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Selected AbstractsErythropoietin protects the in vitro blood,brain barrier against VEGF-induced permeabilityEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 9 2003Ofelia María Martínez-Estrada Abstract The blood,brain barrier (BBB) ensures the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment, mostly through complex tight junctions between brain endothelial cells that prevent the passage of hydrophilic molecules from blood to brain and vice versa. A recent study has shown in vivo that systemic administration of erythropoietin (Epo) protects against brain injury. Using an in vitro model of the bovine BBB, we observed that the expression of the Epo receptor is modulated by its ligand and hypoxic stimuli such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment. In addition, Epo protects against the VEGF-induced permeability of the BBB, decreases the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and restores junction proteins. The kinetic transport experiments revealed the capacity of Epo to cross the in vitro BBB in a saturable and specific way. Our results suggest a new mechanism for Epo-induced neuroprotection, in which circulating Epo controls and maintains the BBB through an Epo receptor signalling pathway and the re-establishment of cell junctions. [source] Assessing the Information Content of Mark-to-Market Accounting with Mixed Attributes: The Case of Cash Flow HedgesJOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007FRANK GIGLER ABSTRACT We examine how outsiders rationally interpret a reported loss on derivatives when the application of mark-to-market accounting to cash flow hedges creates a mixed attribute problem. We find that because of the mixed attribute problem, the information content of mark-to-market accounting is related to the information content of historical cost accounting in a very specific way. This relationship allows us to identify the circumstances under which mark-to-market accounting facilitates and when it detracts from the objective of providing an early warning of potential financial distress. We show that the reporting of an impending derivative loss by a distressed firm can actually lead outsiders to infer that the firm is in a better financial position than what they would have inferred under the silence associated with historical cost accounting. Without the mixed attribute problem, mark-to-market accounting would always yield more accurate assessments of the firm's financial position. [source] USING RESERVES TO PROTECT FISH AND WILDLIFE SIMPLIFIED MODELING APPROACHESNATURAL RESOURCE MODELING, Issue 2 2005OLA FLAATEN ABSTRACT. This paper investigates theoretically to what extent a nature reserve may protect a uniformly distributed population of fish or wildlife against negative effects of harvesting. Two objectives of this protection are considered: avoidance of population extinction and maintenance of population, at or above a given precautionary population level. The pre-reserve population is assumed to follow the logistic growth law and two models for post-reserve population dynamics are formulated and discussed. For Model A by assumption the logistic growth law with a common carrying capacity is valid also for the post-reserve population growth. In Model B, it is assumed that each sub-population has its own carrying capacity proportionate to its distribution area. For both models, migration from the high-density area to the low-density area is proportional to the density difference. For both models there are two possible outcomes, either a unique globally stable equilibrium, or extinction. The latter may occur when the exploitation effort is above a threshold that is derived explicitly for both models. However, when the migration rate is less than the growth rate both models imply that the reserve can be chosen so that extinction cannot occur. For the opposite case, when migration is large compared to natural growth, a reserve as the only management tool cannot assure survival of the population, but the specific way it increases critical effort is discussed. [source] Role of proton MR for the study of muscle lipid metabolism,NMR IN BIOMEDICINE, Issue 7 2006Chris Boesch Abstract 1H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) became particularly important when it was recognized that IMCL levels are related to insulin sensitivity. While this relation is rather complex and depends on the training status of the subjects, various other influences such as exercise and diet also influence IMCL concentrations. This may open insight into many metabolic interactions; however, it also requires careful planning of studies in order to control all these confounding influences. This review summarizes various historical, methodological, and practical aspects of 1H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) of muscular lipids. That includes a differentiation of bulk magnetic susceptibility effects and residual dipolar coupling that can both be observed in MRS of skeletal muscle, yet affecting different metabolites in a specific way. Fitting of the intra- (IMCL) and extramyocellular (EMCL) signals with complex line shapes and the transformation into absolute concentrations is discussed. Since the determination of IMCL in muscle groups with oblique fiber orientation or in obese subjects is still difficult, potential improvement with high-resolution spectroscopic imaging or at higher field strength is considered. Fat selective imaging is presented as a possible alternative to MRS and the potential of multinuclear MRS is discussed. 1H-MRS of muscle lipids allows non-invasive and repeated studies of muscle metabolism that lead to highly relevant findings in clinics and patho-physiology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Encoding and reconstruction in parallel MRINMR IN BIOMEDICINE, Issue 3 2006Klaas P. Pruessmann Abstract The advent of parallel MRI over recent years has prompted a variety of concepts and techniques for performing parallel imaging. A main distinguishing feature among these is the specific way of posing and solving the problem of image reconstruction from undersampled multiple-coil data. The clearest distinction in this respect is that between k -space and image-domain methods. The present paper reviews the basic reconstruction approaches, aiming to emphasize common principles along with actual differences. To this end the treatment starts with an elaboration of the encoding mechanisms and sampling strategies that define the reconstruction task. Based on these considerations a formal framework is developed that permits the various methods to be viewed as different solutions of one common problem. Besides the distinction between k -space and image-domain approaches, special attention is given to the implications of general vs lattice sampling patterns. The paper closes with remarks concerning noise propagation and control in parallel imaging and an outlook upon key issues to be addressed in the future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Fair Copy: Protecting Access to Scientific Information in Post-War BritainTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 2 2010Brad Sherman This paper extends recent discussions about copyright and the public domain by looking at attempts in post-war Britain to promote access to scientific information. More specifically, it concentrates on the Royal Society's Fair Copy Declaration (1950) and the related library copying provisions introduced in the Copyright Act 1956, which were designed to protect access to information. While the UK library copying provisions were presented as an expanded version of the Fair Copy Declaration recast in a statutory format, we show that the library copying provisions reflected a specific way of thinking about creation, production and distribution that differed markedly from those that underpinned the Fair Copy Declaration. We also argue that the logic of creation reflected in the library copying provisions shaped copyright law over the course of the twentieth century and beyond. [source] Reflective verbalization improves solutions,the effects of question-based reflection in design problem solvingAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Annekatrin Wetzstein In this experimental study (N=60), the impact of question-based reflective verbalization on the quality of a design solution was investigated. Participants first designed an everyday object (garden grill) using various design strategies and then either answered questions of a naive partner, where they had to verbally describe, explain, justify and evaluate their solution (experimental group), or were given a filler task (control group). After the intervention, participants continued their design. The improvement in the design quality was significantly larger for the experimental group than for the control group. Significantly more participants of the experimental group developed new principles and added new explanations of functions to their design, whereas in the control group only corrections were made. We suggest that the dialogue specific style of reflective verbalization in the experimental group is linked to a specific way of thinking which is important for solving complex problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Future of Occupational Health PsychologyAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Wilmar B. Schaufeli A partir de la prise en considération de la nature changeante du travail, on a identifié trois thèmes prospectifs pour la psychologie de la santé au travail: 1) l'examen des caractéristiques des lieux de travail; 2) la recherche sur les effets des pratiques organisationnelles; 3) la recherche-action. On recense aussi cinq catégories de recherches dans la psychologie de la santé au travail, chacune pouvant contribuer à sa façon aux développements futurs du domaine: 1) la recherche explicative (le développement conceptuel de modèles de stress au travail, le développement d'une perspective d'action personnelle); 2) la recherche descriptive (des études épidémiologiques, les relations avec les paramètres organisationnels objectifs); 3) le développement des outils (la standardisation des questionnaires de stress au travail, l'évaluation des performances); 4) la recherche-action (l'utilisation de programmes de recherche plus rigoureux, l'évaluation coût-efficacité); 5) le changement organisationnel (des comptes rendus plus systématiques des projets de changement, une plus grande attention portée à la mise en oeuvre des projets). Finalement, pour que la psychologie de la santé au travail puisse se développer à l'avenir d'une façon plus équilibrée, on insiste sur la nécessité d'une mutation théorique en passant d'un modèle de la maladie à un modèle de la santé authentique. Taking into account the changing nature of work, three future topics for occupational health psychology were identified: (1) surveillance of workplace characteristics; (2) research on effects of organisational practices; (3) intervention research. Furthermore, five types of research in occupational health psychology are distinguished, each of which may contribute in its own specific way to future developments in the field: (1) explanatory research (e.g. conceptual development of job stress models, development of a personal agency perspective); (2) descriptive research (e.g. epidemiological studies, relationships with objective organisational parameters); (3) tool development (e.g. standardisation of job stress questionnaires, benchmarking); (4) intervention research (e.g. the use of more rigorous research designs, evaluation of cost-effectiveness); (5) organisational change (e.g. more systematic accounts of change projects, more attention for implementation of projects). Finally, the necessity of a paradigm shift from a disease model towards a genuine health model is emphasised so that occupational health psychology may develop in future in a more balanced way. [source] What happens when the signs of anomalous differences or the handedness of substructure are inverted?ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 7 2007Jiawei Wang Proper solution of a macromolecular crystal structure based on anomalous scattering and/or isomorphous differences requires that the anomalous differences in reflection amplitudes be measured properly and that the correct enantiomer of the substructure be selected. If this information is wrong then the resulting electron-density maps will not show the correct structural features, but the reflection phases and map features will be related to the correct ones in a specific way. This text aims to explain how misinterpretation of the Bijvoet differences or of the substructure affects the resulting phases and electron-density maps. [source] Notch: Implications of endogenous inhibitors for therapyBIOESSAYS, Issue 6 2010Ivan Dikic Abstract Soluble components of Notch signalling can be applied to manipulate a central pathway essential for the development of metazoans and often deregulated in illnesses such as stroke, cancer or cardiovascular diseases. Commonly, the Notch cascade is inhibited by small compound inhibitors, which either block the proteolysis of Notch receptors by ,-secretases or interfere with the transcriptional activity of the Notch intracellular domain. Specific antibodies can also be used to inhibit ligand-induced activation of Notch receptors. Alternatively, naturally occurring endogenous inhibitors of Notch signalling might offer a specific way to block receptor activation. Examples are the soluble variants of the canonical Notch ligand Jagged1 and the non-canonical Notch ligand Dlk1, both deprived of their transmembrane regions upon ectodomain shedding, or the bona fide secreted molecule EGFL7. We present frequently used methods to decrease Notch signalling, and we discuss how soluble Notch inhibitors may be used to treat diseases. [source] REMEDIATION AND LOCAL GLOBALIZATIONS: How Taiwan's "Digital Video Knights-Errant Puppetry" Writes the History of the New Media in ChineseCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2007TERI SILVIO This article analyzes the Pili International Multimedia Company's "digital video knights-errant puppetry" serials, a popular culture genre unique to Taiwan, to answer two questions. First, how do digital technologies, originally developed to meet the needs of the American military and entertainment industries, become embedded in a different cultural context? Second, how does this embedding allow media technologies to become something through which distinctly local models of globalization itself may be imagined? Analyzing both the style of the serials and the discourse of producers and fans, I argue that new media technologies, despite their foreign origins, may not only be adapted or resisted, but may also come to be imagined as emerging from local aesthetics and local needs. Through the specific ways they utilize both digital and traditional technologies, the Pili producers and fans construct a utopian vision of what globalization might look like if Taiwan were at the center. [source] Additional Resources for Medical Student Educators: An Annotated ReviewACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 4 2005Tamara Howard MD There are numerous resources available to help educators of medical students improve their methods of instruction. For example, several Internet sites exist that describe specific ways to teach and reinforce concepts basic to emergency medicine. Some of these sites also allow users to share their own experiences and teaching techniques. There are professional associations and organizations that specifically cater to the needs of those involved in the education and training of medical students and resident physicians. Educators may wish to take advantage of distance learning programs that offer instruction in areas such as adult learning, curriculum and teaching methods, and medical education evaluation and research. Finally, educators may wish to participate in professional development opportunities such as fellowships and online modules that have been designed to offer instruction on teaching skills, provide an arena for exchange of effective techniques, and acclimate faculty to academic medicine. [source] Resolving the biodiversity paradoxECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 8 2007James S. Clark Abstract The paradox of biodiversity involves three elements, (i) mathematical models predict that species must differ in specific ways in order to coexist as stable ecological communities, (ii) such differences are difficult to identify, yet (iii) there is widespread evidence of stability in natural communities. Debate has centred on two views. The first explanation involves tradeoffs along a small number of axes, including ,colonization-competition', resource competition (light, water, nitrogen for plants, including the ,successional niche'), and life history (e.g. high-light growth vs. low-light survival and few large vs. many small seeds). The second view is neutrality, which assumes that species differences do not contribute to dynamics. Clark et al. (2004) presented a third explanation, that coexistence is inherently high dimensional, but still depends on species differences. We demonstrate that neither traditional low-dimensional tradeoffs nor neutrality can resolve the biodiversity paradox, in part by showing that they do not properly interpret stochasticity in statistical and in theoretical models. Unless sample sizes are small, traditional data modelling assures that species will appear different in a few dimensions, but those differences will rarely predict coexistence when parameter estimates are plugged into theoretical models. Contrary to standard interpretations, neutral models do not imply functional equivalence, but rather subsume species differences in stochastic terms. New hierarchical modelling techniques for inference reveal high-dimensional differences among species that can be quantified with random individual and temporal effects (RITES), i.e. process-level variation that results from many causes. We show that this variation is large, and that it stands in for species differences along unobserved dimensions that do contribute to diversity. High dimensional coexistence contrasts with the classical notions of tradeoffs along a few axes, which are often not found in data, and with ,neutral models', which mask, rather than eliminate, tradeoffs in stochastic terms. This mechanism can explain coexistence of species that would not occur with simple, low-dimensional tradeoff scenarios. [source] Democracy, markets and sustainable development: the European Union as an exampleENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE, Issue 6 2004Peter Söderbaum Development issues are discussed in specific ways in the European Union and in various local, regional and international arenas. For some actors, economic growth in GDP terms and international (or inter-regional) competitiveness still appears as the main vision; others refer to sustainable development (SD) as their ideological orientation. However, SD is ambiguous and the interpretation of SD differs from ,business as usual' through ,ecological modernization' to more radical ideas of progress. If we wish to take SD seriously as a multidimensional and ethical development concept, then research efforts and debate have to include what can be described as ,protected zones' in the development dialogue. These refer to more fundamental issues about theory of science, paradigms in economics, ideological orientations and institutional arrangements that too often have been taken for granted rather than being openly discussed in terms of alternatives. It is believed that our possibilities of approaching an SD path will improve considerably if we systematically introduce the mentioned areas into our dialogue about the future. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] The MDG,Human Rights Nexus to 2015 and BeyondIDS BULLETIN, Issue 1 2010Mary Robinson Progress has been made in some MDG areas. But in some regions and in many Target areas, progress is overshadowed by the numbers of those left behind and by rising inequalities within and between nations. This article argues that we need better integration of human rights and development and provides some specific ways forward to do this. [source] Establishing a minimum standard for collaborative research in federal environmental agencies,INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2008Kalle E Matso Abstract There is a general consensus that,given the magnitude of the challenges facing our nation's natural resource managers,the rate, efficiency, and effectiveness of linking research to decision making must be enhanced. Many reports have touched on this issue, most of them culminating with the exhortation to "foster more interactions between scientists and users," but very few documents provide details or assign responsibility to drive the interactions that most agree should happen. As a result, many natural science and engineering programs "talk the talk",that is, they say they do collaborative research with intended users; however, upon inspection, few of them "walk the walk" by effectively supporting collaboration throughout the research process. Moreover, when called to support transition to application in specific ways, research agencies often balk, most often objecting that research programs cannot afford to take any support away from funding more research. They may also argue that science works best for society when it is freed from concerns related to application. In this paper we will 1) review the cultural conflict that often underlies disagreements about collaborative research, 2) offer details on the basic ingredients required to achieve a minimum standard for collaborative research, 3) suggest an approach for determining the appropriate level of support for collaborative research, given various research goals, and 4) recommend specific steps for motivating scientists and stakeholders to participate in collaborative research. [source] Retinal pigment epithelial cells promote spatial reorganization and differentiation of retina photoreceptorsJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 16 2008Olga L. German Abstract Retina differentiation involves the acquisition of a precise layered arrangement, with RPE cells in the first layer in intimate contact with photoreceptors in the second layer. Here, we developed an in vitro coculture model, to test the hypothesis that RPE cells play a pivotal role in organizing the spatial structure of the retina. We cocultured rat retinal neurons with ARPE-19 epithelial cells under various experimental conditions. Strikingly, when seeded over RPE cells, photoreceptors attached to their apical surfaces and proceeded with their development, including the increased synthesis of rhodopsin. Conversely, when we seeded RPE cells over neurons, the RPE cells rapidly detached photoreceptors from their substrata and positioned themselves underneath, thus restoring the normal in vivo arrangement. Treatment with the metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP-1 blocked this reorganization, suggesting the involvement of metalloproteinases in this process. Reorganization was highly selective for photoreceptors because 98% of photoreceptors but very few amacrine neurons were found to redistribute on top of RPE cells. Interestingly, RPE cells were much more efficient than other epithelial or nonepithelial cells in promoting this reorganization. RPE cells also promoted the growth of photoreceptor axons away from them. An additional factor that contributed to the distal arrangement of photoreceptor axons was the migration of photoreceptor cell bodies along their own neurites toward the RPE cells. Our results demonstrate that RPE and photoreceptor cells interact in vitro in very specific ways. They also show that in vitro studies may provide important insights into the process of pattern formation in the retina. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Stepping out of the box: broadening the dialogue around the organizational implementation of cognitive behavioural psychotherapyJOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 4 2005J. POOLE ba dip nursing (mh) The dissemination and uptake of cognitive behavioural interventions is central to the evidence-based mental health agenda in Britain. However, some policy and related literature, in and of itself social constructed, tends to display discursive naïvety in assuming a rational basis for the dissemination and organizational integration of cognitive behavioural approaches. Rational constructions fail to acknowledge that the practice settings of key stakeholders in the process are likely to be socially constructed fields of multiple meanings. Within these, the importance of evidence-based interventions may be variously contested or reworked. To illustrate this, a case example from the first author will discuss the hypothetical introduction of a cognitive behavioural group for voice hearers in a forensic mental health unit. This will highlight contradictions and local organizational problems around the effective utilization of postgraduate cognitive behavioural knowledge and skills. A synthesis of social constructionist with organizational theory will be used to make better sense of these actual and anticipated difficulties. From this basis, specific ways in which nurses and supportive stakeholders could move the implementation of cognitive behavioural psychotherapy agenda forward within a postmodern leadership context will be proposed. [source] Lymphoma and peripheral neuropathy: A clinical reviewMUSCLE AND NERVE, Issue 3 2005John J. Kelly MD Abstract Lymphoma occasionally affects the peripheral nervous system. When it does, the diagnosis can be elusive since many patients present without known lymphoma. Most peripheral nerve complications are due to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which infiltrates nerves causing axonal damage. This disorder can affect nerve roots and cranial nerves, often associated with lymphomatous meningitis. NHL may also infiltrate peripheral nerves and cause plexopathy, mononeuropathy, or generalized neuropathy. These neuropathies may resemble an asymmetric mononeuropathy multiplex or a generalized disorder such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. When NHL infiltrates diffusely, the term neurolymphomatosis is used. Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), by contrast, rarely infiltrates nerves. More often, HL causes immunological disorders of the peripheral nervous system such as inflammatory plexopathy or Guillain,Barré syndrome. Other rare lymphomas such as intravascular lymphoma and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia can also affect peripheral nerves in specific ways. In addition, other malignant and nonmalignant lymphoproliferative disorders enter into the differential diagnosis of lymphomatous neuropathy. This review discusses the multiple peripheral nerve presentations of lymphoma from the clinician's point of view and provides a guide to the evaluation and diagnosis of these uncommon, challenging disorders. Muscle Nerve, 2005 [source] Neoliberalism, Mobility and Cook Islands Men in TransitTHE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Kalissa Alexeyeff From the 1990s, neoliberalism has been vigorously promoted by aid agencies operating in the Cook Islands. The solution to the country's economic problems has been sought in the privatisation of government assets and services and the development of free-market principles. Social Impact Assessment reports of these reforms have included information on their effect on women and children under the heading of ,gender'; men, however, are notably absent as a category of analysis. Building on recent work about men, masculinities and development, this paper begins to address this imbalance by examining how Cook Islands men have been effected by, and how they react to, neoliberalism in a series of gender specific ways. In particular, it explores the relationship between masculinity, class, status, and migration. [source] Sovereignty, Migration and the Rule of Law in Global TimesTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 4 2004Catherine Dauvergne This article argues that in the present era of globalisation, control over the movement of people has become the last bastion of sovereignty. This is important both to theoretical accounts of globalisation and to policy decisions by governments. Nation states threatened with loss of control in other realms are implementing a variety of ,crackdown' measures in questions of immigration. Issues of refugee law, illegal migration and skilled migration each challenge sovereignty in specific ways. While international human rights standards have made few inroads in questions of migration, recent decisions in England and Australia suggest that the rule of law may be emerging as a counter to traditional executive free reign in matters of migration law. [source] "In the Clique": Popular Culture, Constructions of Place, and the Everyday Lives of Urban YouthANTHROPOLOGY & EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2001Greg DimitriadisArticle first published online: 8 JAN 200 This study focuses on two teens, Tony and Rufus, and how they used key popular texts to construct a sense of place in the small city where this research was conducted. These two teens mobilized these popular texts in very specific ways, both finding specific thematic links between and across them and also using them to index their relationships with biological and extended family in this city and "down South." This study highlights the complex, emergent, and messy relationships many young people have with popular culture. [source] "Sophisticated People Versus Rednecks": Economic Restructuring and Class Difference in America's WestANTIPODE, Issue 1 2002Lucy Jarosz In this paper, we argue for the importance of constructing a human geography of white class difference. More particularly, we present a theoretical framework for understanding the cultural politics of class and whiteness in the context of rural restructuring. We theorize these politics through an examination of the national discourse of redneck that has emerged in the US. We analyze the term "redneck" as one of several rhetorical categories that refer to rural white poor people. We argue that while various terms are employed in geographically specific ways and cannot be used interchangeably, they nonetheless function similarly in positioning the white rural poor. Our examination of redneck discourse exemplifies these processes and points up the need for a broader analysis of representational strategies that reinforce class difference among whites. Drawing upon three case studies of white rural poverty, we deconstruct these imagined rural spaces by situating discourses about white rural poor people in the context of geographically specific political economies of power and social relations in Kentucky, Florida, and Washington. These case studies, as well as the national discourse of redneck, represent rural poverty as a lifestyle choice and as an individualized cultural trait. Abstract rural spaces are construed as poor, underdeveloped, and wild; rural, white poor people are represented as lazy, dirty, obsolescent, conservative, or alternative. A focus upon the political economy of community resource relationships and the construction and reproduction of redneck discourses reveals how exploitative material processes are justified by naming others and blaming the persistence of rural poverty upon the poor themselves. [source] Parents' experiences of pain and discomfort in people with learning disabilitiesBRITISH JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES, Issue 2 2008Zara Jane Clarke Accessible summary ,,Eight parents of adults with learning disabilities were interviewed about their,,experience of managing their son or daughter's pain. ,,Parents developed trial and error methods of identifying pain and managing this. ,,Parents reported having mixed experiences of the services their sons/daughters,,had received. ,,Parental carers play a crucial role in the pain management of adults with learning,,disabilities. ,,This research matters to people with learning disabilities because it,,informs professionals of the importance of listening to parental carers' views and,,experiences in the successful management of ill health and pain in situations,,where the sufferer has limited verbal communication. Good practice statement, The results of this study have already been presented to health professionals who work with people with learning disabilities, within the first author's organization, as well as at a conference about pain in people with learning disabilities. Further work is intended to publicize the findings to people with learning disabilities and their carers. Summary There are few measures of pain for people with limited ability to communicate. Eight parents of adults with a known learning disability and associated physical health complaint were interviewed to explore their experience of identifying and managing the pain felt by their children. The parents did not often perceive their son or daughter to be in pain or discomfort, which was an unexpected finding given the sampling strategy. They described, however, specific ways of recognizing pain and would use a trial and error process to determine the cause. Parents had strategies for dealing with pain and reported mixed experiences of service interactions. The emerging themes can be related back to the pain literature and psychological theory. They emphasize the importance of involving parents in pain assessment and represent the first stage of research into a previously unexplored area. [source] The New Nigerien Hausa Diaspora in the U.S.: surviving and building community on the margins of the global economyCITY & SOCIETY, Issue 1 2004SCOTT M. YOUNGSTEDT This paper focuses on new Nigerien Hausa diaspora communities in U.S. cities. The economic and political policies of nation-states and international financial institutions exacerbate the abject poverty of Niger and impel Hausa to migrate to the U.S. where they work in the shadows of the formal economy or in the globalized informal economy. They rely on fluid, overlapping face-toface, imagined, and virtual communities to mitigate their marginalized position. Nigerien Hausa are creatively mediating and adapting global technologies of time-space compression,especially the Internet, telephones, and electronic money transfer services,to benefit and link their already established and newly emergent communities in diaspora. Based on multi-sited ethnographic evidence, this paper highlights the culturally specific ways that Nigerien Hausa navigate through global constraints and opportunities in their active efforts to survive and support their transnational families and communities, while maintaining dignity and solidarity. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||