Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Spatial Expression (spatial + expression)
Terms modified by Spatial Expression Selected AbstractsORIGINAL ARTICLE: Temporal and Spatial Expression of Tumor-Associated Antigen RCAS1 in Pregnant Mouse UterusAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Ekaterine Tskitishvili Citation Tskitishvili E, Nakamura H, Kinugasa-Taniguchi Y, Kanagawa T, Kimura T, Tomimatsu T, Shimoya K. Temporal and spatial expression of tumor-associated antigen RCAS1 in pregnant mouse uterus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 137,143 Problem, The tumor-associated antigen RCAS1 (receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells) is considered to play a role in the inhibition of maternal immune response during pregnancy, and participates in the initiation of labor and placental detachment. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of RCAS1 protein in the uteri of normal pregnant mice. Method of study, Uteri with fetuses were collected from pregnant ICR mice on days 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, and 9.5 p.c., and uterine and placental tissues were obtained separately on days 11.5, 13.5, 15.5, and 17.5 p.c. Samples were examined using real-time (RT)-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical analyses. Results, In normal pregnant mice, RCAS1 protein mRNA was significantly increased on day 7.5 p.c. Antigen localization was detected in the placenta, decidua, and fetus. Conclusion, The results of this study suggest the importance of day 7.5 p.c. for RCAS1 protein expression in connection with placentation as a possible target for future in vivo studies. [source] An ortholog of MIXTA-like2 controls epidermal cell shape in flowers of ThalictrumNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 3 2009Verónica S. Di Stilio Summary ,,Here, we investigated the genetic underpinnings of pollination-related floral phenotypes in Thalictrum, a ranunculid with apetalous flowers. The variable presence of petaloid features in other floral organs correlates with distinct adaptations to insect vs. wind pollination. Conical cells are present in sepals or stamens of insect-pollinated species, and in stigmas. We characterized a Thalictrum ortholog of the Antirrhinum majus transcription factor MIXTA-like2, responsible for conical cells, from three species with distinct floral morphologies, representing two pollination syndromes. ,,Genes were cloned by PCR and analysed phylogenetically. Expression analyses were conducted by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization, followed by functional studies in transgenic tobacco. ,,The cloned genes encode R2R3 MYB proteins closely related to Antirrhinum AmMYBML2 and Petunia hybrida PhMYB1. Spatial expression by in situ hybridization overlaps areas of conical cells. Overexpression in tobacco induces cell outgrowths in carpel epidermis and significantly increases the height of petal conical cells. ,,We have described the first orthologs of AmMIXTA-like2 outside the core eudicots, likely ancestral to the MIXTA/MIXTA-like1 duplication. The conserved role in epidermal cell elongation results in conical cells, micromorphological markers for petaloidy. This adaptation to attract insect pollinators was apparently lost after the evolution of wind pollination in Thalictrum. [source] Analysis of Sir2E in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum: Cellular localization, spatial expression and overexpressionDEVELOPMENT GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION, Issue 8 2008Takahiro Katayama It has been reported that Dictyostelium discoideum encodes four silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) proteins (Sir2A,D) showing sequence similarity to human homologues of Sir2 (SIRT1,3). Further screening in a database revealed that D. discoideum encodes an additional Sir2 homologue (Sir2E). The amino acid sequence of Sir2E is not similar to those of SIRTs but is similar to those of proteins encoded by Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. Fluorescence of Sir2E-green fluorescent protein fusion protein was detected in the D. discoideum nucleus, indicating that Sir2E is a nuclear localizing protein. Reverse transcription,polymerase chain reaction and whole-mount in situ hybridization analyses showed that D. discoideum expressed sir2E in amoebae in the growth phase and in prestalk cells in the developmental phase. D. discoideum overexpressing sir2E grew faster than the wild type. These results indicate that Sir2E plays important roles both in the growth phase and developmental phase of D. discoideum. [source] Identification and characterization of novel calcium-binding proteins of Dictyostelium and their spatial expression patterns during developmentDEVELOPMENT GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION, Issue 5-6 2003Haruyo Sakamoto Five putative Ca2+ -binding proteins, CBP5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, all having EF-hand motifs, were found by searching the Dictyostelium cDNA database (http://www.csm.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/cDNAproject.html). 45Ca2+ -overlay experiments revealed that four of these (excluding CBP9) are real Ca2+ -binding proteins. Northern blot analysis revealed that the genes encoding CBP5, 6, 7 and 8 are all developmentally regulated. In situ hybridization analyses revealed that spatial expression of these genes was regulated in several different ways. CBP1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 are expressed in prespore cells in the slug stage. Transcripts of the genes for CBP1 and 5 are enriched in prestalk subtype PstO cells. In contrast, CBP4 is expressed predominantly in PstO cells. CBP8 is evenly expressed at a very low level throughout the whole slug. Such distinct spatial expression patterns suggest that the CBP might be involved in morphogenesis and might have their own roles either in prespore or in prestalk cell differentiation of Dictyostelium. [source] Two neuron clusters in the stem of postembryonic zebrafish brain specifically express relaxin -3 gene: First evidence of nucleus incertus in fishDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 12 2008Aldo Donizetti Abstract We examined the spatial expression of the relaxin -3 gene in the developing zebrafish brain, one of the vertebrate model systems in which this gene has been identified. Until the pharyngula stage, the gene is expressed diffusely in the brain, where, starting at about 40 hpf, the transcripts appear restricted in a midbrain cell cluster of the periaqueductal gray. Later, at 72 hpf, the transcripts are still evident in that cluster and distributed in a larger cell number; at this stage, the gene is also expressed posteriorly, in a smaller cell group that, as we report for the first time, could be homologous to mammalian nucleus incertus. The gene expression persists in both cell clusters at 96 hpf. This pattern indicates both conserved and divergent expression features of the relaxin -3 gene among developing zebrafish and rat brains, where only scattered cells express the gene in the periaqueductal gray. Developmental Dynamics 237:3864,3869, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Wnt6 expression in epidermis and epithelial tissues during Xenopus organogenesisDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 3 2008Danielle L. Lavery Abstract Here, we report the localization within embryonic tissues of xWnt6 protein; together with the temporal and spatial expression of Xenopus laevis Wnt6 mRNA. Wnt6 expression in Xenopus embryos is low until later stages of neurulation, when it is predominantly found in the surface ectoderm. Wnt6 expression increases during early organogenesis in the epidermis overlaying several developing organs, including the eye, heart, and pronephros. At later stages of development, Wnt6 mRNA and protein generally localize in epithelial tissues and specifically within the epithelial tissues of these developing organs. Wnt6 localization correlates closely with sites of both epithelial to mesenchymal transformations and mesenchymal to epithelial transformations. Xenopus Wnt6 sequence and its expression pattern are highly conserved with other vertebrates. Xenopus embryos, therefore, provide an excellent model system for investigating the function of vertebrate Wnt6 in organ development and regulation of tissue architecture. Developmental Dynamics 237:768,779, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Isolation and characterization of the Xenopus HIVEP gene familyFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 6 2004Ulrike Dürr The HIVEP gene family encodes for very large sequence-specific DNA binding proteins containing multiple zinc fingers. Three mammalian paralogous genes have been identified, HIVEP1, - 2 and - 3, as well as the closely related Drosophila gene, Schnurri. These genes have been found to directly participate in the transcriptional regulation of a variety of genes. Mammalian HIVEP members have been implicated in signaling by TNF-, and in the positive selection of thymocytes, while Schnurri has been shown to be an essential component of the TGF-, signaling pathway. In this study, we describe the isolation of Xenopus HIVEP1, as well as partial cDNAs of HIVEP2 and - 3. Analysis of the temporal and spatial expression of the XHIVEP transcripts during early embryogenesis revealed ubiquitous expression of the transcripts. Assays using Xenopus oocytes mapped XHIVEP1 domains that are responsible for nuclear export and import activity. The DNA binding specificity of XHIVEP was characterized using a PCR-mediated selection and gel mobility shift assays. [source] Immunohistochemical localization of the bone morphogenetic protein receptors in the porcine ovaryJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 1 2004Ruth L. Quinn Abstract The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family is emerging as playing a crucial role in regulating normal follicle growth and determining ovulation rate. BMPs exert their effects via BMP receptors (BMPR-IA, -IB and -II). However, there is a paucity of information relating to the expression of the BMPRs within the ovary of large polyovular species such as the pig. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on the expression of BMPRs by fetal ovaries of any species. The purpose of this study was to investigate temporal and spatial expression of the BMPRs in the porcine ovary, at different developmental stages. Immunohistochemistry for BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB and BMPR-II was performed using sections from paraffin wax-embedded ovaries, obtained from fetal (n = 15), prepubertal (n = 3) and cycling postpubertal (n = 4) pigs. Results confirmed the presence of all three receptors in the fetal egg nests and in the granulosa cell layer of follicles ranging from primordial to late antral stages. Immunostaining was also observed in oocytes, theca layer, corpus luteum and ovarian surface epithelium. The expression of BMPRs by fetal ovaries may be related to follicle formation, whereas expression in pre- and post-pubertal animals indicates BMPs are involved in regulating porcine ovarian follicle growth. [source] Biogeography of European land mammals shows environmentally distinct and spatially coherent clustersJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 6 2007H. Heikinheimo Abstract Aim, To produce a spatial clustering of Europe on the basis of species occurrence data for the land mammal fauna. Location, Europe defined by the following boundaries: 11°W, 32°E, 71°N, 35°N. Methods, Presence/absence records of mammal species collected by the Societas Europaea Mammalogica with a resolution of 50 × 50 km were used in the analysis. After pre-processing, the data provide information on 124 species in 2183 grid cells. The data were clustered using the k -means and probabilistic expectation maximization (EM) clustering algorithms. The resulting geographical pattern of clusters was compared against climate variables and against an environmental stratification of Europe based on climate, geomorphology and soil characteristics (EnS). Results, The mammalian presence/absence data divide naturally into clusters, which are highly connected spatially and most strongly determined by the small mammals with the highest grid cell incidence. The clusters reflect major physiographic and environmental features and differ significantly in the values of basic climate variables. The geographical pattern is a fair match for the EnS stratification and is robust between non-overlapping subsets of the data, such as trophic groups. Main conclusions, The pattern of clusters is regarded as reflecting the spatial expression of biologically distinct, metacommunity-like entities influenced by deterministic forces ultimately related to the physical environment. Small mammals give the most spatially coherent clusters of any subgroup, while large mammals show stronger relationships to climate variables. The spatial pattern is mainly due to small mammals with high grid cell incidence and is robust to noise from other subsets. The results support the use of spatially resolved environmental reconstructions based on fossil mammal data, especially when based on species with the highest incidence. [source] Netrin induces down-regulation of its receptor, Deleted in Colorectal Cancer, through the ubiquitin,proteasome pathway in the embryonic cortical neuronJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2005Tae-Hong Kim Abstract The proper regulation of temporal and spatial expression of the axon guidance cues and their receptors is critical for the normal wiring of nervous system during development. Netrins, a family of secreted guidance cues, are involved in the midline crossing of spinal commissural axons and in the guidance of cortical efferents. Axons normally lose the responsiveness to their attractants when they arrive at their targets, where the attractant is produced. However the molecular mechanism is still unknown. We investigated the molecular mechanism of down-regulation of netrin-1 signaling in the embryonic cortical neurons. Netrin-1 induced the ubiquitination and proteolytic cleavage of Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC), a transmembrane receptor for netrin, in dissociated cortical neurons. A dramatic decrease of DCC level particularly on the cell surface was also observed after netrin-1 stimulation. Specific ubiquitin,proteasome inhibitors prevented the netrin-induced DCC cleavage and decrease of cell surface DCC. We suggest that the ligand-mediated down-regulation of DCC might participate in the loss of netrin-responsiveness in the developing nervous system. [source] Cell death and differentiation in the development of the endocardial cushion of the embryonic heartMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 5 2002Eltyeb Abdelwahid Abstract The transformation of the endocardial cushion into valves and septa is a critical step in cardiac morphogenesis as it initiates the development of the four-chambered heart. This transformation results from a region-specific balance between cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. The development of the form and structure of the endocardial cushion is accompanied by precise patterns of abundant cell death having the morphological features of programmed cell death (apoptosis), which plays an important role in the elimination of redundant cells and in changes of phenotypic composition during histogenesis. Apoptosis is an essential process in morphogenesis as it balances mitosis in renewing tissues. It is controlled by one or more genetic programs that kill the targeted cell. However, the causes, role, and regulation of apoptosis in the developing endocardial cushion still remain to be determined. The clarification of the role of the apoptosis regulatory genes constitutes a major task in future studies of cell death in the developing heart. This new molecular histology of heart development awaits further experiments to clarify the interactive mechanisms that act to ensure the sculpting of the endocardial cushion into valves and septa by determining the size of the cushion cell populations. The relation between the expression of different factors and the modifications of the cushion region during cardiac development are reviewed. In addition, we review and summarize information on molecules identified in our experiments that imply the activity of a number of essential genes coinciding with the key steps in generating the overall architecture of the heart. We correlate their temporal and spatial expression with their proposed roles. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:395,403, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The TEA/ATTS transcription factor CaTec1p regulates hyphal development and virulence in Candida albicansMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2000Anja Schweizer The temporal and spatial expression of stage-specific genes during morphological development of fungi and higher eukaryotes is controlled by transcription factors. In this study, we report the cloning and functional analysis of the Candida albicans TEC1 (CaTEC1) gene, a new member of the TEA/ATTS family of transcription factors that regulates C. albicans virulence. The promoters of the type 4, 5 and 6 proteinase isogenes (SAP4,6) contain repetitive TEA/ATTS consensus sequence motifs. This finding suggests a possible role for a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TEC1 during the activation of proteinase gene expression in C. albicans. CaTEC1 is predominantly expressed in the hyphal form of C. albicans. In vitro, serum-induced hyphal formation as well as evasion from M, after phagocytosis is suppressed in catec1/catec1 mutant cells. Furthermore, expression of the proteinase isogenes SAP4,6 is no longer inducible in these mutant cells. The deletion of the CaTEC1 gene attenuates virulence of C. albicans in a systemic model of murine candidiasis, although both mutant and revertant cells that were prepared from infected tissues or the vaginal mucosa grew in a hyphal morphology in vivo. CaTEC1 complements the pseudohyphal and invasive growth defect of haploid and diploid S. cerevisiae tec1/tec1 mutant cells and strongly activates the promoter of FLO11, a gene required for pseudohyphal growth. This study provides the first evidence pointing to an essential role for a member of the TEA/ATTS transcription factor family that had so far only been ascribed to function during development as a virulence regulator in microbial pathogenesis. [source] Eomesodermin is expressed in mouse oocytes and pre-implantation embryosMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2005Josie McConnell Abstract T-box genes are a highly conserved family of genes encoding transcription factors, which share a conserved DNA binding domain (the T-box). Appropriate temporal and spatial expression of this gene family is critical for gastrulation and organogenesis in a number of species. The T-box containing gene Eomesodermin was first identified in Xenopus, where it plays a critical role in mesoderm formation. In situ analyses in mice have described the expression patterns of the mouse ortholog of this gene mEomesodermin (mEomes) at the time of implantation and during fetal development. Additional studies involving the disruption of the mEomes gene, have demonstrated an additional role for mEomes in trophoblast formation. However, these analyses did not address the possibility that maternally encoded or pre-blastocyst zygotic transcription of mEomes may also contribute to embryonic development. We show here that mEomes mRNA is present prior to blastocyst formation, and that the protein product of mEomes is associated with nuclear DNA during oocyte development and persistently localizes within all nuclei of the preimplantation embryo until the early blastocyst stage. mEomes protein is associated with the meiotic spindle in the unfertilized egg and with the mitotic spindle at each cell division. Our results are consistent with mEomesodermin having a role in early preimplantation development and inner cell mass formation in addition to its function in the trophoblast lineage. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression of PTPRO in the interneurons of adult mouse olfactory bulbTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 2 2010Takenori Kotani PTPRO is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) with a single catalytic domain in its cytoplasmic region and multiple fibronectin type III-like domains in its extracellular region. In the chick, PTPRO mRNA has been shown to be particularly abundant in embryonic brain, and PTPRO is implicated in axon growth and guidance during embryonic development. However, the temporal and spatial expression of PTPRO protein in the mammalian CNS, particularly in the juvenile and adult mammalian brain, has not been evaluated in any detail. By immunohistofluorescence analysis with a monoclonal antibody to PTPRO, we show that PTPRO is widely expressed throughout the mouse brain from embryonic day 16 to postnatal day 1, while expression is largely confined to the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory tubercle in the adult brain. In the OB, PTPRO protein is expressed predominantly in the external plexiform layer, the granule cell layer, and the glomerular layer (GL). In these regions, expression of PTPRO is predominant in interneurons such as ,-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic or calretinin (CR)-positive granule cells. In addition, PTPRO is expressed in GABAergic, CR-positive, tyrosine hydroxylase-positive, or neurocalcin-positive periglomerular cells in the GL. Costaining of PTPRO with other neuronal markers suggests that PTPRO is likely to be localized to the dendrites or dendritic spines of these olfactory interneurons. Thus, PTPRO might participate in regulation of dendritic morphology or synapse formation of interneurons in the adult mouse OB. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:119,136, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression of PTPRO in the interneurons of adult mouse olfactory bulbTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 2 2010Takenori Kotani Abstract PTPRO is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) with a single catalytic domain in its cytoplasmic region and multiple fibronectin type III-like domains in its extracellular region. In the chick, PTPRO mRNA has been shown to be particularly abundant in embryonic brain, and PTPRO is implicated in axon growth and guidance during embryonic development. However, the temporal and spatial expression of PTPRO protein in the mammalian CNS, particularly in the juvenile and adult mammalian brain, has not been evaluated in any detail. By immunohistofluorescence analysis with a monoclonal antibody to PTPRO, we show that PTPRO is widely expressed throughout the mouse brain from embryonic day 16 to postnatal day 1, while expression is largely confined to the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory tubercle in the adult brain. In the OB, PTPRO protein is expressed predominantly in the external plexiform layer, the granule cell layer, and the glomerular layer (GL). In these regions, expression of PTPRO is predominant in interneurons such as ,-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic or calretinin (CR)-positive granule cells. In addition, PTPRO is expressed in GABAergic, CR-positive, tyrosine hydroxylase-positive, or neurocalcin-positive periglomerular cells in the GL. Costaining of PTPRO with other neuronal markers suggests that PTPRO is likely to be localized to the dendrites or dendritic spines of these olfactory interneurons. Thus, PTPRO might participate in regulation of dendritic morphology or synapse formation of interneurons in the adult mouse OB. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:119,136, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Temporal and Spatial Expression of Tumor-Associated Antigen RCAS1 in Pregnant Mouse UterusAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Ekaterine Tskitishvili Citation Tskitishvili E, Nakamura H, Kinugasa-Taniguchi Y, Kanagawa T, Kimura T, Tomimatsu T, Shimoya K. Temporal and spatial expression of tumor-associated antigen RCAS1 in pregnant mouse uterus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 137,143 Problem, The tumor-associated antigen RCAS1 (receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells) is considered to play a role in the inhibition of maternal immune response during pregnancy, and participates in the initiation of labor and placental detachment. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of RCAS1 protein in the uteri of normal pregnant mice. Method of study, Uteri with fetuses were collected from pregnant ICR mice on days 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, and 9.5 p.c., and uterine and placental tissues were obtained separately on days 11.5, 13.5, 15.5, and 17.5 p.c. Samples were examined using real-time (RT)-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical analyses. Results, In normal pregnant mice, RCAS1 protein mRNA was significantly increased on day 7.5 p.c. Antigen localization was detected in the placenta, decidua, and fetus. Conclusion, The results of this study suggest the importance of day 7.5 p.c. for RCAS1 protein expression in connection with placentation as a possible target for future in vivo studies. [source] Mouse testis,brain RNA-binding protein (TB-RBP): expression, purification and crystal X-ray diffractionACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 11 2001John M. Pascal TB-RBP (testis,brain RNA-binding protein) is a mouse RNA-binding protein that controls the temporal and spatial expression of mRNA. Found most abundantly in brain and male germ cells in the testis, TB-RBP is known to suppress the translation of specific testicular and brain mRNAs as part of cell development. TB-RBP,mRNA complexes can bind microtubules and thereby facilitate RNA translocation. Translin is the human orthologue of TB-RBP which binds to single-stranded ends of DNA sequences in breakpoint regions of chromosomal translocations. TB-RBP/translin has been crystallized in space group P21212. The expression, purification, and crystallization of TB-RBP are described as well as preliminary X-ray diffraction data. The multimeric state of TB-RBP is addressed using dynamic light-scattering results. [source] Jungle Law in the Orchard: Comparing Globalization in the New Zealand and Chilean Apple IndustriesECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2002Megan K. L. McKenna Abstract: Restructuring in the global apple market is leading to a pronounced tightening in the competitive spaces occupied by Southern Hemisphere producers. For New Zealand and Chile, the world's two most successful apple-exporting countries, significant challenges are presented by projected industry trends, such as declining profitability in the global industry, increased world production, and the continued static demand in key markets. In particular, falling prices in Europe and North America for many key varieties and concomitant lower returns to growers are threatening serious and pervasive impacts. This article explores some of these challenges in the context of the significantly different positions occupied by New Zealand and Chile within the global fresh fruit and vegetable complex. An analysis of the two countries' industries, particularly comparing issues of regulation and innovative varietal development, shows that global food complexes have highly variable spatial expressions, given their process-based nature and underlying dynamics of contestation. Focusing on the increased competition between the New Zealand and Chilean apple industries, the discussion sheds light on wider emerging competitive dynamics within the global fruit industry. The example of the recent Pacific Rose crisis, which involved Chilean "theft" of an exclusive New Zealand apple variety, is used to illustrate the emergence of "jungle law" in the Southern Hemisphere apple industries. [source] MAKING SUSTAINABLE CREATIVE/CULTURAL SPACE IN SHANGHAI AND SINGAPORE,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 1 2009LILY KONG ABSTRACT. Shanghai and Singapore are two economically vibrant Asian cities that have recently adopted creative/cultural economy strategies. In this article I examine new spatial expressions of cultural and economic interests in the two cities: state-vaunted cultural edifices and organically evolved cultural spaces. I discuss the simultaneous precariousness and sustainability of these spaces, focusing on Shanghai's Grand Theatre and Moganshan Lu and on Singapore's Esplanade,Theatres by the Bay and Wessex Estate. Their cultural sustainability is understood as their ability to support the development of indigenous content and local idioms in artistic work. Their social sustainability is examined in terms of the social inclusion and community bonds they engender; environmental sustainability refers to the articulation with the language of existing urban forms and the preservation of or improvements to the landscape. Although both Shanghai and Singapore demonstrate simultaneous precariousness and sustainability, Singapore's city-state status places greater pressure on it to ensure sustainability than does Shanghai, within a much larger China in which Beijing serves as the cultural hearth while Shanghai remains essentially a commercial center. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||