acene transistors and, in particular, focuses on the fine control of the films' morphologies and structural evolution during film-deposition processes such as inkjet printing and post-deposition annealing. We discuss strategies for controlling morphologies and crystalline microstructure of soluble acenes with a view to fabricating high-performance OFETs. [source] Structural Development of Finnish Universities: Achieving Competitiveness and Academic ExcellenceHIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2009Jarkko Tirronen This paper discusses strategic instruments that are used to enhance the competitiveness of Finnish universities in the context of globalisation, internationalisation and commercialisation of research and education. The Finnish higher education system is currently undergoing a major policy reform, which aims to enhance the competitiveness of Finnish universities through structural development. This article focuses specifically on three themes of structural development: institutional cooperation and mergers between universities; stratification and differentiation; and changes in governance and leadership. Three ongoing projects are used as illustrations. [source] Structural development of sucrose-sweetened and sucrose-free sponge cakes during bakingMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 3 2003M. R. Baeva Abstract The influence of sucrose, wheat starch and sorbitol upon the heat- and mass-exchanging processes forming the structure of sponge cake was studied. Under the influence of wheat starch and sorbitol the structure of the sucrose-free sponge cake was formed at more uniform total moisture release. This process was done at lower temperatures and smoother change of the sponge cake height with respect to the sucrose-sweetened sponge cake. The porous and steady structure of both cakes was finally formed at identical time , between 18th and 19th minute, at the applied conditions for baking of each batter (metal pan with diameter 15.4 cm and depth 6.2 cm containing 300 g of batter and placed in an electric oven "Rahovetz , 02", Bulgaria for 30 min at 180°C). The water-losses at the end of baking (10.30% and 10.40% for the sucrose-sweetened cake and sucrose-free cake, respectively) and the final temperatures reached in the crumb central layers (96.6°C and 96.3°C for the sucrose-sweetened cake and sucrose-free cake, respectively) during baking of both samples were not statistically different. The addition of wheat starch and sorbitol in sucrose-free sponge cake lead to the statistically different values for the porosity (76.15% and 72.98%) and the volume (1014.17 cm3 and 984.25 cm3) of the sucrose-sweetened and sucrose-free sponge cakes, respectively. As a result, the sucrose-free sponge cake formed during baking had a more homogeneous and finer microstructure with respect to that of the sucrose-sweetened one. [source] Anomalous development of brain structure and function in spina bifida myelomeningoceleDEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEW, Issue 1 2010Jenifer Juranek Abstract Spina bifida myelomeningocele (SBM) is a specific type of neural tube defect whereby the open neural tube at the level of the spinal cord alters brain development during early stages of gestation. Some structural anomalies are virtually unique to individuals with SBM, including a complex pattern of cerebellar dysplasia known as the Chiari II malformation. Other structural anomalies are not necessarily unique to SBM, including altered development of the corpus callosum and posterior fossa. Within SBM, tremendous heterogeneity is reflected in the degree to which brain structures are atypical in qualitative appearance and quantitative measures of morphometry. Hallmark structural features of SBM include overall reductions in posterior fossa and cerebellum size and volume. Studies of the corpus callosum have shown complex patterns of agenesis or hypoplasia along its rostral-caudal axis, with rostrum and splenium regions particularly susceptible to agenesis. Studies of cortical regions have demonstrated complex patterns of thickening, thinning, and gyrification. Diffusion tensor imaging studies have reported compromised integrity of some specific white matter pathways. Given equally complex ocular motor, motor, and cognitive phenotypes consisting of relative strengths and weaknesses that seem to align with altered structural development, studies of SBM provide new insights to our current understanding of brain structure,function associations. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2010;16:23,30. [source] Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the development of structural neuronal connectivityDEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2010Susana Cohen-Cory Abstract During development, neural networks are established in a highly organized manner, which persists throughout life. Neurotrophins play crucial roles in the developing nervous system. Among the neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is highly conserved in gene structure and function during vertebrate evolution, and serves an important role during brain development and in synaptic plasticity. BDNF participates in the formation of appropriate synaptic connections in the brain, and disruptions in this process contribute to disorders of cognitive function. In this review, we first briefly highlight current knowledge on the expression, regulation, and secretion of BDNF. Further, we provide an overview of the possible actions of BDNF in the development of neural circuits, with an emphasis on presynaptic actions of BDNF during the structural development of central neurons. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2010 [source] Homer proteins shape Xenopus optic tectal cell dendritic arbor development in vivoDEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 11 2008Kendall R. Van Keuren-Jensen Abstract Considerable evidence suggests that the Homer family of scaffolding proteins contributes to synaptic organization and function. We investigated the role of both Homer 1b, the constitutively expressed, and developmentally regulated form of Homer, and Homer 1a, the activity-induced immediate early gene, in dendritic arbor elaboration and synaptic function of developing Xenopus optic tectal neurons. We expressed exogenous Homer 1a or Homer 1b in developing Xenopus tectal neurons. By collecting in vivo time lapse images of individual, EGFP-labeled and Homer-expressing neurons over 3 days, we found that Homer 1b leads to a significant decrease in dendritic arbor growth rate and arbor size. Synaptic transmission was also altered in developing neurons transfected with Homer 1b. Cells expressing exogenous Homer 1b over 3 days had a significantly greater AMPA to NMDA ratios, and increased AMPA mEPSC frequency. These data suggest that increasing Homer 1b expression increases excitatory synaptic inputs, increases synaptic maturation, and slows dendritic arbor growth rate. Exogenous Homer 1a expression increases AMPA mEPSC frequency, but did not significantly affect tectal cell dendritic arbor development. Changes in the ratio of Homer 1a to Homer 1b may signal the neuron that overall activity levels in the cell have changed, and this in turn could affect protein interactions at the synapse, synaptic transmission, and structural development of the dendritic arbor. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008. [source] Abiotic,biotic controls on the origin and development of spicular sinter: in situ growth experiments, Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, New ZealandGEOBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2005K. M. HANDLEY Abiotic,biotic mechanisms of microstromatolitic spicular sinter (geyseritic) initiation and development were elucidated by in situ growth experiments at Champagne Pool (75 °C, pH 5.5). Siliceous sinter formed subaerially on glass slides placed along the margin of the hot spring. Environment,silica,microbe interactions were revealed by periodic collections of incremental sinter growth that formed under a range of environmental conditions including quiescence vs. wave turbulence, and wind,evaporation vs. steam,condensation. Sinter surfaces were intermittently colonized by voluminous networks of filamentous micro-organisms, with submicron diameters, that provided an extensive surface area for silica deposition. The subaerial distribution of sinter and its textures reflected micron- to centimetre-scale differences in environmental conditions, particularly relating to the balance between wave-supplied dissolved silica and its precipitation, forced by cooling and evaporation. A continuum of sinter textures formed, representing rates of silica precipitation that either out-paced biofilm growth or regulated the structural development of biofilms, and hence also the nature of microbially templated sinter. Massive laminae of porous, filamentous-network sinter and/or fenestrae (up to 10's of microns in thickness and diameter) formed at relatively low rates of silica deposition (approximately 0.2 mg slide,1 day,1). At high rates (>1.9 mg slide,1 day,1), densely packed, granular or nonporous sinter formed, with filament networks disappearing into the siliceous matrix and becoming imperceptible under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, spicules were nucleated by filamentous microcolonies, where their discrete conical morphologies were preserved by accretion of thin sinter laminae. Microstromatolitic spicular growth ensued at fluctuating low to high rates of silica precipitation. Greater apical sinter build-up, and hence upward polarity, resulted from focused microbial recolonization and progressively greater subaerial exposure at microspicule tips. The biogenic origin of spicular sinter at Champagne Pool clearly demonstrates that micron-scale biofilms, displaying self-organization patterns common to both biofilms and microbial mats, can be an essential factor in shaping characteristic centimetre-scale sinter macrostructures. These findings suggest that a biogenic origin for geyserites elsewhere should also be considered. Moreover, results corroborate the supposition that microbially generated surface roughness may be significant for stromatolite morphogenesis in cryptic Precambrian carbonates. [source] Structural Development of Finnish Universities: Achieving Competitiveness and Academic ExcellenceHIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2009Jarkko Tirronen This paper discusses strategic instruments that are used to enhance the competitiveness of Finnish universities in the context of globalisation, internationalisation and commercialisation of research and education. The Finnish higher education system is currently undergoing a major policy reform, which aims to enhance the competitiveness of Finnish universities through structural development. This article focuses specifically on three themes of structural development: institutional cooperation and mergers between universities; stratification and differentiation; and changes in governance and leadership. Three ongoing projects are used as illustrations. [source] Mechanochemical preparation of a novel polymeric photostabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride)JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010Xiaofei Zhang Abstract The preparation of a novel polymeric photostabilizer was carried out via the vibromilling of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) powder, a reactive light stabilizer (r-LS), and a peroxide initiator in ball-containing jars with a planetary ball mill for a certain time. The effects of the initiator content, milling time, and temperature on the grafting ratio were studied with gravimetric analysis and intrinsic viscosity measurements. Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet,visible spectra were used to investigate the structural development of the mixture of the r-LS and PVC during vibromilling. The results showed that the r-LS was grafted onto PVC chains successfully, and the aforementioned factors had a significant effect on the grafting ratio. The optimum preparation conditions were 0.5 wt % initiator, 8 h, and 20°C. A grafting mechanism is proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] FILLING HISTORY OF THE MAUI B FIELD, NEW ZEALAND: NEW INFORMATION FROM OIL INCLUSIONS IN AUTHIGENIC MINERALS FROM THE OIL LEG IN THE MAUI-B1 WELL F SANDSJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 3 2009S. D. Killops A study of the molecular composition of oil inclusions in the Maui field, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand, reveals compositional variation in oil during the filling history of the Paleocene reservoir. The homogenization temperatures of aqueous inclusions in quartz suggest that oil in genetically associated inclusions first reached the proto-Maui structure about 7.0,7.5 Ma ago, and that an effective trap was present at the Paleocene F-sands level, given the abundant oil inclusions. This date coincides with what is believed to represent the early stages of structural development of the trap. The Maui or Pihama sub-basin appears the most likely kitchen for this early charge. The quartz-included oil exhibits a biomarker distribution with a slightly more marine-influenced signature than an oil stain from the same core plug, oil included in authigenic feldspar, and oil-production samples from the overlying Eocene D sands as well as the F sands. The greater similarity of the feldspar-included oil to the production oils together with its possibly slightly lower maturity suggest that the feldspar inclusions formed later than the quartz inclusions. Otherwise, all oil samples examined (inclusion oil, oil / bitumen in sandstones and producible oil) are of similar maturity. [source] THERMAL HISTORY RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOROOSH AND NOWROOZ FIELDS, PERSIAN GULF, BASED ON APATITE FISSION TRACK ANALYSIS AND VITRINITE REFLECTANCE DATAJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2008A. Bashari The thermal history of the sedimentary successions at the Soroosh-17, Soroosh-02 and Nowrooz-16 wells in the northern Persian Gulf have been studied using apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data. These data were used to identify and quantify episodes of heating and cooling which have affected the sections penetrated by these wells. This information was synthesised to provide a thermal history framework for the wells, within which the history of hydrocarbon generation, as well as regional structural development, can be understood. Preliminary hydrocarbon generation histories are presented for the Soroosh and Nowrooz oilfields and nearby areas. Modelling of hydrocarbon generation histories based on the AFTA- and VR-derived thermal histories, assuming a dominant Type III kerogen for possible Albian Kazhdumi Formation source rocks and a dominant Type II kerogen for possible Neocomian Fahliyan (Lower Ratawi) Formation source rock, suggest that local sourcing of oil from the Kazhdumi Formation is unlikely. The most likely source rock for oil in the Burgan Formation reservoir at Soroosh-17 and Nowrooz-16 is interpreted to be the Fahliyan Formation based on the available data. On the other hand, speculative modelling of the Hendijan-I well down-dip from the Nowrooz field does allow some oil to be generated from the Kazhdumi sequence at that location, and this might be available for migration to the Nowrooz field. [source] Magnetic Resonance Imaging Outcomes From a Comprehensive Magnetic Resonance Study of Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum DisordersALCOHOLISM, Issue 10 2009Susan J. Astley Background:, Magnetic resonance (MR) technology offers noninvasive methods for in vivo assessment of neuroabnormalities. Methods:, A comprehensive neuropsychological/psychiatric battery, coupled with MR imaging, (MRI), MR spectroscopy (MRS), and functional MRI (fMRI) assessments, were administered to children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) to determine if global and/or focal abnormalities could be identified, and distinguish diagnostic subclassifications across the spectrum. The 4 study groups included: (i) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)/partial FAS (PFAS); (ii) static encephalopathy/alcohol exposed (SE/AE); (iii) neurobehavioral disorder/alcohol exposed (ND/AE) as diagnosed with the FASD 4-Digit Code; and (iv) healthy peers with no prenatal alcohol exposure. Presented here are the MRI assessments that were used to compare the sizes of brain regions between the 4 groups. The neuropsychological/behavioral, MRS, and fMRI outcomes are reported separately. Results:, Progressing across the 4 study groups from Controls to ND/AE to SE/AE to FAS/PFAS, the mean absolute size of the total brain, frontal lobe, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, cerebellar vermis, and corpus callosum length decreased incrementally and significantly. The FAS/PFAS group (the only group with the 4-Digit FAS facial phenotype) had disproportionately smaller frontal lobes relative to all other groups. The FAS/PFAS and SE/AE groups [the 2 groups with the most severe central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction] had disproportionately smaller caudate regions relative to the ND/AE and Control groups. The prevalence of subjects in the FAS/PFAS, SE/AE, and ND/AE groups that had 1 or more brain regions, 2 or more SDs below the mean size observed in the Control group was 78, 58, and 43%, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between size of brain regions and level of prenatal alcohol exposure, magnitude of FAS facial phenotype, and level of CNS dysfunction. Conclusions:, Magnetic resonance imaging provided further validation that ND/AE, SE/AE, and FAS/PFAS as defined by the FASD 4-Digit Code are 3 clinically distinct and increasingly more affected diagnostic subclassifications under the umbrella of FASD. Neurostructural abnormalities are present across the spectrum. MRI could importantly augment diagnosis of conditions under the umbrella of FASD, once population-based norms for structural development of the human brain are established. [source] Formation and reorientation of structure in the surge-type glacier Kongsvegen, SvalbardJOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002John Woodward Abstract Kongsvegen, a surge-type glacier in Spitsbergen, Svalbard, shares a tide-water margin with the glacier Kronebreen. The complex has been in retreat since a surge advance of Kongsvegen around 1948. The surface of Kongsvegen displays suites of deformational structures highlighted by debris-rich folia. These structures are melting out to form a network of sediment ridges in the grounded terminal area. The structures are also visible in a marginal, 1 km long, 5,20 m high cliff-face at the terminus. Current models for the evolution of deformational structures at Kongsvegen divide the structures into suites based on their orientation and dip, before assigning a mechanism for genesis based on structure geometry. Interpretation of aerial photographs and field mapping of surface structures suggest that many structures were reorientated or advected during the surge. We suggest that many of the deformational structures highlighted by debris-rich folia represent reorientated, sediment-filled crevasses. Some evidence of thrusting is apparent but the process is not as ubiquitous as previously suggested. Many deformational structures also appear to have been offset by more recent structures. Mechanisms of structural development must, therefore, be considered within the context of distinct stages of glacier flow dynamics and multiple surge episodes. Furthermore, evidence for thrusting and folding within the glacier systems of Svalbard has been used as the basis for interpreting Quaternary glacial landforms in the UK. The findings of this paper, therefore, have implications for interpretations of the Quaternary record. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Tectonic Controls on the Formation of the Liwu Cu-rich Sulfide Deposit in the Jianglang Dome, S W ChinaRESOURCE GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Dan-Ping Yan Abstract. The Liwu Cu-rich sulfide deposit occurs within the Jianglang dome in the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. The dome consists of a core, a middle slab and a cover sequence. The main deposit is hosted in the core with minor ore bodies in the middle slab. The protolith of the core consists of clastic sedimentary rocks with inter-layered volcanic rocks. All of the ore bodies are substantially controlled by an extensional detachment fault system. The ore bodies within the core are distributed along the S2 foliation in the hinge of recumbent fold (D2), whereas ore bodies with en echelon arrangement are controlled by the mylonitic foliation of the lower detachment fault. Ore bodies within the middle slab are oriented with their axes parallel to the mylonitic foliation. Pyrite and pyrrhotite from the ores contain Co ranging from 37 to 1985 ppm, Ni from 2.5 to 28.1 ppm, and Co/Ni ratios from 5 to 71. These sulfides have ,34S values ranging from 1.5 to 7.5 % whereas quartz separates have ,18O values of 11.9 and 14.3 % and inclusion fluid in quartz has ,D value of-88.1 %. These features suggest that the deposit was of hydrothermal origin. Two ore-forming stages are recognized in the evolution of the Jianglang dome. (1) A low-temperature ore-forming process, during the tectonic transport of the upper plate above the lower detachment, and the initial phase of the footwall updom-ing at 192,177 Ma. (2) A medium-temperature ore-forming stage, related to the final structural development of the initial detachment at 131,81Ma. Within the core, the ore bodies of the first stage were uplifted to, or near, the brittle/ductile horizon where the ore-forming metals were re-concentrated and enriched. A denudation stage in which a compressional tectonic event produced eastward thrusting overprinted the previous structures, and finally denuded the deposit. The Liwu Cu-rich sulfide deposit was formed during a regional extensional tectonic event and is defined as a tectono-strata-bound hydrothermal ore deposit. [source] Disproportional effects of Igf2 knockout on placental morphology and diffusional exchange characteristics in the mouseTHE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 20 2008P. M. Coan Both complete knockout of the Igf2 gene (Igf2null+/,) and knockout of its placental specific transcript alone (Igf2P0+/,) lead to fetal growth restriction in mice. However, in the Igf2null+/, this growth restriction occurs concurrently in gestation with placental growth restriction, whereas, placental growth restriction precedes fetal growth restriction in the Igf2P0+/, mouse. Previous studies have shown that the Igf2P0+/, placenta has proportionate reductions in its cellular compartments and its diffusional exchange characteristics. Yet, nothing is known about the structural development or diffusional exchange characteristics of the Igf2null+/, mouse. Hence, this study compares the structural properties (using stereology) and diffusional exchange characteristics (using measurement of permeability,surface area product, P.S, of three inert hydrophilic tracers) of the Igf2null+/, and the Igf2P0+/, placenta to identify the role of Igf2 in the development of the labyrinthine exchange membrane and its functional consequences. Our data show disproportionate effects of complete Igf2 ablation on the compartments of the placenta, not seen when the placental-specific transcript alone is deleted. Furthermore, although the theoretical diffusing capacity (calculated from the stereological data) of the Igf2null+/, placenta was reduced relative to control, there was no effect of the complete knockout on permeability surface area available for small hydrophilic tracers. This is in contrast to the Igf2P0+/, placenta, where theoretical diffusion capacity and P.S values were reduced similarly. Total ablation of the Igf2 gene from the fetoplacental unit in the mouse therefore results in a disproportionate growth of placental compartments whereas, deleting the placental specific transcript of Igf2 alone results in proportional placental growth restriction. Thus, placental phenotype depends on the degree of Igf2 gene ablation and the interplay between placental and fetal Igf2 in the mouse. [source] Release of Juniperus thurifera woodlands from herbivore-mediated arrested succession in SpainAPPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Lucía DeSoto Abstract Question: Do abiotic constraints maintain monospecific woodlands of Juniperus thurifera? What is the role of biotic (livestock) versus abiotic (climate) drivers in the recruitment and growth of the different tree species? Location: Cabrejas range, Soria, north-central Spain, 1200 m altitude. Methods: Stand history was reconstructed using dendro-ecology and spatial pattern analysis, combined with historical data of livestock abundances and climatic records. Results: J. thurifera establishment occurred in two distinct pulses, with a tree component establishing in the late 1800s to early 1900s. Quercus ilex and Pinus sylvestris establishment was evident only from the late 1970s onward. Recruitment events were related to reductions in livestock browsing. J. thurifera spatial structure was clumped and Q. ilex showed a short-scale aggregation to J. thurifera trees and saplings. Radial growth trends of J. thurifera saplings, Q. ilex and P. sylvestris were negatively related to livestock density. Summer drought limited the radial growth of all the study species, and P. sylvestris and Q. ilex grew faster than J. thurifera even after considering an age effect. Conclusions: The differences in radial growth patterns and recruitment pulses between species indicate that livestock browsing and not abiotic factors is the main factor controlling plant succession and structural development. In this process, J. thurifera acts as a nurse plant, facilitating the establishment of other tree species. Under the current low pressure from herbivores, formerly pure J. thurifera woodlands will change towards dense stands of mixed species composition. [source] Structural Characteristics and Formation Mechanism in the Micangshan Foreland, South ChinaACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 1 2009Huaming XU Abstract: Lying at the junction of the Dabashan, Longmenshan and Qinling mountains, the Micangshan Orogenic Belt coupled with a basin is a duplex structure and back-thrust triangular belt with little horizontal displacement, small thrust faults and continuous sedimentary cover. On the basis of 3D seismic data, and through sedimentary and structural research, the Micangshan foreland can be divided into five subbelts, which from north to south are: basement thrust, frontal thrust, foreland depression-back-thrust triangle, foreland fold belt or anticline belt, and the Tongjiang Depression. Along the direction of strike from west to east, the arcuate structural belt of Micangshan can be divided into west, middle and east segments. During the collision between the Qinling and Yangtze plates, the Micangshan Orogenic Belt was subjected to the interaction of three rigid terranes: Bikou, Foping, and Fenghuangshan (a.k.a. Ziyang) terranes. The collision processes of rigid terranes controlled the structural development of the Micangshan foreland, which are: (a) the former collision between the Micangshan-Hannan and Bikou terranes forming the earlier rudiments of the structure; and (b) the later collision forming the main body of the structural belt. The formation processes of the Micangshan Orogenic Belt can be divided into four stages: (1) in the early stage of the Indosinian movement, the Micangshan-Hannan Rigid Terrane was jointed to the Qinling Plate by the clockwise subduction of the Yangtze Plate toward the Qinling Plate; (2) since the late Triassic, the earlier rudiments of the Tongnanba and Jiulongshan anticlines and corresponding syncline were formed by compression from different directions of the Bikou, Foping and Micangshan-Hannan terranes; (3) in the early stage of the Himalayan movement, the Micangshan-Hannan Terrane formed the Micangshan Nappe torwards the foreland basin and the compression stresses were mainly concentrated along both its flanks, whereas the Micangshan-Hannan Terrane wedged into the Qinling Orogenic Belt with force; (4) in the late stage of the Himalayan movement, the main collision of the Qinling Plate made the old basement rocks of the terrane uplift quickly, to form the Micangshan Orogenic Belt. The Micangshan foreland arcuate structure was formed due to the non-homogeneity of terrane movement. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||