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Bacterial Respiration (bacterial + respiration)
Selected AbstractsBacterial metabolism in small temperate streams under contemporary and future climatesFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 12 2007KAJ SAND-JENSEN Summary 1. We examined the detailed temperature dependence (0,40 °C) of bacterial metabolism associated with fine sediment particles from three Danish lowland streams to test if temperature dependence varied between sites, seasons and quality of organic matter and to evaluate possible consequences of global warming. 2. A modified Arrhenius model with reversible denaturation at high temperatures could account for the temperature dependence of bacterial metabolism and the beginning of saturation above 35 °C and it was superior to the unmodified Arrhenius model. Both models overestimated respiration rates at very low temperatures (<5 °C), whereas Ratkowsky's model , the square root of respiration , provided an excellent linear fit between 0 and 30 °C. 3. There were no indications of differences in temperature dependence among samples dominated by slowly or easily degradable organic substrates. Optimum temperature, apparent minimum temperature, Q10 -values for 0,40 °C and activation energies of bacterial respiration were independent of season, stream site and degradability of organic matter. 4. Q10 -values of bacterial respiration declined significantly with temperature (e.g. 3.31 for 5,15 °C and 1.43 for 25,35 °C) and were independent of site and season. Q10 -values of bacterial production behaved similarly, but were significantly lower than Q10 -values of respiration implying that bacterial growth efficiency declined with temperature. 5. A regional warming scenario for 2071,2100 (IPCC A2) predicted that mean annual temperatures will increase by 3.5 °C in the air and 2.2,4.3 °C in the streams compared with the control scenario for 1961,1990. Temperature is expected to rise more in cool groundwater-fed forest springs than in open, summer-warm streams. Mean annual bacterial respiration is estimated to increase by 26,63% and production by 18,41% among streams assuming that established metabolism,temperature relationships and organic substrate availability remain the same. To improve predictions of future ecosystem behaviour, we further require coupled models of temperature, hydrology, organic production and decomposition. [source] The highly specialized secretory epithelium in the buccal cavity of the alkalinity adapted Lake Magadi cichlid, Oreochromis alcalicus grahami (Teleostei: Cichlidae): a scanning and transmission electron microscope studyJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, Issue 4 2000J. N. Maina Abstract Oreochromis alcalicus grahami is a small cichlid fish that lives in the hot, highly alkaline, highly saline peripheral lagoons of Lake Magadi, Kenya. The fish faces profound diurnal oscillations of oxygen concentration. During the day, from photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), the water is supersaturated with oxygen but after sunset when photosynthetic activity stops the water is virtually anoxic as a result of bacterial respiration. During the night and after explosive exercise, O. a. grahami characteristically skims the surface of the water with the mouth agape, suggesting that the buccal cavity is used as a gas-exchange organ. Contrary to expectation, however, the buccal cavity was found to be conspicuously non-vascularized: the surface epithelial lining was fundamentally of a mucus secretory type. In addition, certain cells in the deeper layers showed extensive lateral labyrinths similar to the epithelium of the renal tubules. These morphological features respectively indicated roles of secreting a protective film and regulation of ions taken across the epithelial lining of the buccal cavity. The allocation of gas-exchange to the gills and the air-bladder, osmoregulation essentially to the gills, and mucus secretion/protection to the buccal cavity displays an adaptive trade-off process in an elite animal. Effective use of the buccal cavity as a gas-exchanger would entail air-gulping followed by brief retention of it in the cavity to allow oxygen uptake. During such interval, both the gills and the air-bladder would of necessity be rendered temporarily non-functional. Skimming the top layer of water with the mouth open ensures that the gills are passively ventilated with well aerated water and the air-bladder is simultaneously used for gas-exchange, a strategy that should enhance oxygen acquisition, especially at higher ambient temperatures. [source] Review article: nitric oxide from dysbiotic bacterial respiration of nitrate in the pathogenesis and as a target for therapy of ulcerative colitisALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 7 2008W. E. W. ROEDIGER Summary Background, Factors initiating human ulcerative colitis (UC) are unknown. Dysbiosis of bacteria has been hypothesized to initiate UC but, to date, neither the nature of the dysbiosis nor mucosal breakdown has been explained. Aim, To assess whether a dysbiosis of anaerobic nitrate respiration could explain the microscopic, biochemical and functional changes observed in colonocytes of UC. Methods, Published results in the gastroenterological, biochemical and microbiological literature were reviewed concerning colonocytes, nitrate respiration and nitric oxide in the colon in health and UC. A best-fit explanation of results was made regarding the pathogenesis and new treatments of UC. Results, Anaerobic nitrate respiration yields nitrite, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide. Colonic bacteria produce NO and UC in remission has a higher lumenal NO level than control cases. NO with sulphide, but not NO alone, impairs ,-oxidation, lipid and protein synthesis explaining the membrane, tight junctional and ion channel changes observed in colonocytes of UC. The observations complement therapeutic mechanisms of those probiotics, prebiotics and antibiotics useful in treating UC. Conclusions, The prolonged production of bacterial NO with sulphide can explain the initiation and barrier breakdown, which is central to the pathogenesis of UC. Therapies to alter bacterial nitrate respiration and NO production need to evolve. The production of NO by colonic bacteria and that of the mucosa need to be separated to pinpoint the sequential nature of NO damage in UC. [source] Observation without provocation: Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to understand bacterial respiration in microbial fuel cellsBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 5 2009Article first published online: 19 OCT 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Impedance spectroscopy as a tool for non-intrusive detection of extracellular mediators in microbial fuel cellsBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 5 2009Ramaraja P. Ramasamy Abstract Endogenously produced, diffusible redox mediators can act as electron shuttles for bacterial respiration. Accordingly, the mediators also serve a critical role in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), as they assist extracellular electron transfer from the bacteria to the anode serving as the intermediate electron sink. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) may be a valuable tool for evaluating the role of mediators in an operating MFC. EIS offers distinct advantages over some conventional analytical methods for the investigation of MFC systems because EIS can elucidate the electrochemical properties of various charge transfer processes in the bio-energetic pathway. Preliminary investigations of Shewanella oneidensis DSP10-based MFCs revealved that even low quantities of extracellular mediators significantly influence the impedance behavior of MFCs. EIS results also suggested that for the model MFC studied, electron transfer from the mediator to the anode may be up to 15 times faster than the electron transfer from bacteria to the mediator. When a simple carbonate membrane separated the anode and cathode chambers, the extracellular mediators were also detected at the cathode, indicating diffusion from the anode under open circuit conditions. The findings demonstrated that EIS can be used as a tool to indicate presence of extracellular redox mediators produced by microorganisms and their participation in extracellular electron shuttling. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 882,891. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||