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Specific Community (specific + community)
Selected AbstractsWho Can Speak for the Emergently Ill?ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 6 2008Testing a Method to Identify Communities, Their Leaders Abstract Objectives:, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires researchers to consult with the community prior to conducting research with exception from informed consent, but little is known about whether people support this and, if they do, who researchers should consult. We sought to determine if people could identify communities and leaders of those communities who researchers should consult with to represent their views about research that requires an exception from informed consent. Methods:, We conducted a cross-sectional interview study using a convenience sample of patients seeking care in an urban emergency department (ED) to determine if people belonged to specific communities and, if they did, if they could identify communities and leaders appropriate for consultation. Descriptive statistics were used to represent our findings. Results:, Most of the 262 participants approached for the study completed the interview (199; 76%). Of those interviewed, 122 (61%) were African American, 54 (27%) were white, 83 (42%) were male, and the mean (±standard deviation [SD]) age was 36.2 ± 14.4 years. Most, (194; 97%), identified that they belonged to a community and most (177; 89%), said that researchers could consult at least one of their communities for consultation about an exception from informed consent study. Participants typically named geographic and religious-affiliated communities and leaders as appropriate for consultation. Conclusion:, Most participants identified a community and a leader of that community who researchers could consult about research with exception from informed consent. Geographic and faith-based organizations could play an important role in consultation. [source] Wide Awake to the World: The Arts and Urban Schools,Conflicts and Contributions of an After-School ProgramCURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 1 2001Therese Quinn While the benefits of arts involvement are increasingly clear, policies and practices consistent with this recognition are not proceeding apace. Nearly half the schools in the United States have no full-time arts teachers and emphases on "standards" have led to the elimination of the arts in many urban schools. This case study of a multi-year after-school arts program in urban public schools explores challenges and tensions that emerged during the program's implementation. Focusing on understanding the place and purpose of an arts program in a specific community, we employed a grounded theory approach and used multiple data-gathering methods, ranging from observations and interviews to surveys. We found that in serving hundreds of students, employing dozens of staff, and aiming to meet several complex goals, this arts program faced technical challenges that undermined its effectiveness. The arts program also suffered from unaddressed conflicts regarding norms and values. Artists attempted to provide students opportunities for creative exploration, while school staff emphasized control, order, and academic goals. We discuss these tensions and the ways they undermined the arts program. [source] Failure of the ammonia oxidation process in two pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants is linked to shifts in the bacterial communitiesJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005L. Wittebolle Abstract Aims:, To investigate whether two different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) , treating the same pharmaceutical influent , select for a different bacterial and/or ammonia oxidizing bacterial (AOB) community. Methods and Results:, Molecular fingerprinting demonstrated that each WWTP had its own total bacterial and AOB community structure, but Nitrosomonas eutropha and N. europea were dominant in both WWTP A and B. The DNA and RNA analysis of the AOB communities revealed different patterns; so the most abundant species may not necessarily be the most active ones. Nitritation failures, monitored by chemical parameter analysis, were reflected as AOB community shifts and visualized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-based moving window analysis. Conclusions:, This research demonstrated the link between functional performance (nitritation parameters) and the presence and activity of a specific microbial ecology (AOB). Clustering and moving window analysis based on DGGE showed to be valuable to monitor community shifts in both WWTPs. Significance and Impact of the Study:, This study of specific community shifts together with functional parameter analysis has potential as a tool for relating functional instability (such as operational failures) to specific-bacterial community shifts. [source] Model competencies in regulatory therapeutic product assessment: Health Canada's good review guiding principles as a reviewing community's code of intellectual conduct,,§¶PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 8 2007Robyn R. Lim PhD Abstract Purpose This article describes some work from the Therapeutic Products Directorate of Health Canada regarding Good Review Practices (GRP). Methods and Results Background information is provided on the Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) and its regulatory activities regarding drug and medical device assessment in both the pre- and post-market setting. The TPD Good Review Guiding Principles (GRGP) are described which include a Definition of a Good Therapeutic Product Regulatory Review, Ten Hallmarks of a Good Therapeutic Product Regulatory Review and Ten Precepts. Analysis of the guiding principles discusses possible linkages between the guiding principles and intellectual virtues. Conclusions Through this analysis an hypothesis is developed that the guiding principles outline a code of intellectual conduct for Health Canada's reviewers of evidence for efficacy, safety, manufacturing quality and benefit-risk regarding therapeutic products. Opportunities to advance therapeutic product regulatory review as a scientific discipline in its own right and to acknowledge that these reviewers constitute a specific community of practice are discussed. Integration of intellectual and ethical approaches across therapeutic product review sectors is also suggested. Copyright © 2007 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Reducing Infant Mortality Rates Using the Perinatal Periods of Risk ModelPUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 1 2005Paulette G. Burns Abstract, Despite decreases in the last 50 years, infant mortality rates in the United States remain higher than in other industrialized countries. Using overall infant mortality rates to determine the effectiveness of interventions does not help communities focus on particular underlying factors contributing to static, and sometimes increasing, community rates. This study was designed to determine and rank contributing factors to fetal-infant mortality in a specific community using the Perinatal Periods of Risk (PPOR) model. The PPOR model was used to map fetal-infant mortality for 1995 to 1998 in the Tulsa, Oklahoma, Healthy Start Program as compared to traditional calculation methods. The overall fetal-infant mortality rate using the PPOR model was 12.7 compared to 7.11 calculated using the traditional method. The maternal health cell rate was 5.4, maternal care cell rate was 2.9, newborn care cell was 1.9 compared to a 4.1 neonatal death rate calculated using the traditional method, and the infant health cell was 2.4 compared to a 2.9 postneonatal rate calculated using the traditional method. Because the highest infant mortality was in the maternal health cell, intervention strategies were designed to promote the health of women prior to and between pregnancies. The PPOR model was helpful in targeting interventions to reduce fetal-infant mortality based on the prioritization of contributing factors. [source] | ||||||||||