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Kinds of Ball Terms modified by Ball Selected AbstractsPROCESSING AND ACCEPTABILITY OF FRIED CASSAVA BALLS ("AKARA-AKPU") SUPPLEMENTED WITH MELON AND SOYBEAN FLOURSJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 2 2007CHIEMELA ENYINNAYA CHINMA ABSTRACT The processing and acceptability of fried cassava balls ("Akara-akpu") supplemented with melon and soybean flours were studied. Cassava flour, defatted soybean flour and cassava mash were produced. Some functional and chemical properties of the flours were determined. Akara-akpu prepared from 100% cassava mash served as control; 100% cassava flour, 80% cassava flour + 20% defatted soybean and 70% cassava flour + 30% defatted melon flour were prepared. Akara-akpu balls were subjected to chemical and physical analyses. Akara-akpu prepared from composite flour blends had higher protein, fat, ash and energy value than Akara-akpu from 100% cassava mash. The cyanide content and degree of starch gelatinization of Akara-akpu prepared from 100% cassava mash (control) were higher than Akara-akpu prepared from cassava mash plus composite flour blends. There was a significant difference (P , 0.05) in weight and yield between Akara-akpu prepared from 100% cassava mash (control) and cassava mash plus composite flour blends. There was no significant difference (P , 0.05) in volume between Akara-akpu made from control sample and those cassava plus composite flour blends. [source] SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF HADDOCK BALLS AFFECTED BY ADDED FISH PROTEIN ISOLATE AND FROZEN STORAGEJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 3 2010GHOLAM REZA SHAVIKLO ABSTRACT Fish protein isolate (FPI) made from haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) cut-offs by the pH-shift process was added to haddock mince to make two groups of fried fish balls. The proportions (%) of mince to isolate were 100:0 (control group), 75:25 and 50:50. All groups were air packed and kept frozen at ,18C. The sample groups were evaluated by sensory evaluation 1 day after processing and after 2, 4 and 8 weeks of storage at ,18C. The results indicated that added FPI to mince and frozen storage affected the odor, flavor, texture and appearance of fish balls significantly, possibly because of chemical and biochemical changes of all groups. This study also revealed that most negative features are attributed to the groups containing 50% mince and 50% isolate. The results can be considered for product development of FPI. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Fish protein isolate from by-products is a new source of fish protein to produce ready-to-eat or value-added products. Little information has been published on product development about fish protein isolate and quality and sensory attributes of such products. Therefore, the results of this study could be useful for applying fish protein isolate to food systems. [source] Book and Media ReviewsADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2000David Ball Books reviewed in this article: Book reviews in this column will primarily be of titles focusing completely, or in part, on biological aspects of addiction. However, significant titles of general relevance to the addictions field will also be included, even if they are not "biological", as will titles of general methodological and clinical relevance, even if they are not on "addictions". Similar considerations will apply to other media (software, audio tapes and CDs, videos, etc). However, specific "addictions" software applications seem to be relatively uncommon and, as these items are rarely reviewed elsewhere, we will endeavour to include reviews of some of the older programmes that are still useful, as well as new titles that appear. I would appreciate suggesti ons of any items suitable for reviews, but especially software and other media of specifi c relevance to the addictions. Please contact: Dr David Ball, National Addiction Centre, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, UK. Dual Diagnosis and Treatment: substance abuse and co-morbid medical and psychiatric disorders HENRY R. KRANZLER & BRUCE J. ROUNSAVILLE (Eds) Improving the Care of People in Substance Misuse Ser vices: clinical audit project examples KIRSTY MACLEAN STEEL & CLAIRE PALMER Software European Legal Texts on Drugs (CD-Rom) [source] From London to Liverpool: Evidence for a Limehouse,Reid porcelain connection based on the analysis of sherds from the Brownlow Hill (ca. 1755,1767) factory siteGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 8 2003J. Victor Owen The diversity of Brownlow Hill porcelains of the Wm Reid & Co. era is due to the remarkably wide range in the composition of their pastes and glazes and inferred firing conditions relative to the initial vitrification temperature. Sixteen of 21 analyzed sherds from the factory site are bone-ash wares that display large variations in their bulk chemical composition. The remaining samples have silicious-aluminous (akin to "stone china" sensu Richard Pococke in 1750) and silicious-aluminous-calcic ("S-A-C") compositions that resemble Limehouse (London) and Pomona (Staffordshire) porcelains produced during the 1740s. The mineralogy of the Brownlow Hill S-A-C sherds suggests firing at a relatively high temperature (Tmax approaching 1400°C, based on relations on the SiO2 -Al2O3 -CaO phase diagram), thereby obscuring the identity of some of the ingredients (e.g., the source of CaO) used in their manufacture. Limehouse and Brownlow Hill may have been linked through the activities of William Ball, who is mentioned in connection with both factories, or indirectly via former Limehouse staff later employed at the Pomona factory, located not far from a Wm Reid & Co. branch factory in Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent. In terms of a time line, knowledge of these pastes appears to have spread first from London to Staffordshire, and then to Liverpool. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The canopy conductance of a boreal aspen forest, Prince Albert National Park, CanadaHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 9 2004P. D. Blanken Abstract Annual fluxes of canopy-level heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide were measured using eddy covariance both above the aspen overstory (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and hazelnut understory (Corylus cornuta Marsh.) of a boreal aspen forest (53·629 °N 106·200 °W). Partitioning of the fluxes between overstory and understory components allowed the calculation of canopy conductance to water vapour for both species. On a seasonal basis, the canopy conductance of the aspen accounted for 70% of the surface conductance, with the latter a strong function of the forest's leaf area index. On a half-hour basis, the canopy conductance of both species decreased non-linearly as the leaf-surface saturation deficits increased, and was best parameterized and showed similar sensitivities to a modified form of the Ball,Berry,Woodrow index, where relative humidity was replaced with the reciprocal of the saturation deficit. The negative feedback between the forest evaporation and the saturation deficit in the convective boundary layer varied from weak when the forest was at full leaf to strong when the forest was developing or loosing leaves. The coupling between the air at the leaf surface and the convective boundary layer also varied seasonally, with coupling decreasing with increasing leaf area. Compared with coniferous boreal forests, the seasonal changes in leaf area had a unique impact on vegetation,atmosphere interactions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Do Stock Prices Fully Reflect the Implications of Special Items for Future Earnings?JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 3 2002David Burgstahler Previous research (Rendleman, Jones, and Latane [1987]; Freeman and Tse [1989]; Bernard and Thomas [1990]; and Ball and Bartov [1996]) indicates that security prices do not fully reflect predictable elements of the relation between current and future quarterly earnings. We investigate whether this finding also holds for the special items component of earnings. Given that special items are prominent in financial analysis and are assumed to have relatively straightforward implications for future earnings (special items are assumed to be largely transitory), one might expect that prices would fully impound the implications of special items for future earnings. Based on the "two-equation" approach used in Ball and Bartov [1996] and other studies (e.g., Abarbanell and Bernard [1992]; Sloan [1996]; Rangan and Sloan [1998]; and Soffer and Lys [1999]), we find that while prices reflect relatively more of the effects of special items compared to other earnings components, we still reject the null hypothesis that prices fully impound the implications of special items for future earnings. The "two-equation" approach assesses the consistency of coefficients in a pair of prediction and pricing equations, and thus depends on an assumed functional form. However, a less structured abnormal returns methodology like that used in Bernard and Thomas [1990] also supports the conclusion that the implications of special items are not fully impounded in prices. Specifically, a trading strategy based only on the sign of special items earns small but statistically significant abnormal returns during a 3-day window four quarters subsequent to the original announcement of special items. [source] The Output Effect of a Transition to Price Stability When Velocity Is Time VaryingJOURNAL OF MONEY, CREDIT AND BANKING, Issue 5 2010LYNNE EVANS price stability; velocity; disinflation; output boom; optimal speed of disinflation This paper explores the effect of time-varying velocity on output responses to policies for reducing/stopping inflation. We study a dynamic general equilibrium model with sticky prices in which we introduce time-varying velocity. Specifically, we endogenize time-varying velocity into the model developed by Ireland (1997) for analyzing optimal disinflation. The nonlinear solution method reveals that, depending on velocity, the "disinflationary boom" found by Ball (1994) may disappear even under perfect credibility and that early output losses may be much larger than previously thought. Indeed, we find that a gradual disinflation from a low inflation may even be undesirable. [source] Mental tests and fossilsJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2004Richard A. Littman This article investigates the origins of the intelligence test item known as the Ball and Field in Lewis M. Terman's Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale. The question was initially raised by the resemblance of paleontological ocean bed floor tracings left by ancient creatures to the responses produced by children given the Ball and Field Test. A version of the Ball and Field Test was invented by Clifton F. Hodge, one of Terman's graduate school instructors who devised it as a result of his observations about how birds and other animals navigated and found their way. He then tested how humans and children located hidden objects and found that, in many ways, animals and humans used similar strategies for getting home or finding objects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Sustainable management of soil organic matter Edited by RM Rees, BC Ball, CD Campbell and CA Watson CAB International, Wallingford, 2001 pp 439, price £55.JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 1 2002ISBN 0-85199-465- No abstract is available for this article. [source] Cinderella comes to the Ball: Art 14 and the right to non-discrimination in the ECHRLEGAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2009Rory O'Connell This paper examines how Art 14 has developed and how it may live up to its potential as a powerful non-discrimination principle. The case-law developments in relation to the ,ambit' requirement in Art 14, the development of indirect discrimination case-law and the approval of positive action, all point to a more substantive conception of equality, which offers protection to disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. [source] Parameterization of the CO2 and H2O gas exchange of several temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees at the leaf scale considering seasonal changesPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 2 2003Y. KOSUGI ABSTRACT A combined model to simulate CO2 and H2O gas exchange at the leaf scale was parameterized using data obtained from in situ leaf-scale observations of diurnal and seasonal changes in the CO2 and H2O gas exchange of four temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees using a porometric method. The model consists of a Ball et al. type stomatal conductance submodel [Ball, Woodrow & Berry, pp. 221,224 in Progress in Photosynthesis Research (ed. I. Biggins), Martinus-Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1987] and a Farquhar et al. type biochemical submodel of photosynthesis (Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry, Planta 149, 78,90, 1980). In these submodels, several parameters were optimized for each tree species as representative of the quantitative characteristics related to gas exchange. The results show that the seasonal physiological changes of Vcmax25 in the biochemical model of photosynthesis should be used to estimate the long-term CO2 gas exchange. For Rd25 in the biochemical model of photosynthesis and m in the Ball et al. type stomatal conductance model, the difference should be counted during the leaf expansion period. [source] The Ball,Berry,Leuning and Tardieu,Davies stomatal models: synthesis and extension within a spatially aggregated picture of guard cell functionPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 11 2002R. C. Dewar Abstract A new model of stomatal conductance is proposed which combines the essential features of the Ball,Berry,Leuning (BBL) and Tardieu,Davies (TD) models within a simple spatially aggregated picture of guard cell function. The model thus provides a coherent description of stomatal responses to both air and soil environments. The model also presents some novel features not included in either the BBL or TD models: stomatal sensing of intercellular (rather than leaf surface) CO2 concentration; an explanation of all three observed regimes (A, B and C) of the stomatal response to air humidity (Monteith Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 357,364, 1995); incorporation of xylem embolism; and maintenance of hydraulic homeostasis by combined hydraulic and chemical signalling in leaves (in which leaf epidermal hydraulic conductivity plays a key role). Significantly, maintenance of hydraulic homeostasis in the model does not require a direct feedback signal from xylem embolism, the predicted minimum leaf water potential being independent of xylem hydraulic conductivity. It is suggested that stomatal regulation through combined hydraulic and chemical signalling in leaves and/or roots provides a general mechanism enabling plants to maintain their water potentials above a minimum value. Natural selection of the key stomatal parameters would then set the minimum potential to a specific value determined by the most vulnerable plant process under water stress (e.g. cell growth, protein synthesis or xylem cavitation), depending on species and growth conditions. [source] Titelbild: First Regio- and Enantioselective Chromium-Catalyzed Homoallenylation of Aldehydes (Angew. Chem.ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 48 200948/2009) Ein Ass serviert: Die erste regio- und enantioselektive Variante der chromkatalysierten Homoallenylierung eines Aldehyds wird von P.,J. Guiry et,al. in der Zuschrift auf S.,9316,ff. beschrieben. Der nicht- C2 -symmetrische Bis(oxazolin)-Ligand (Tennisschläger) wechselwirkt mit dem Cr-Dien-Komplex (Ball), der sich dem Aldehyd (Netz) von der Re -Seite nähert und präparativ wertvolle chirale ,-Allenole liefert. Der Cr-Homoallen-Komplex bleibt aus dem Spiel! [source] Diplomacy Interrupted?: Macmahon Ball, Evatt and Labor's Policies in Occupied Japan,AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 2 2006Christine de Matos Historiography on the Australian political and diplomatic role in the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945,1952) gives disproportionate attention to the meetings between the Australian Minister for External Affairs, H.V. Evatt, and the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan (SCAP), General Douglas MacArthur, in Tokyo during 1947. These meetings are then linked to the subsequent resignation from the Allied Council for Japan (ACJ) of William Macmahon Ball, an Australian academic representing the British Commonwealth, and used to justify the claim that Australian policy towards Occupied Japan was unpredictable and ad hoc. This attention to Ball's resignation has distorted analysis of Australia's role in, and policies towards, Japan during the Occupation. This article argues that there is a need to develop a new historical discourse for the Australian role in the Occupation, one that moves beyond the intrigues of personalities and investigates diplomatic policy practice and its underlying ideals. This, in turn, may encourage other scholars to rethink the wider conduct and practice of foreign policy under the Labor governments of the 1940s. [source] Short-term lime pretreatment of poplar woodBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 2 2009Rocio Sierra Abstract Short-term lime pretreatment uses lime and high-pressure oxygen to significantly increase the digestibility of poplar wood. When the treated poplar wood was enzymatically hydrolyzed, glucan and xylan were converted to glucose and xylose, respectively. To calculate product yields from raw biomass, these sugars were expressed as equivalent glucan and xylan. To recommend pretreatment conditions, the single criterion was the maximum overall glucan and xylan yields using a cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g glucan in raw biomass. On this basis, the recommended conditions for short-term lime pretreatment of poplar wood follow: (1) 2 h, 140°C, 21.7 bar absolute and (2) 2 h, 160°C, and 14.8 bar absolute. In these two cases, the reactivity was nearly identical, thus the selected condition depends on the economic trade off between pressure and temperature. Considering glucose and xylose and their oligomers produced during 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, the overall yields attained under these recommended conditions follow: (1) 95.5 g glucan/100 g of glucan in raw biomass and 73.1 g xylan/100 g xylan in raw biomass and (2) 94.2 g glucan/100 g glucan in raw biomass and 73.2 g xylan/100 g xylan in raw biomass. The yields improved by increasing the enzyme loading. An optimal enzyme cocktail was identified as 67% cellulase, 12% ,-glucosidase, and 24% xylanase (mass of protein basis) with cellulase activity of 15 FPU/g glucan in raw biomass and total enzyme loading of 51 mg protein/g glucan in raw biomass. Ball milling the lime-treated poplar wood allowed for 100% conversion of glucan in 120 h with a cellulase loading of only 10 FPU/g glucan in raw biomass. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009 [source] Sacrifice Ratios with Long-Lived Effects,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, Issue 2 2005Lawrence Huiyan Zhang This paper is a theoretical and empirical study of sacrifice ratios,that is, the cost of reducing inflation during periods when disinflation produces long-lived effects on output or unemployment. New methods are developed for measuring sacrifice ratios. Sacrifice ratios that take into account long-lived effects are larger than sacrifice ratios calculated using Ball's (1994) ,standard method'. The ,standard method' also has a larger downward bias for countries experiencing larger long-lived effects. The sacrifice ratio for the United States falls somewhere in the middle of those for G-7 countries when long-lived effects are taken into account, while it is at the top when calculated using the ,standard method'. Finally, there is a negative relationship between sacrifice ratios and initial inflation rates, and the cost of reducing inflation is generally lower when the speed of disinflation is faster. [source] Ownership Concentration in Privatized Firms: The Role of Disclosure Standards, Auditor Choice, and Auditing InfrastructureJOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 5 2006OMRANE GUEDHAMI ABSTRACT We rely on a unique data set to estimate the impact of disclosure standards and auditor-related characteristics on ownership concentration in 190 privatized firms from 31 countries. Accounting transparency can help alleviate the agency conflict between minority investors and controlling shareholders, which is evident in the extent of ownership concentration, since the expropriation of corporate resources hinges on these private benefits remaining hidden. After controlling for other country-level and firm-level determinants, we find weak (no) evidence that extensive disclosure standards (auditor choice) reduce ownership concentration. In contrast, we report strong, robust evidence that ownership concentration is lower in countries with securities laws that specify a lower burden of proof in civil and criminal litigation against auditors, consistent with Ball's [2001] predictions. Collectively, our research implies that minority investors worldwide value legal institutions that discipline auditors in the event of financial reporting failure over both the presence of a Big 5 auditor and better disclosure standards. Re-estimating our regressions on a broad sample of western European public firms provides similar evidence on all of our predictions. [source] Sugar Balls: Synthesis and Supramolecular Assembly of [60]Fullerene GlycoconjugatesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 16 2007Haruhito Kato Abstract The synthesis and characterization of fully deprotected C60 glycoconjugates 4 and 17 is reported. Bis(,- D -mannopyranosyl)malonamide 4 was obtained by using nucleophilic cyclopropanation chemistry, which in general is a very versatile method for fullerene functionalization. Fullerene sugar 17 contains two dendritic ,- D -mannopyranosides that are connected through two adjacent imino bridges to the all-carbon framework. In this adduct-type of C60, which represents a 1,9-dihydro-1a-aza-1(2)a-homo(C60 - Ih)[5,6]fullerene derivative, the entire 60-,-electron system of the fullerene core is retained. This architecture allows the basic cleavage of the acetyl protection groups of precursor adduct 16 without destruction of the core structure of the fullerene sugar. Dendritic glycoconjugate 17 containing six deprotected sugar building blocks is very soluble in water. The amphiphilic nature of 17 with its cone-shaped structure forces the formation of small supramolecular aggregates in aqueous solutions to shield the hydrophobic fullerene units from the water subphase. DOSY NMR spectroscopy and TEM investigation reveal micellar sugar balls with an extremely narrow size distribution of around 4 nm.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source] Electrospray-Assisted Fabrication of Uniform Photonic Balls,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 7 2004H. Moon Photonic balls have been fabricated (see Figure) by field-enhanced electrospray of an aqueous colloidal suspension. The polystyrene (PS) beads inside the suspension droplets self-organize into opaline balls while the solvent evaporates. The opaline balls are used as templates for inverse opaline photonic balls, and both types exhibit varying reflection colors depending on the diameter of the beads and the reflective index contrast. [source] Billiard Balls or Snowflakes?INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2007Major Power Prestige, Practices, the International Diffusion of Institutions Do the institutions and practices of the major powers influence those of other states? Many international relations theorists have argued that these powerful states' prestige allows them to define what is normatively acceptable. This paper tests the influence of the internal characteristics of major powers on democratization, the extension of formal political equality to women, and the practice of jailing or killing the state's domestic political opponents. We find support for the major power prestige hypothesis in the latter two cases. In understanding some important international outcomes, it makes sense to treat major powers less like impenetrable "billiard balls," distinguished only by their relative power, and more like "snowflakes" with many relevant internal characteristics. [source] Transaction Cost Estimation and International Regimes: Of Crystal Balls and Sheriff's PossesINTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 1 2004Michael Lipson In the aftermath of the 2003 war in Iraq, there is growing concern over the durability of international institutions and their capacity to withstand international change. Transaction costs are a central factor in theoretical explanations of the conditions under which international institutions will persist or be replaced. Rational institutionalists expect regimes to persist after conditions underlying their creation have changed because of the transaction costs of negotiating a replacement regime. Andrew Moravcsik has recently challenged this view, arguing that such costs are generally low and, in any case, arise from domestic and transnational sources rather than interstate bargaining. Others have argued that transaction costs shape the structure of security institutions. All these approaches assume that states can accurately forecast the transaction costs of maintaining or replacing an international regime. However, as an examination of the replacement of the Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) by the Wassenaar Arrangement demonstrates, this assumption is not necessarily warranted. This essay reviews transaction-cost-based theories of international cooperation and proposes that incorporation of a variable concerned with states' capacity to estimate transaction costs would improve our theoretical understanding of institutional persistence and change. Moreover, it considers problems of defining and measuring transaction costs, assesses factors limiting states' accurate estimation of transaction costs, and presents some propositions regarding transaction cost estimation and regime persistence. The essay also examines the implications of inaccurate transaction cost estimation for recent US foreign policy and international order. [source] Effect of Grinding Media Shapes on Breakage ParametersPARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION, Issue 3 2007Halil Ipek Abstract In the present study, the effect of grinding media shape on breakage parameters was investigated. Balls and cylpebs were used as the grinding media. It was observed that the grinding of quartz obeyed first-order breakage kinetics in the case of balls and cylpebs. Higher breakage rates were noted with cylpebs than with balls. Furthermore, it was found that the primary breakage distribution function is dependent on the feed size (i.e., non-normalizable), but independent of the grinding media shape. The effect of grinding time on the product size distribution has also been investigated. Following four and ten minute grindings, cylpebs produced a relatively finer product compared to balls. [source] Glycosidase Inhibition with Fullerene Iminosugar Balls: A Dramatic Multivalent Effect,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 33 2010Philippe Compain Prof. Superball! Ein dodekavalentes Iminozucker-Derivat mit einem Fulleren-Kern (siehe Bild) zeigt in Versuchen zur Glycosidase-Inhibition eine um bis zu drei Größenordnungen bessere Bindung als der entsprechende monovalente Ligand. Dies ist der erste Beleg für einen signifikanten Multivalenzeffekt bei der Glycosidase-Inhibition. [source] The Juggler with Half the Balls on the GroundBRAIN PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Arie Perry MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] En Route to Nanodevices of Polyoxometalate: Incorporating the Giant Nanoporous Molybdenum-Oxide based Wheels and Balls into Nanotubular ArraysCHEMISTRY - AN ASIAN JOURNAL, Issue 9 2010Lijuan Zhang Dr. Layered tubes: The giant nanoporous molybdenum-oxide based polyoxometalates of the wheel and Keplerate type with unique features, which can be considered as the basis of a new type of nanochemistry and nanomaterials science and find a variety of applications, can be easily incorporated into nanotubular arrays with well defined wall thickness and aperture. [source] Photophysical Processes in ,Supramolecular Balls' Formed by Lanthanide Chloride with 2,2,-BipyridineHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 11 2009Abstract The europium complex [EuCl2(bpy)2(H2O)2]Cl,1.25,C2H6O,0.37,H2O, where bpy is 2,2,-bipyridine, was synthesized and investigated with the aim to relate its molecular geometry and crystal packing to the efficiency of energy-transfer processes. The presence of H-bonds between noncoordinated Cl, ions and coordinated H2O molecules leads to the formation of discrete trimers assembled by a number of CH,,,Cl and stacking interactions into ,supramolecular balls' which contain Cl, ions and solvate molecules (H2O and EtOH). The additional stabilization of the complex is due to intramolecular N,,,C interactions between two bpy ligands that causes some shortening of the EuN bonds. Deciphering the luminescence properties of the Eu complex was performed under consideration of both the composition of the inner coordination sphere and the peculiarities of the crystal packing. The influence of the latter and the bpy orientation on the energy of the ligand,Eu charge-transfer state (LMCT) was established, and an additional excited state induced by the , -stacking interaction (SICT) was identified. [source] Barycentric Coordinates on SurfacesCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 5 2010Raif M. Rustamov This paper introduces a method for defining and efficiently computing barycentric coordinates with respect to polygons on general surfaces. Our construction is geared towards injective polygons (polygons that can be enclosed in a metric ball of an appropriate size) and is based on replacing the linear precision property of planar coordinates by a requirement in terms of center of mass, and generalizing this requirement to the surface setting. We show that the resulting surface barycentric coordinates can be computed using planar barycentric coordinates with respect to a polygon in the tangent plane. We prove theoretically that the surface coordinates properly generalize the planar coordinates and carry some of their useful properties such as unique reconstruction of a point given its coordinates, uniqueness for triangles, edge linearity, similarity invariance, and smoothness; in addition, these coordinates are insensitive to isometric deformations and can be used to reconstruct isometries. We show empirically that surface coordinates are shape-aware with consistent gross behavior across different surfaces, are well-behaved for different polygon types/locations on variety of surface forms, and that they are fast to compute. Finally, we demonstrate effectiveness of surface coordinates for interpolation, decal mapping, and correspondence refinement. [source] A Data-driven Segmentation for the Shoulder ComplexCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 2 2010Q Youn Hong Abstract The human shoulder complex is perhaps the most complicated joint in the human body being comprised of a set of three bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Despite this anatomical complexity, computer graphics models for motion capture most often represent this joint as a simple ball and socket. In this paper, we present a method to determine a shoulder skeletal model that, when combined with standard skinning algorithms, generates a more visually pleasing animation that is a closer approximation to the actual skin deformations of the human body. We use a data-driven approach and collect ground truth skin deformation data with an optical motion capture system with a large number of markers (200 markers on the shoulder complex alone). We cluster these markers during movement sequences and discover that adding one extra joint around the shoulder improves the resulting animation qualitatively and quantitatively yielding a marker set of approximately 70 markers for the complete skeleton. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our skeletal model by comparing it with ground truth data as well as with recorded video. We show its practicality by integrating it with the conventional rendering/animation pipeline. [source] Local 3D real space atomic structure of the simple icosahedral Ho11Mg15Zn74 quasicrystal from PDF dataCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2003S. Brühne Abstract We present a new complementary strategy to quasicrystalline structure determination: The local atomic structure of simple icosahedral (si) Ho11Mg15Zn74 [a(6D) = 5.144(3)Å in a sphere of up to r = 17Å was refined using the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) from in-house X-ray powder diffraction data (MoK,1, Qmax = 13.5Å,1; R = 20.4%). The basic building block is a 105-atom Bergman-Cluster {Ho8Mg12Zn85}. Its center is occupied by a Zn atom , in contrast to a void in face centred icosahedral (fci) Ho9Mg26Zn65. The center is then surrounded by another 12 Zn atoms, forming an icosahedron (1st shell). The 2nd shell is made up of 8 Ho atoms arranged on the vertices of a cube which in turn is completed to a pentagon dodecahedron by 12 Mg atoms, the dodecahedron then being capped by 12 Zn atoms. The 3rd shell is a distorted soccer ball of 60 Zn atoms, reflecting the higher Zn content of the si phase compared to the fci phase. In our model, 7% of all atoms are situated in between the clusters. The model corresponds to a hypothetical 1/1-approximant of the icosahedral (i) phase. The local coordinations of the single atoms are of a much distorted Frank-Kasper type and call to mind those present in 0/1-Mg2Zn11. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] The influence of impact object characteristics on impact force and force absorption by mouthguard materialDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Tomotaka Takeda Abstract,,, Most impact force and impact energy absorption tests for mouthguards have used a steel ball in a drop-ball or the pendulum device. However, in reality most sports-related trauma is caused by objects other than the steel ball, e.g. various sized balls, hockey puck, or bat or stick. Also, the elasticity, the velocity and the mass of the object could change the degree and the extent of injuries. In this study, we attempted to measure the impact force from actual sports equipment in order to clarify the exact mechanism of dental-related sports injuries and the protective effects of mouthguards. The present study was conducted using the pendulum impact device and load cell. Impact objects were removable. Seven mobile impact objects were selected for testing: a steel ball, baseball, softball, field hockey ball, ice hockey puck, cricket ball, and wooden baseball bat. The mouthguard material used in this study was a 3-mm-thick Drufosoft (Dreve-Dentamid GmbH, Unna, Germany), and test samples were made of the one-layer type. The peak transmitted forces without mouthguard ranged from the smallest (ice hockey stick, 46.9 kgf) to the biggest (steel ball, 481.6 kgf). The peak transmitted forces were smaller when the mouthguard was attached than without it for all impact materials but the effect was significantly influenced by the object type. The steel ball showed the biggest (62.1%) absorption ability while the wooden bat showed the second biggest (38.3%). The other balls or the puck showed from 0.6 to 6.0% absorbency. These results show that it is important to test the effectiveness of mouthguards on specific types of sports equipment. In future, we may select different materials and mouthguard designs suitable for specific sports. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||