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Spring Barley (spring + barley)
Selected AbstractsEvaluation of Drought-Related Traits and Screening Methods at Different Developmental Stages in Spring BarleyJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008F. Szira Abstract Despite intensive research and breeding efforts, the physiological and quantitative genetic bases of drought tolerance are still poorly understood. The comparison of results obtained from different sources is also complex, because different testing methods may lead to controversial conclusions. This report discusses various drought stress experiments (hydroponics and in soil) in which the plant tolerance was studied at different developmental stages. Tests were performed in the germination, seedling and adult plant stages on the parental lines of five well-known barley-mapping populations. The results suggest that drought tolerance is a stage-specific trait and changes during the life cycle. The effect of drought stress depended not only on the duration and intensity of water deficiency, but also on the developmental phase in which it began. To induce the same type of stress and to obtain comparable tolerance information from the replications, it is recommended that drought stress should be induced at the same growth stage. Correlations between the traits, commonly associated with improved drought resistance (high relative water content under stress, proline accumulation, osmoregulation) with stress tolerance indexes, are also presented, while the advantages and disadvantages of the most frequently used screening methods are discussed. [source] The Change of Heat Emission and Phenolic Compound Level in Hordeum vulgare (L.) and Festuca pratensis (Huds.) Calli Treated with Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 1 2000Phytotoxins The presented work was conducted on calli of spring barley and meadow fescue that differed in degree of sensitivity to leaf spot pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. Callus reaction to fungus phytotoxins was examined on the basis of the amount of total phenolics and heat emission. The study was conducted dynamically , the measurements were performed after 1, 3, 6, 10, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 240 h after the moment when the calli were elicited with fungus metabolites. The greatest metabolic activity of fescue calli was observed between the 6th and the 24th h after treatment with phytotoxins and amounted to 170 % of control values. On the 10th day of culture this activity dramatically decreased in comparison with control (17 %). In the case of barley calli, increased heat emission was registered during the first 10 h of pathogenesis (130,150 % of control values). Calli of both studied plant species also differed in the dynamics of phenolic content changes. In meadow fescue tissue a significant decrease in phenolic level in comparison with control (40 %) was observed after the 7th day of experiment. In barley calli the amount of total phenolics decreased within the first 3 h (60,70% of control). The results obtained show that spring barley and meadow fescue differ in the rate of reaction to B. sorokiniana phytotoxins with regard to changes in metabolic activity and phenolic content. It also suggests a different degree of the plants sensitivity to the studied pathogen on tissue level. [source] Bound amino acids in humic acids from arable cropping systemsJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 5 2004Lech Szajdak Abstract We investigated the varying concentrations of bound amino acids in humic acids (HA) extracted from soils under both crop rotation and continuous cropping of rye. The experiment was created in 1957. Since then, winter rye had been grown continuously and also the sequence of the 7 yr rotation had been started: potato, spring barley, alfalfa, alfalfa, oil seed rape, winter rye, and winter rye. Soils were fertilized with NPK and manure. Continuous cropping of rye increased total acidity of soils and the contents of carboxylic and phenolic groups in HA. The total amounts of the bound amino acids in HA from soils under crop rotation were higher than from continuous cropping of rye. Fertilization with NPK increased the contents of bound amino acids more than manure. Neutral amino acids dominated in all samples of HA, and basic amino acids had the lowest concentrations. In both types of cultivation, glutamic acids, glycine, alanine, valine, and lysine dominated. The proline contents in HA from continuous rye cropping were higher than in HA from soils under crop rotation. The concentrations of ,-alanine and lysine were higher in HA from crop rotation indicating a higher microbial biomass since these compounds are typical constituents of bacteria cell walls. In Huminsäuren gebundene Aminosäuren aus Böden unterschiedlicher Anbausysteme In Bodenproben aus Feldern mit Roggen-Monokultur und Fruchtwechsel wurde die Konzentration von Anminosäuren in Huminsäuren untersucht. Der Feldversuch wurde im Jahre 1957 angelegt. Auf einem Teil des Feldes wurde Winterroggen in Monokultur angebaut, auf dem anderen Teil wurde eine Fruchtfolge aus Kartoffeln, Sommergerste, Luzerne, Raps, Winterroggen und Winterrogen angebaut. Die Böden wurden mit NPK und Stallmist gedüngt. Unter der Roggen-Monokultur vergrößerten sich die Gesamtazidität des Bodens und die Anteile von Karboxyl- und phenolischen OH-Gruppen in den Huminsäuren. Die Aminosäuregehalte der Huminsäuren waren bei Fruchtfolge höher als unter Monokultur. Bei Nutzung von Mineraldüngern war die Konzentration der Aminosäuren höher als bei Stallmist. Die neutralen Aminosäuren waren immer in größeren Gehalten vorhanden als die sauren Aminosäuren. Unabhängig von den Pflanzen dominierten immer Glutaminsäure, ß-Alanin, Valin und Lysin. Bei Monokultur war die Menge an Prolin höher als bei der Fruchtfolge. Die Gehalte an ß-Alanin und Lysin verhielten sich umgekehrt, was durch eine höhere mikrobielle Biomasse erklärt wird, da ,-Alanin und Lysin in Zellwände von Bakterien eingebaut sind. [source] Prediction of crop yield in Sweden based on mesoscale meteorological analysisMETEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, Issue 4 2000Valentin L Foltescu This paper presents a prediction system for regional crop growth in Sweden, recently set up at SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute). The system includes a state-of-the-art crop growth model, WOFOST (WOrld FOod STudies) and inputs from meteorological mesoscale analysis. The simulated crops are spring barley, spring rape, oats and winter wheat, and the period of investigation is 1985,98. The simulated water-limited grain yield is used as a predictor in the yield prediction procedure. The technological time trend describing the yearly increase of the production level is accounted for as well. Yield prediction based on crop growth modelling is justified since the ability to forecast the yield is higher compared to that using the technological time trend alone. The prediction errors are of the order of 8 to 16%, with the lowest errors for winter wheat and spring barley. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Inheritance of heading time in spring barley evaluated in multiple environmentsPLANT BREEDING, Issue 3 2001L. W. Gallagher Abstract The inheritance of heading time of spring barley was studied in three extremely early genotypes IB, RL and ,Mona' (M), which is homozygous recessive for the early maturity ea8 (=eak) gene conferring extreme earliness under short daylengths and is relatively photoperiod insensitive, and five (GP, MA, PS, NU and BA) spring genotypes that are early to intermediate for heading time. Frequency distributions of F2 generations grown at Ouled Gnaou, Morocco (32°15, N), an environment which maximizes differences between photoperiod-insensitive and photoperiod-sensitive genotypes, indicated that across populations many loci were segregating in a complex Mendelian manner. IB and RL were both homozygous recessive for the ea8 gene, which conferred an early heading time. RL had partially dominant alleles at second locus (Enea8), which enhanced its earliness. Recovery of only progeny within the parental range of genotypes for heading time from the crosses of RL/M and IB/M suggests that numerous loci remained suppressed, perhaps latent, given their diverse parentage. The ea8 recessive homozygote in RL suppressed another unidentified locus which, when homozygous recessive in the absence of the ea8 recessive homozygote, conferred extreme earliness in one short daylength environment (Ouled Gnaou, Morocco) but was undetected in another environment (Davis, CA, USA). Epistatic gene action and genotype × environment effects strongly influenced heading time. In addition to a genetic system consisting of single-locus recessive homozygotes conferring photoperiod insensitivity, a second genetic system, based on dominant alleles at one or a few loci, derived from the early heading Finnish landrace ,Olli', also confers extremely early heading time under short daylengths and relative photoperiod insensitivity in the genotype GP. [source] Potential contribution of selected canopy traits to the tolerance of foliar disease by spring barleyPLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2009I. J. Bingham A model of canopy photosynthesis and above-ground growth rate was used to investigate the potential impact of several canopy traits on tolerance of foliar disease by barley. Disease tolerance was defined as the reduction in predicted crop dry-matter growth rate per unit of visible disease symptoms. The traits were canopy area (leaf area index, LAI), light extinction coefficient (k) and the ratio of virtual to visible lesion size (,). The effects of altering the area of the healthy flag leaf and its light-saturated rate of photosynthesis (Pmax) in response to disease elsewhere on the plant were also investigated. The model was parameterized for spring barley and run with a solar radiation and temperature regime typical of north-east Scotland. Predicted reductions in growth rate per unit increase in disease were greatest at high disease severity and when disease was distributed relatively uniformly through the canopy. Tolerance was increased by increasing LAI to >3 and k to >0·3, but the beneficial effects depended on the severity and, to a lesser extent, the distribution of disease. Tolerance was reduced by increasing ,. A sensitivity analysis performed at a single disease severity and distribution showed that tolerance was most sensitive to variations in , and compensatory adjustments in area and Pmax of the flag leaf, and least sensitive to whole canopy LAI and k. Future research should quantify the genetic variation in these traits within barley germplasm to evaluate the scope for improving the disease tolerance of spring barley. [source] Different Patterns of Physiological and Molecular Response to Drought in Seedlings of Malt- and Feed-type Barleys (Hordeum vulgare)JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010M. Rapacz Abstract A number of physiological and molecular characteristics are proposed as selection criteria for drought tolerance. This study measured the associations between physiological and molecular characteristics of drought response in malting and fodder spring barleys. Plants of 13 malt- and 14 feed-type Polish genotypes were exposed to drought at the four-leaf stage for 7 days. Drought susceptibility indexes (DSI) were calculated for membrane integrity, water status, gas exchange and PSII photochemical activity. Accumulation of HVA1 and SRG6 transcripts in drought was measured with real-time PCR. A wide range of variation in the drought response was observed among studied genotypes. Malting barleys were less sensitive to drought than feed-barleys according to all the traits studied. In both groups, different patterns of relationships between traits were observed. In malting genotypes only, CO2 assimilation rates in drought, as well as PSII efficiency were related to both water content and the accumulation of HVA1 transcript in leaves. On the other hand the SRG6 expression was highly correlated in both groups of barley with the photochemical efficiency of PSII. The results suggest that different physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics should be applied in the selection towards drought resistance in the case of malting and fodder barleys. [source] | |||||||||||||