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Specific Period (specific + period)
Selected AbstractsState Sciences and Development Histories: Encoding Local Forestry Knowledge in BengalDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2000K. Sivaramakrishnan Informed by debates on development discourse, local knowledge, and the history of colonial conservation, this article argues for a careful historical investigation of the manner in which scientific managerial knowledge emerges in the field of forestry. It makes its case by focusing on the specific period in the history of Bengal (1893,1937) when scientific forestry was formalized and institutionalized. The processes and conflicts through which local knowledge gets encoded as scientific canon have to be understood to generate effective managerial devolution in participatory projects. This requires an engagement with public understandings of science as practice that arises from a dynamic critique of static, and undifferentiated, notions of development discourse or local knowledge. [source] Brassinosteroids as Metahormones: Evidence for their Specific Influence during the Critical Period in Sorghum DevelopmentPLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2002G. N. Amzallag Abstract: In Sorghum bicolor, the effect of brassinosteroid (BR) treatments on blade elongation depends both on concentration and on the stage of development. A specific period of increase in sensitivity to BR is reported during early vegetative development. It coincides with emergence of a critical period during which the between-organs relationship is readjusted as a function of new developmental events or new environmental conditions. Accordingly, the influence of BR cannot be completely understood without separating its effects during stable phases (phenophases) and during critical periods. A high level of redundancy exists in networks of regulation, so that modifications due to BR treatments generally remain cryptic. Nevertheless, it is shown that BR affects the pattern of relationships between organs, confirming its involvement in emergence of a new network of regulation. It is suggested that, during critical periods, brassinosteroids act as "metahormones" integrating the new emerging regulation network by triggering changes in cellular sensitivity to PGRs. [source] Neurodevelopmental sequelae of postnatal maternal care in rodents: clinical and research implications of molecular insightsTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 3-4 2007Arie Kaffman Parental care plays an important role in the emotional and cognitive development of the offspring. Children who have been exposed to abuse or neglect are more likely to develop numerous psychopathologies, while good parent,infant bonding is associated with improved resiliency to stress. Similar observations have also been reported in non-human primates and rodents, suggesting that at least some neurodevelopmental aspects of parent,offspring interactions are conserved among mammals and could therefore be studied in animals. We present data to suggest that frequency of licking and grooming provided by the dam during a critical period in development plays an important role in modifying neurodevelopment. These findings are examined in the broader context in which exposure to other sensory modalities such as vision or hearing during a specific period in development shapes brain development with functional consequences that persist into adulthood. We also discuss recent rodent work showing that increased frequency of licking and grooming provided by the dam during the first week of life is associated with changes in DNA methylation of promoter elements that control expression of these genes and behavior. The stability of DNA methylation in postmitotic cells provides a possible molecular scaffold by which changes in gene expression and behavioral traits induced by postnatal maternal care are maintained throughout life. Finally, the relevance of findings reported in rodents to those noted in non-human primates and humans are assessed and the research and clinical implications of these observations for future work are explored. [source] Architectural decorations from the private buildings in the Market Square at TamnARABIAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND EPIGRAPHY, Issue 1 2008Romolo Loreto The architectural decorations in pre-Islamic Yemen feature a wide and heterogeneous range of materials. Their many functions cover different fields: domestic, religious, funeral architecture, grave goods (particularly censers and furnishings) and, last but not least, epigraphs. Thus the study of this class of materials requires a two-fold approach: on the one hand to identify and understand the various ornamental motifs in themselves; on the other to study which types of decorative motifs were applied in various circumstances, and hence what it is that links them to each other and to the structure they adorn. This work aims to provide a foundation for a thorough study of the decorative motifs on stonework in various contexts. We begin by defining the use of architectural decorations in the domestic sphere. The archaeological context of the Market Square at Tamna, is particularly suitable, in view of the number of houses brought to light, the amount of related materials found and, above all, because it represents a coherent urban context over a specific period of time. [source] Exposure to low outdoor temperature in the midtrimester is associated with low birth weightAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Koray ELTER Abstract Background: Although seasonal variation of birth weight has been reported previously, contributing factors such as the meteorological factor and its specific period of exposure remain unclear. Aim: To investigate the effect of season on birth weight and to determine the meteorological factor and its specific period of exposure which can contribute to any seasonal variation in birth weight. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 3333 singleton live births after 36 completed weeks of pregnancy. Maternal age, parity, route of delivery, sex and individual meteorological variables for the first, second, and third trimesters of each pregnancy were analysed using multiple regression analysis with the birth weight as the dependent variable. Results: A seasonal pattern was observed with lowest birth weights in women who had their last menstrual periods in summer and autumn. Upon multiple regression analysis, sex, parity, mode of delivery, and the temperature which the mother was exposed to in the second trimester were the independent determinants of birth weight. Conclusion: Exposure to low outdoor ambient temperature in the midtrimester can be associated with low birth weight. [source] Timing of fetal exposure to stress hormones: Effects on newborn physical and neuromuscular maturationDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Lauren M. Ellman Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine the specific periods during pregnancy in which human fetal exposure to stress hormones affects newborn physical and neuromuscular maturation. Blood was collected from 158 women at 15, 19, 25, and 31 weeks' gestation. Levels of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and maternal cortisol were determined from plasma. Newborns were evaluated with the New Ballard Maturation Score. Results indicated that increases in maternal cortisol at 15, 19, and 25 weeks and increases in placental CRH at 31 weeks were significantly associated with decreases in infant maturation among males (even after controlling for length of gestation). Results also suggested that increases in maternal cortisol at 31 weeks were associated with increases in infant maturation among females, although these results were not significant after controlling for length of gestation. Findings suggest that stress hormones have effects on human fetal neurodevelopment that are independent of birth outcome. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 232,241, 2008. [source] Ranking institutional settings based on publications in community psychology journalsJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 8 2007Leonard A. Jason Two primary outlets for community psychology research, the American Journal of Community Psychology and the Journal of Community Psychology, were assessed to rank institutions based on publication frequency and scientific influence of publications over a 32-year period. Three specific periods were assessed (1973,1983, 1984,1994, 1995,2004). Findings indicate that there were a large group of institutions that published articles during these periods. Those academic institutions that had the most published articles as well as the largest influence, based on citations by other authors, were identified. Using archival data from the community psychology literature represents one approach for identifying those settings that made substantial contributions to the development and growth of the field. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 967,979, 2007. [source] Breeding upland rice for drought resistanceJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 6 2008Jérôme Bernier Abstract Upland rice, produced by smallholder farmers, is the lowest-yielding rice production system. Drought stress is the most severe abiotic constraint in upland rice. Improving productivity of rice in the upland ecosystem is essential to meet rice food security needs of impoverished upland communities. Breeding drought-resistant upland rice is therefore an increasingly important goal. Numerous secondary characters have been suggested to help plant breeders in their selections. Most of these traits are not used in selection, as they are not practical for selection purposes, exhibit low heritability, or are not highly correlated with grain yield. The use of managed drought stress, where drought stress can be imposed at specific periods, has been shown to increase the heritability of yield under stress to values similar to those obtained for yield in well-watered conditions. It has now been demonstrated that drought-tolerant upland rice can be bred by directly selecting for yield in stress environments. The use of molecular markers to perform selection may eventually provide plant breeders with more efficient selection methods. To date, many quantitative trait loci (QTL) for drought resistance have been identified in rice, but few are suitable for use in marker-assisted selection. However, large-effect drought resistance QTL have now been identified and may enable effective use of marker-assisted selection for drought resistance. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Estimation of time-dependent rate ratios in case-control studies: comparison of two approaches for exposure assessment,PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 5 2006Geneviève Lefebvre Abstract Purpose In pharmacoepidemiology, it is well recognized that the rate of adverse events may vary as a function of the cumulative duration of the drug exposure and/or the time since the end of the exposure. In case-control studies, two different approaches have been used to estimate temporal effects of drug exposure: the time-windows (T-Ws) approach and the duration-specific (D-S) approach. We decided to conduct a simulation study to compare the two approaches when the rate ratios (RRs) vary as a function of the cumulative duration of exposure and/or the time since the end of exposure. Methods We generated three cohorts of 500,000 individuals in which the rate of the event was varying as a function of the cumulative duration of exposure and the time since the end of exposure. For each cohort, a nested case-control analysis was performed using both the D-S and the T-Ws approaches. In the T-Ws approach, a RR is estimated within specific periods of time prior to the outcome, while a RR is estimated within periods of cumulative duration of exposure and time since the end of exposure in the D-S approach. Results We found that the RRs obtained from the D-S approach exactly corresponded to the RRs obtained from the cohort analyses, while the RRs obtained from the T-Ws approach generally not. RRs obtained from the T-Ws approach were difficult to interpret in terms of the effect of the duration and timing of the exposure. Conclusion The D-S approach should be used to investigate the duration-related effects of exposure in case-control studies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Public Consultation for Sustainable Development Policy InitiativesPOLICY STUDIES JOURNAL, Issue 4 2002Manitoba Approaches Involving the public in government decision making regarding sustainable development is a complex and difficult problem. This article suggests that weak public consultation, occurring at the operational planning level, is in part responsible for the lack of policy innovation in this realm. A case study technique considers approaches to public consultation in the development of sustainable development policy in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Using document reviews and qualitative interviews, two specific periods of policy development are traced with the outcomes of each being measured against creative consultative approaches established in the literature. It is revealed that using more complex consultative approaches at the normative policy planning level results in a number of positive implications, including mutual education and learning, participant satisfaction, policy innovation that has broad-based support, and results that have lasting implications on consultative proceshes. [source] | ||||||||||||||||