JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2005
C. Andersen
The northern offshore part of the Cenozoic Song Hong Basin in the Gulf of Tonkin (East Vietnam Sea) is at an early stage of exploration with only a few wells drilled. Oil to source rock correlation indicates that coals are responsible for the sub-commercial oil and gas accumulations in sandstones in two of the four wells which have been drilled on faulted anticlines and flower structures. The wells are located in a narrow, structurally inverted zone with a thick predominantly deltaic Miocene succession between the Song Chay and Vinh Ninh/Song Lo fault zones. These faults are splays belonging to the offshore extension of the Red River Fault Zone. Access to a database of 3,500 km of 2D seismic data has allowed a detailed and consistent break-down of the geological record of the northern part of the basin into chronostratigraphic events which were used as inputs to model the hydrocarbon generation history. In addition, seismic facies mapping, using the internal reflection characteristics of selected seismic sequences, has been applied to predict the lateral distribution of source rock intervals. The results based on Yükler ID basin modelling are presented as profiles and maturity maps. The robustness of the results are analysed by testing different heat flow scenarios and by transfer of the model concept to IES Petromod software to obtain a more acceptable temperature history reconstruction using the Easy%R0 algorithm. Miocene coals in the wells located in the inverted zone between the fault splays are present in separate intervals. Seismic facies analysis suggests that the upper interval is of limited areal extent. The lower interval, of more widespread occurrence, is presently in the oil and condensate generating zones in deep synclines between inversion ridges. The Yükler modelling indicates, however, that the coaly source rock interval entered the main window prior to formation of traps as a result of Late Miocene inversion. Lacustrine mudstones, similar to the highly oil-prone Oligocene mudstones and coals which are exposed in the Dong Ho area at the northern margin of the Song Hong Basin and on Bach Long Vi Island in Gulf of Tonkin, are interpreted to be preserved in a system of undrilled NW,SE Paleogene half-grabens NE of the Song Lo Fault Zone. This is based on the presence of intervals with distinct, continuous, high reflection seismic amplitudes. Considerable overlap exists between the shale-prone seismic facies and the modelled extent of the present-day oil and condensate generating zones, suggesting that active source kitchens also exist in this part of the basin. Recently reported oil in a well located onshore (BIO-STB-IX) at the margin of the basin, which is sourced mainly from "Dong Ho type" lacustrine mudstones supports the presence of an additional Paleogene sourced petroleum system. [source]

EVOLUTION OF BIRD SONG AFFECTS SIGNAL EFFICACY: AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST USING HISTORICAL AND CURRENT SIGNALS

EVOLUTION, Issue 8 2007
Elizabeth P. Derryberry
Mating signals act as behavioral barriers to gene flow in many animal taxa, yet little is known about how signal evolution within populations contributes to the formation of these barriers. Although variation in mating signals among populations is known to affect mating behavior, there is no direct evidence that the evolution of mating signals changes signal effectiveness within a natural population. Making use of historical recordings of bird song, I found that both male and female white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) respond more strongly to current than to historical songs, indicating that historical songs are less effective as signals in the current contexts of both mate choice and male,male competition. Finding that historical signals are less effective suggests that signal evolution within populations may ultimately contribute to the formation of behavioral barriers to gene flow between populations. [source]

LOVE OVER GOLD: THE SONG OF SONGS FOR AOTEAROA-NEW ZEALAND

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 360 2002
Stephen J. Bennett
First page of article [source]

DISTRIBUTION OF SOURCE ROCKS AND MATURITY MODELLING IN THE NORTHERN CENOZOIC SONG HONG BASIN (GULF OF TONKIN), VIETNAM

SOURCE ROCK PROPERTIES OF LACUSTRINE MUDSTONES AND COALS (OLIGOCENE DONG HO FORMATION), ONSHORE SONG HONG BASIN, NORTHERN VIETNAM

JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 1 2005
H. I. Petersen
Oligocene lacustrine mudstones and coals of the Dong Ho Formation outcropping around Dong Ho, at the northern margin of the mainly offshore Cenozoic Song Hong Basin (northern Vietnam), include highly oil-prone potential source rocks. Mudstone and coal samples were collected and analysed for their content of total organic carbon and total sulphur, and source rock screening data were obtained by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The organic matter composition in a number of samples was analysed by reflected light microscopy. In addition, two coal samples were subjected to progressive hydrous pyrolysis in order to study their oil generation characteristics, including the compositional evolution in the extracts from the pyrolysed samples. The organic material in the mudstones is mainly composed of fluorescing amorphous organic matter, liptodetrinite and alginite with Botryococcus-morphology (corresponding to Type I kerogen). The mudstones contain up to 19.6 wt.% TOC and Hydrogen Index values range from 436,572 mg HC/g TOC. From a pyrolysis S2 versus TOC plot it is estimated that about 55% of the mudstones'TOC can be pyrolised into hydrocarbons; the plot also suggests that a minimum content of only 0.5 wt.% TOC is required to saturate the source rock to the expulsion threshold. Humic coals and coaly mudstones have Hydrogen Index values of 318,409 mg HC/g TOC. They are dominated by huminite (Type III kerogen) and generally contain a significant proportion of terrestrial-derived liptodetrinite. Upon artificial maturation by hydrous pyrolysis, the coals generate significant quantities of saturated hydrocarbons, which are probably expelled at or before a maturity corresponding to a vitrinite reflectance of 0.97%R0. This is earlier than previously indicated from Dong Ho Formation coals with a lower source potential. The composition of a newly discovered oil (well B10-STB-1x) at the NE margin of the Song Hong Basin is consistent with contributions from both source rocks, and is encouraging for the prospectivity of offshore half-grabens in the Song Hong Basin. [source]

FOREIGN TRADE, COMMERCIAL POLICIES AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE SONG AND MING DYNASTIES OF CHINA

AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 1 2008
Article first published online: 6 FEB 200, Kenneth S. Chan
authority; institutions; Ming Dynasty; Song Dynasty; tributary trade The paper presents a framework to explore the trade-off between pro-authority and pro-efficiency foreign trade policy. The former is exemplified by the tributary foreign trade system in Imperial China, while the latter by the government-supervised private foreign trade. In the Song Dynasty (960,1276), a strong external enemy compelled the monarchy to choose a pro-efficiency trade policy to finance the army, whereas during the early Ming Dynasty (1368,1644) when China was strong a pro-authority trade policy was favoured. During the late Ming, as the dynasty weakened, accompanied by external threats and internal mismanagement, the imperial government once again chose a pro-efficiency trade policy. [source]

LOVE OVER GOLD: THE SONG OF SONGS FOR AOTEAROA-NEW ZEALAND

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 360 2002
Stephen J. Bennett
First page of article [source]

Deterministic parallel selection algorithms on coarse-grained multicomputers

CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 18 2009
M. Cafaro
Abstract We present two deterministic parallel Selection algorithms for distributed memory machines, under the coarse-grained multicomputer model. Both are based on the use of two weighted 3-medians, that allows discarding at least 1/3 of the elements in each iteration. The first algorithm slightly improves the current experimentally fastest algorithm by Saukas and Song where at least 1/4 of the elements are discarded in each iteration, while the second one is a fast, special purpose algorithm working for a particular class of input, namely an input that can be sorted in linear time using RadixSort. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Hippocampal lesions impair spatial memory performance, but not song,A developmental study of independent memory systems in the zebra finch

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 8 2009
David J. Bailey
Abstract Songbirds demonstrate song- and spatial-learning, forms of memory that appear distinct in formal characteristics and fitting the descriptions and criteria of procedural and episodic-like memory function, respectively. As in other vertebrates, the neural pathways underlying these forms of memory may also be dissociable, and include the corresponding song circuit and hippocampus (HP). Whether (or not) these two memory systems interact is unknown. Interestingly, the HP distinguishes itself as a site of immediate early gene expression in response to song and as a site of estrogen synthesis, a steroid involved in song learning. Thus, an interaction between these memory systems and their anatomical substrates appears reasonable to hypothesize, particularly during development. To test this idea, juvenile male or female zebra finches received chemical lesions of the HP at various points during song learning, as did adults. Song structure, singing behavior, song preference, and spatial memory were tested in adulthood. Although lesions of the HP severely compromised HP-dependent spatial memory function across all ages and in both sexes, we were unable to detect any effects of HP lesions on song learning, singing, or song structure in males. Interestingly, females lesioned as adults, but not as juveniles, did lose the characteristic preference for their father's song. Since compromise of the neural circuits that subserve episodic-like memory does very little (if anything) to affect procedural-like (song learning) memory, we conclude that these memory systems and their anatomical substrates are well dissociated in the developing male zebra finch. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2009 [source]

Adult and peer influences on starling song development

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2007
Aline Bertin
Abstract Adult influence on song development was rarely investigated in complex social settings. We investigated the influence of the young/adult ratio on song learning in European starlings. Starling songs are composed of two categories: whistles and warbling. Warbling includes three parts: complex variable motifs, click motifs, and high frequency motifs. Song learning by young birds raised in group (G birds), in group with adults (GT birds) or in pair with one adult (IT birds) were compared. Song tutor choice, song sharing, and song quality varied with social context. The mere presence of adults in a group was not sufficient for young to develop all adult song features. Only IT birds chose adults as tutors. Social contact with only one adult enhanced acquisition of whistles, click motifs, individuality, and reduced the number of high frequency motifs (adult song features). This study suggests that the adult influence is proportional to young/adult ratio. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 362,374, 2007. [source]

Lieder machen Leute: Teaching Postwar German Identity through Song

DIE UNTERRICHTSPRAXIS/TEACHING GERMAN, Issue 1 2008
Christopher Wickham
The negotiation of a West German identity in the decades that followed World War II can be traced in the issues and movements that preoccupied the populace. These in turn are documented in the work of socially and politically motivated Liedermacher. Songs thus serve as a point of entry for students into how Germans saw themselves in the Bonn Republic. By focusing on the Wirtschaftswunder, anti-nuclear activity, the environment, and patriotic militarism as addressed in five song texts from 1967 to 1985, this article provides a resource platform from which to build learning units and student projects exploring this era. [source]

Women, Genealogy, and Composite Monarchy in Michael Drayton's Poly-Olbion

ENGLISH LITERARY RENAISSANCE, Issue 2 2010
Raphael Falco
This essay explores the remarkable proliferation of female generative figures in Michael Drayton's Poly-Olbion (1613). Rivers, bays, lakes, isles, forests, and shires in this long chorographical poem are gendered female and descend in complicated genealogical trees from important maternal guardians. The maps which precede each Song of the poem supply evidence of the predominance of female figures and of their dual roles as topographical deities and, in many cases, as local rulers in Drayton's version of Britain's origins. The maps combine to form a powerful representation of charismatic influence, demonstrating the importance of female figures in the governing structures of the poem. These governing structures are usefully seen, in J. H. Elliott's terms, as "composite monarchies" in which the "horizontal" is opposed to the "vertical articulation" of authoritarian rule. (R.F.) [source]

Female Mate Choice, Calling Song and Genetic Variance in the Cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus

ETHOLOGY, Issue 3 2008
Jocelyn Champagnon
Female preferences for song patterns of males of Gryllodes sigillatus and genetic variance of morphological traits correlated with them were analyzed. Females preferred short pulses associated with large males. The males' thorax width, wing length and femur III length showed stronger relationship with the song pulse duration, whereas the relationship between pulse duration and wing width was not significant. Interestingly, this last trait was the only one that showed significant levels of genetic variance. Perhaps these results could be explained by the evolutionary response to sexual selection. Sexual selection could deplete the genetic variance in the male traits related to male-mating success. [source]

The Mechanics of Duetting in a New Zealand Endemic, the Kokako (Callaeas cinerea wilsoni): Song at a Snail's Pace

ETHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006
Laura E. Molles
New Zealand's endemic, duetting kokako (Callaeas cinerea wilsoni) produce one of the longest known bird songs (ca 30 s) and duets that differ strikingly from those of most duetters in their unusual length and non-repetitive structure, long pauses between component phrases, and the great flexibility in sex roles. Here we present a structural analysis of the vocalizations of 17 kokako pairs collected during natural song bouts and in response to conspecific playback, to gain insight into the functional role of this extraordinary vocal behavior. Males tend to sing a greater proportion of the duet than females. Like many duetting species, kokako have a moderately sized repertoire of phrases (mean repertoire size =18) and pair members tend to sing antiphonally rather than in unison. Sharing of phrase types is high among neighboring kokako ( = 86%) and repertoires are not sex specific, as is typical of some but not all duetting species. Timing characteristics, broad sharing of phrase types, and countersinging behavior strongly suggest that kokako duets play an important role in territory defense. Additionally, differences in pairs' sex role and phrase sequence flexibility suggest that these aspects of duet performance may reflect pair-bond length or commitment, and require a time investment by pair members. [source]

Highlighted article: "E(nos)/cg4699 is required for nanos function in the female germ line of Drosophila" by Yu, Song and Wharton

GENESIS: THE JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2010
Sally A. Moody Editor in Chief
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Knowledge transfer barriers between research and development and marketing groups within Taiwanese small- and medium-sized enterprise high-technology new product development teams

HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES, Issue 6 2008
Chung-Ming Huang
This article reports on efforts to explore barriers to the transfer of knowledge from provider to seeker and the role of knowledge management strategies during the new product development (NPD) period. The study used the cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) framework from Hasan and Gould (2001) to examine the cross-functional knowledge creation process and details surrounding the concept of stickiness (Szulanski, 1996). Strategies we observed can be categorized as being classical or processual oriented (Whittington, 1993). We describe how NPD teams can reduce barriers by aligning strategies in the four knowledge-creation steps: socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. This CHAT framework was verified on the basis of samples from 107 Taiwanese NPD teams. Results show that the barriers differed among stages within the NPD period. During the transfer process, the processual strategy reduced barriers to knowledge transfer during the planning, developing, and commercialization stages of the NPD period. In contrast, the classical strategy was shown only to have a positive effect during the marketing stage. Survey results also showed that the highly formalized communication model and periodic meetings advocated by Song and colleagues (Song, Sabrina, & Zhao, 1996; Song, van der Bji, & Weggeman, 2005) and Ingelgard, Roth, Shani, and Styhre (2002) were gradually replaced by bounded transfer and a less formalized approach. These preliminary results suggest that if team leaders can use classical and processual strategies in real time, the barriers to the transfer of knowledge from provider to seeker in the four steps of the NPD period can be effectively reduced. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]

Dynamic response of soft poroelastic bed to linear water waves,a boundary layer correction approach

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 7 2001
Ping-Cheng Hsieh
Abstract According to Chen et al. (Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE 1997; 123(10):1041,1049.) a boundary layer exists within the porous bed and near the homogeneous-water/porous-bed interface when oscillatory water waves propagate over a soft poroelastic bed. This boundary layer makes the evaluation of the second kind of longitudinal wave inside the soft poroelastic bed very inaccurate. In this study, the boundary layer correction approach for the poroelastic bed is applied to the boundary value problem of linear oscillatory water waves propagating over a soft poroelastic bed. After the analyses of length scale and order of magnitude of physical variables are done, a perturbation expansion for the boundary layer correction approach based on two small parameters is proposed and solved. The solutions are carried out for the first and third kind of waves throughout the entire domain. The second kind of wave which disappears outside the boundary layer is solved systematically inside the boundary layer. The results are compared with the linear wave solutions of Huang and Song (Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE 1993; 119:1003,1020.) to confirm the validity. Moreover, a simplified boundary layer correction formulation which is expected to be very useful in numerical computation is also proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

An efficient time-domain damping solvent extraction algorithm and its application to arch dam,foundation interaction analysis

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 9 2008
Hong Zhong
Abstract The dynamic structure,unbounded foundation interaction plays an important role in the seismic response of structures. The damping solvent extraction (DSE) method put forward by Wolf and Song has a great advantage of simplicity, with no singular integrals to be evaluated, no fundamental solution required and convolution integrals avoided. However, implementation of DSE in the time domain to large-scale engineering problems is associated with enormous difficulties in evaluating interaction forces on the structure,unbounded foundation interface, because the displacement on the corresponding interface is an unknown vector to be found. Three sets of interrelated large algebraic equations have to be solved simultaneously. To overcome these difficulties, an efficient algorithm is presented, such that the solution procedure can be greatly simplified and computational effort considerably saved. To verify its accuracy, two examples with analytical solutions were investigated, each with a parameter analysis on the domain size and amount of artificial damping. Then with the parameters suggested in the parameter study, the complex frequency,response functions and earthquake time history analysis of Morrow Point dam were presented to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of DSE approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

A practical valence bond method: A configuration interaction method approach with perturbation theoretic facility

JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2004
Lingchun Song
Abstract The previously developed valence bond configuration interaction (VBCI) method (Wu, W.; Song, L.; Cao, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Shaik, S., J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 105, 2721) that borrows the general CI philosophy of the MO theory, is further extended in this article, and its methodological features are improved, resulting in three accurate and cost-effective procedures: (a) the effect of quadruplet excitation is incorporated using the Davidson correction, such that the new procedure reduces size consistency problems, with due improvement in the quality of the computational results. (b) A cost-effective procedure, named VBCI(D, S), is introduced. It includes doubly excited structures for active electrons and singly excited structures for inactive pairs. The computational results of VBCI(D, S) match those of VBCISD with much less computational effort than VBCISD. (c) Finally, a second-order perturbation theory is utilized as a means of configuration selection, and lead to considerable reduction of the computational cost, with little or no loss in accuracy. Applications of the new procedures to bond energies and barriers of chemical reactions are presented and discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 472,478, 2004 [source]

Song perception among incipient species as a mechanism for reproductive isolation

JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008
M. BRAMBILLA
Abstract Many functions in behavioural processes of small passerines are regulated via vocal messages. Song plays an important role in the development of reproductive barriers and thus playback experiments can often be used for investigating the potential for reproductive isolation through behavioural mechanisms. Moltoni's warbler Sylvia (cantillans) moltonii is characterized by diagnostic vocalizations and a peculiar pattern of distribution, being parapatric and partly sympatric with the nominate Sylvia c. cantillans. With this work, we test whether these two closely related taxa react equally to their own song and to the song of the other taxon, shedding light on whether they perceive each other's songs as coming from the same species. We carried out 184 playback experiments within the mainland range of the two forms. We judged the response of the bird on a scale of scores. Each taxon responded more strongly to playback when faced with the song of its own taxon. This held true when applied only to males or females. Additionally, birds tested for both songs showed a stronger response to the song of their own taxon. The distributional context (sympatry vs. allopatry) did not affect bird response. Results indicate that a certain degree of reproductive isolation between the two taxa (because of diverged mate recognition systems) already exists; consistently with genetic data and with the peculiar pattern of distribution; this suggests that the two taxa have reached species status. [source]

Bananas and petrol: further evidence on the forecasting accuracy of the ABS ,headline' and ,underlying' rates of inflation

JOURNAL OF FORECASTING, Issue 6 2010
Liam J. A. Lenten
Abstract In the light of the still topical nature of ,bananas and petrol' being blamed for driving much of the inflationary pressures in Australia in recent times, the ,headline' and ,underlying' rates of inflation are scrutinised in terms of forecasting accuracy. A general structural time-series modelling strategy is applied to estimate models for alternative types of Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures. From this, out-of-sample forecasts are generated from the various models. The underlying forecasts are subsequently adjusted to facilitate comparison. The Ashley, Granger and Schmalensee (1980) test is then performed to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the root mean square errors of the models. The results lend weight to the recent findings of Song (2005) that forecasting models using underlying rates are not systematically inferior to those based on the headline rate. In fact, strong evidence is found that underlying measures produce superior forecasts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

An Eleventh-Century View of Chinese Ethnic Policy: Sima Guang on the Fall of Western Jin

JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
MARK STRANGE
It fell to these barbarian usurpers in 317. Throughout the eleventh century, the Northern Song dynasty (960,1127) felt its sovereignty endangered by foreign states to the north. Parallels between the ethnic policies of Western Jin and Northern Song emerge from the representation of Western Jin's dynastic fortunes that the eleventh-century statesman and historian Sima Guang (1019,1086) offered in his famous chronicle, Zizhi tongjian (A Comprehensive Mirror to Aid Government). The present article takes that text as its focus. It examines the textual and ideological spin that Sima Guang gave his account of fourth-century ethnic tensions. It argues that his characterisation of the barbarians that threatened Western Jin resonated with his response to eleventh-century foreign relations. And it shows that for Sima Guang the integrity of the Chinese imperial state, and even Chinese identity, was at stake. [source]

Journey of Song: Public Life and Morality in Cameroon , By Clare A. Ignatowski

JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2008
JENNIFER E. JACOBS
[source]

"Pray Earnestly": The Textual Construction of Personal Involvement in Pentecostal Prayer and Song

JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2002
Robin A. Shoaps
This article addresses how a perceived tension between the spontaneous personal and the shared textual elements of religious language is resolved in the context of Pentecostal services recorded at two Assemblies of God (AG) churches in California and Michigan. In an analysis of prayer and the metapragmatic commentary that surrounds it, I argue that the balance between spontaneously created prayer and invocation of fixed text plays on an opposition that goes beyond ritual or religious language; rather, it is best understood as characterizing two opposing text-building or entextualization strategies. Using evidence from AG prayer, sermons, and songs, I show that the preferred entextualization strategy highlights the situatedness of the text in a particular context and as emanating from a particular speaker. My findings have significance not only for research on religious language, but also for further understandings of entextualization and the discursive means of constructing personhood and affect. [source]

DISTRIBUTION OF SOURCE ROCKS AND MATURITY MODELLING IN THE NORTHERN CENOZOIC SONG HONG BASIN (GULF OF TONKIN), VIETNAM

SOURCE ROCK PROPERTIES OF LACUSTRINE MUDSTONES AND COALS (OLIGOCENE DONG HO FORMATION), ONSHORE SONG HONG BASIN, NORTHERN VIETNAM

"I Need You to Pin Me Down": Repetition, Redundancy and S/M as a Metaphor in One Eurythmics Song

JOURNAL OF POPULAR MUSIC STUDIES, Issue 3 2007
Gillian Rodger
[source]

You Keep Coming Back Like A Song: Adult Audiences, Taste Panics, and the Idea of the Standard

JOURNAL OF POPULAR MUSIC STUDIES, Issue 1 2001
Keir Keightley
[source]

Micro-structural characterization of red decorations of red and green color porcelain (Honglvcai) in China

JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 8 2009
Lihua Wang
Abstract Red and green color porcelain (Honglvcai) is an important type of polychrome porcelains invented in North China during Song and Jin Dynasties. One of its great successes is its red decoration painted on the surface of glaze and fired at low temperature. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) at Fe K-edge, were used to characterize the microstructure of red decorations from Song and Jin Dynasties to Ming Dynasty. The analyzing results on eight samples showed that hematite (,-Fe2O3) was the main chromogenic substance in red decorations from different dynasties, which indicated a similar technological skill among the investigated samples. The oxidation state of iron in red decorations was determined to be mainly trivalent, indicating that red decorations were fired under oxidizing atmosphere. Besides, it was found that the hematite (,-Fe2O3) in red decorations had a distorted structure, which was presumed to be an important factor influencing the color of red decorations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Singing the Lord's Song in a Strange Land: Hymnody in the History of North American Protestantism , Edited by Edith L. Blumhofer and Mark A. Noll

JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY, Issue 1 2010
Edward L. Bond
No abstract is available for this article. [source]