Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Solid-state Fermentation (solid-state + fermentation)
Selected AbstractsPacked Bed Column Fermenter and Kinetic Modeling for Upgrading the Nutritional Quality of Coffee Husk in Solid-State FermentationBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 6 2001Débora Brand Studies were carried out to evaluate solid-state fermentation (SSF) for the upgradation of the nutritional quality of coffee husk by degrading the caffeine and tannins present in it. SSF was carried out by Aspergillus niger LPBx in a glass column fermenter using factorial design experiments and surface response methodology to optimize bioprocess parameters such as the substrate pH and moisture content and aeration rate. The first factorial design showed that the moisture content of the substrate and aeration rate were significant factors for the degradation of toxic compounds, which was confirmed by the second factorial design too. The kinetic study showed that the degradation of toxic compounds was related to the development of the mold and its respiration and also to the consumption of the reducing sugars present in coffee husk. From the values obtained experimentally for the oxygen uptake rate and CO2 evolved, the system determined a biomass yield (Yx/o) of 3.811 (g of biomass)·(g of consumed O2),1 and a maintenance coefficient (m) of 0.0031 (g of consumed O2)·(g biomass of biomass),1·h,1. The best results on the degradation of caffeine (90%) and tannins (57%) were achieved when SSF was carried out with a 30 mL·min,1 aeration rate using coffee husk having a 55% initial moisture content. The inoculation rate did not affect the metabolization of the toxic compounds by the fungal culture. After SSF, the protein content of the husk was increased to 10.6%, which was more than double that of the unfermented husk (5.2%). [source] L-methioninase production by Aspergillus flavipes under solid-state fermentationJOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed Abstract Solid-state fermentation was carried out for the production of extra-cellular L-methioninase by Aspergillus flavipes (Bain and Sart.) using nine agro-industrial residues, namely wheat bran, rice bran, wheat flour, coconut seeds, cotton seeds, ground nut cake, lentil hulls, soya beans and chicken feathers. Chicken feathers were selected as solid substrate for L-methioninase production by A. flavipes. The maximum L-methioninase productivity (71.0 U/mg protein) and growth (11 mg protein/ml) of A. flavipes was obtained using alkali pretreated chicken feathers of 50% initial moisture content as substrate supplemented with D-glucose (1.0% w/v) and L-methionine (0.2% w/v). External supplementation of the fermentation medium with various vitamin sources has no overinductive effect on L-methioninase biosynthesis. The partially purified A. flavipes L-methioninase preparation showed highest activity (181 U/ml) at pH 8.0 with stability over a pH range (pH 6,8) for 2 h. L-methioninase activity was increased by preincubation of the enzyme for 2 h with Co2+, Mn2+, Cu2+ and Mg2+ and strongly inhibited by the presence of EDTA, NaN3, Li2+, Cd2+, DMSO and 2-mercaptoethanol. The enzyme preparation has a broad substrate spectrum showing a higher affinity to deaminate L-glycine, N -acetylglucosamine and glutamic acid, in addition to their proteolytic activity against bovine serum albumin, casein, gelatin and keratin. The partially purified enzyme was found to be glyco-metalloproteinic in nature as concluded from the analytical and spectroscopic profiles of the enzyme preparation. The demethiolating activity of the enzyme was also visualized chromogenially. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Utilization of tannery solid waste for protease production by Synergistes sp. in solid-state fermentation and partial protease characterizationENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2009Arumugam Ganesh Kumar Abstract Synergistes sp. DQ560074 produced a protease in submerged fermentation (SmF) at 400,420,U/mL and in solid-state fermentation (SSF) at 745,755,U/g. The protease, which belongs to the aspartic protease class, was active over a wide range of pH (5,7) and at high temperatures (25,45°C). The protease is stable and active in various polar protic solvents (50%,v/v) like ethanol, isopropanol, n,butanol, in polar aprotic solvents (50%,v/v) like acetonitrile, and in non-polar solvents (50%,v/v) such as ethylacetate and toluene, but not in hydrophilic organic solvents (methyl alcohol and acetone). As far as we know, this is the first contribution to the production of a mesophilic protease with solvent stability in SSF using a proteinaceous solid waste. [source] Aspergillus oryzae in solid-state and submerged fermentationsFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 2 2002Progress report on a multi-disciplinary project Abstract We report the progress of a multi-disciplinary research project on solid-state fermentation (SSF) of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. The molecular and physiological aspects of the fungus in submerged fermentation (SmF) and SSF are compared and we observe a number of differences correlated with the different growth conditions. First, the aerial hyphae which occur only in SSFs are mainly responsible for oxygen uptake. Second, SSF is characterised by gradients in temperature, water activity and nutrient concentration, and inside the hyphae different polyols are accumulating. Third, pelleted growth in SmF and mycelial growth in SSF show different gene expression and protein secretion patterns. With this approach we aim to expand our knowledge of mechanisms of fungal growth on solid substrates and to exploit the biotechnological applications. [source] Rennin-like milk coagulant enzyme produced by a local isolate of MucorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Z A Tubesha Among 20 isolates of Mucor isolated from various environments in Jordan and found to produce a rennin-like acid protease, known as Mucor rennin-like enzyme (MRE), Mucor J20 was found to produce the highest level of MRE. The optimum incubation conditions for enzyme production in a fortified wheat bran mixture using solid-state fermentation were 3,4 days at 30°C. The highest MRE activity (185,200 rennin units or RU) was produced in a medium containing wheat bran and lentil straw (1 : 1 w/w) moistened with whey, and incubated in clay pots at 30°C for 4 days. A slightly lower activity value (178 RU) was found when using a mineral salt solution or distilled water instead of whey, or when using wheat bran alone with whey. At pH 4, the MRE retained its complete activity (100%) for 6 weeks at 5°C and 10°C, and for 3 and 2 weeks at 20°C and 30°C, respectively. After heating at 60°C for 10 min, the enzyme lost its activity at all pH levels used (pH 2,8). The crude extract of MRE was successfully applied in the manufacture of a cheese curd. [source] Pigment and amylase production in Penicillium sp NIOM-02 and its radical scavenging activityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2009Mohan Appasaheb Dhale Abstract Penicillium sp NIOM-02 was isolated from the marine sediment, produced red pigment. The pigment extracted from this fungus scavenged 2, 2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Penicillium sp NIOM-02 grown in media containing corn steep liquor scavenged 72,88% of DPPH radical. During solid-state fermentation on wheat (S1), the fungus produced more pigment (9.232 OD Units). Penicillium sp NIOM-02 grown on sugarcane bagasse scavenged 91% of DPPH radicals. It secreted more amylase (246 U mg,1) in culture medium No. 5 and the zymogram analysis revealed its molecular mass (53 kDa). The taka-amylase like character of amylase was determined by acarbose incorporated studies in the culture media. Production of pigment and radical scavenging activity of Penicillium sp NIOM-02, suggested its applications in food, pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical industries. [source] Production, purification and thermal characterisation of invertase from a newly isolated Fusarium sp. under solid-state fermentationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2008Iram Shaheen Summary Production of invertase employing a newly isolated Fusarium sp. under solid-state fermentation was optimised. Different process parameters were optimised. The maximum enzyme activity under optimum conditions was 47.23 ± 2.12 U gds,1 with nitrogen additives. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, diethylaminoethyl cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and Sephadex gel filtration. This protocol gave 20.25-fold purification and 5.53% recovery. The optimum pH and temperature for activity were 5.0 and 50 °C. The Km and Vmax values for the enzyme were 8.33 mm and 21.48 ,mol min,1, respectively. A detailed kinetic study of thermal inactivation has been carried out. Enthalpy of activation (,H*) decreased when entropy (,S*) of activation increased at higher temperatures. Moreover, free energy of denaturation (,G*) increased at higher temperature making the enzyme thermally stable. A possible explanation for the thermal inactivation of invertase at higher temperatures is also discussed. [source] Influence of oxidative stress and grains on sclerotial biomass and carotenoid yield of Penicillium sp.JOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Abstract Oxidative stress and grains were evaluated for carotenoid production by solid-state fermentation using Penicillium sp. PT95. When the fungus was grown at high oxidative stress, its sclerotial biomass and carotenoid content in sclerotia increased significantly with respect to low oxidative stress (P < 0.01). High oxidative stress also caused a statistically significant increase in carotenoid yield as compared with low oxidative stress (P < 0.01). Both the sclerotial biomass and the amount of carotenoid accumulated in sclerotia of strain PT95 were strongly dependent on the grain medium used. Among the grain media tested under high oxidative stress, buckwheat medium gave the highest content of carotenoid in sclerotia (828 ,g/g dry sclerotia), millet medium gave respectively the highest sclerotial biomass (12.69 g/100 g grain) and carotenoid yield (10.152 mg/100 g grain). (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] L-methioninase production by Aspergillus flavipes under solid-state fermentationJOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed Abstract Solid-state fermentation was carried out for the production of extra-cellular L-methioninase by Aspergillus flavipes (Bain and Sart.) using nine agro-industrial residues, namely wheat bran, rice bran, wheat flour, coconut seeds, cotton seeds, ground nut cake, lentil hulls, soya beans and chicken feathers. Chicken feathers were selected as solid substrate for L-methioninase production by A. flavipes. The maximum L-methioninase productivity (71.0 U/mg protein) and growth (11 mg protein/ml) of A. flavipes was obtained using alkali pretreated chicken feathers of 50% initial moisture content as substrate supplemented with D-glucose (1.0% w/v) and L-methionine (0.2% w/v). External supplementation of the fermentation medium with various vitamin sources has no overinductive effect on L-methioninase biosynthesis. The partially purified A. flavipes L-methioninase preparation showed highest activity (181 U/ml) at pH 8.0 with stability over a pH range (pH 6,8) for 2 h. L-methioninase activity was increased by preincubation of the enzyme for 2 h with Co2+, Mn2+, Cu2+ and Mg2+ and strongly inhibited by the presence of EDTA, NaN3, Li2+, Cd2+, DMSO and 2-mercaptoethanol. The enzyme preparation has a broad substrate spectrum showing a higher affinity to deaminate L-glycine, N -acetylglucosamine and glutamic acid, in addition to their proteolytic activity against bovine serum albumin, casein, gelatin and keratin. The partially purified enzyme was found to be glyco-metalloproteinic in nature as concluded from the analytical and spectroscopic profiles of the enzyme preparation. The demethiolating activity of the enzyme was also visualized chromogenially. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Cell growth and Trametes versicolor laccase production in transformed Pichia pastoris cultured by solid-state or submerged fermentationsJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Marcos López Abstract BACKGROUND: Growth kinetics of Pichia pastoris and heterologous expression of Trametes versicolor laccase were compared. This is the first study of its kind between solid-state yeast cultures done on polyurethane foam (PUF) and submerged liquid fermentations (SmF). RESULTS: The maximum values of biomass were similar for SSF (solid-state fermentation) and SmF experiments when the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) was lower than 100 g L,1. For higher BOD levels, the maximum values of biomass were 55 g L,1 (SSF) and 35 g L,1 (SmF). Micrographs of PUF preparations showed yeast growing within liquid lamellae, thinner than 100 µm, forming large horizontal aggregates. Yeast aggregates were much smaller in SmF than in SSF experiments; however, laccase expression was lower in PUF than in SmF, unless the methanol concentration was increased to 63 g L,1, which was inhibitory only to the SmF system. CONCLUSION: The results show that oxygen mass transfer is more efficient in SSF, which is related to the higher area/volume ratio compared with SmF. Induction differences may also be due to hindered diffusion of methanol within large yeast aggregates. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Production of ,-amylase under solid-state fermentation utilizing coffee wasteJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 8 2009Pushpa S. Murthy Abstract Coffee industry substrates such as coffee pulp, coffee cherry husk, silver skin, spent coffee and mixtures of these coffee wastes (MC) were evaluated for their efficacy as sole carbon source for the synthesis of ,-amylase in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using a fungal strain of Neurospora crassa CFR 308. For SSF with coffee pulp and with MC, ,-amylase activity of 3908 U g,1 ds (units per gram of dry substrate) and 3870 U g,1 ds, respectively, was observed. Parameters such as moisture (60%), pH (4.6), temperature (28 °C), particle size (1.0 mm), inoculum size (107 spores g,1 ds), and fermentation time (5 days) were optimized for enzyme synthesis, wherein 4981 and 4324 U g,1 U g,1 ds of ,-amylase activity was obtained in SSF with coffee pulp and MC, respectively. The enzyme production was further improved when the substrates were subjected to pre-treatment by steaming. Accordingly, maximum ,-amylase activity of 7084 U g,1 ds and 6342 U g,1 ds was obtained with steam-pretreated coffee pulp and MC, respectively, demonstrating them to be excellent sole carbon sources for synthesis of ,-amylase production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Lactic acid fermentation of food waste using integrated glucoamylase productionJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Xiao Qiang Wang Abstract Commercial enzyme is usually needed for the bioconversion of organic waste or biomass. The overall cost could be reduced very significantly if enzyme production could be integrated with its application, avoiding unnecessary steps in enzyme production (such as concentration, recovery and transportation). This investigation attempted to integrate crude glucoamylase production with lactic acid fermentation of food waste. A maximum glucoamylase activity of 1850 U g,1 was obtained with Aspergillus nigerduring solid-state fermentation (SSF) of food waste, 14.8 times more than that obtained during submerged fermentation (SmF). The optimum pH for producing glucoamylase was 4.6, and glucoamylase retained 83.5% of peak activity at pH 3.0. Without any recovery treatment, the glucoamylase produced by SSF could be used directly for lactic acid fermentation of food waste. Lactic acid concentration reached 45.5 g L,1 with the addition of the crude enzyme, 72% higher than the control. No side-effects were caused by the viable A. niger in the crude enzyme. This work successfully integrated glucoamylase production with lactic acid fermentation. The enzyme produced by SSF of food waste had sufficient activity to be used directly without any treatment. The integrated process proposed in this study was very economical and may be helpful to other bioconversions. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Inoculum strategies for Penicillium simplicissimum lipase production by solid-state fermentation using a residue from the babassu oil industryJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Melissa L. E. Gutarra Abstract Two alternative inoculation strategies for lipase production by the fungus Penicillium simplicissimum were tested in solid-state fermentation using a residue from the babassu oil industry (babassu cake). Conventional spore inoculation was compared with fungal pellets grown in liquid medium and with inocula consisting of fermented cake. Fungal pellets delayed lipase production whereas fermented cake accelerated enzyme synthesis, yielding a productivity of 0.45 U g,1 h,1, which is equivalent to the highest values obtained with conventional inocula. Therefore, a 22 factorial design was used to determine the best conditions for lipase production with fermented cake as inoculum strategy, varying the inoculum propagation time and inoculum concentration. Lipase activity and productivity reached 30 U g,1 and 0.63 U g,1 h,1, respectively, with 10% inoculum and 36 h. Thus, fermented cake inocula increased production 1.5-fold with 10 times fewer spores than in conventional inoculation, indicating that fermented solids are an interesting alternative for inoculum development in solid-state fermentation, mainly for large-scale processes. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Influence of exogenous enzyme supplementation on energy utilisation and nutrient digestibility of cereals for broilersJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 14 2004YB Wu Abstract The influence of a microbial phytase, produced by solid-state fermentation, on the apparent metabolisable energy and ileal digestibility of phosphorus, nitrogen and starch in sorghum, maize, wheat and barley was examined using 4-week-old broilers. For wheat and barley, the influence of phytase, individually or in combination with glycanases, was also evaluated. Microbial phytase improved (p < 0.05) apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility in all cereals. Phytase supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the apparent metabolisable energy of maize and barley by 2.6 and 7.8%, respectively. Numerical improvements in apparent metabolisable energy were observed in sorghum (1.9%) and wheat (2.1%), but were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Further improvements (p < 0.05) in the apparent metabolisable energy of wheat and barley were observed when the phytase was combined with glycanases. However, the observed improvements in apparent metabolisable energy were not always associated with enhanced ileal digestibility of protein and starch. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Effect of culturing processes and copper addition on laccase production by the white-rot fungus Fomes fomentarius MUCL 35117LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009M. Neifar Abstract Aim:, To produce high laccase activities from the white-rot fungus Fomes fomentarius. Methods and Results:, Different culturing methods, viz, cell immobilization on stainless steel sponges and plastic material and solid-state fermentation (SSF) using wheat bran as substrate were used for laccase production by the white-rot fungus F. fomentarius. The SSF study expresses the highest laccase activities, nearly to 6400 U l,1 after 13 days of laboratory flasks cultivation. When the wheat bran medium was supplemented with 2 mmol l,1 copper sulfate, laccase activity increased by threefold in comparison to control cultures, reaching 27 864 U l,1. With the medium thus optimized, further experiments were performed in a 3 l fixed-bed bioreactor (working volume 1·5 l) leading to a laccase activity of about 6230 U l,1 on day 13. Conclusions:, The results obtained clearly showed the superiority of wheat bran for laccase production over stainless steel sponges and plastic material. Supplementing the wheat bran solid medium with 2 mmol l,1 copper sulfate allowed obtaining high activities at flask scale. The system was scaled to fixed-bed laboratory reactor. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The high enzyme production along with the low-cost of the substrate, showed the suitability of the system F. fomentarius, SSF for industrial purposes. [source] Citric acid production by Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 from a treated ethanol fermentation co-product using solid-state fermentationLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2009G. Xie Abstract Aims:, To investigate the ability of the citric acid-producing strain Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 to utilize the ethanol fermentation co-product corn distillers dried grains with solubles for citric acid production following various treatments. Methods and Results:, The ability of A. niger ATCC 9142 to produce citric acid and biomass on the grains was examined using an enzyme assay and a gravimetric method, respectively. Fungal citric acid production after 240 h was higher on untreated grains than on autoclaved grains or acid-hydrolysed grains. Fungal biomass production was enhanced after autoclaving and acid-hydrolysis of the grains. Phosphate supplementation to the grains slightly stimulated citric acid production while methanol addition decreased its synthesis. Using the phosphate-supplemented grains, the optimal incubation temperature, initial moisture content of the grains and the length of fermentation time for ATCC 9142 citric acid production were determined to be 25°C, 82% and 240 h, respectively. Conclusions:,A. niger ATCC 9142 synthesized citric acid on corn distillers dried grains with solubles. The phosphate-treated grains increased citric acid production by the strain. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The ethanol fermentation co-product corn distillers dried grains with solubles could be useful commercially as a substrate for A. niger citric acid production. [source] l -leucine aminopeptidase production by filamentous Aspergillus fungiLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2005K.M. Nampoothiri Abstract Aims:, To screen various filamentous fungi belonging to Aspergillus spp. producing leucine and methionine aminopeptidases. Methods and Results:, Twenty-eight Aspergillus strains representing 14 species within the genus were screened for l -leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) production in two media in shake flask fermentation. Two Aspergillus sojae (NRRL 1988 and NRRL 6271) and one Aspergillus oryzae (NRRL 6270) strains were selected as the best producers for further studies. The peak LAP activities were 2·61, 2·59 and 1·30 IU ml,1 for the three fungi on days 2, 5 and 4 respectively. In addition to LAP, l -methionine aminopeptidase (MAP) activity was also detected. Apart from submerged fermentation, the highest LAP yields by solid-state fermentation were 11·39, 17·40 and 13·02 IU g,1 dry matter for the above fungi. The temperature and pH optimum of the enzyme was found to be in the range of 65,75°C at pH 8·0,9·0 for all three fungi. Metal ions, Co2+ and Fe2+ in 2 mmol l,1 concentration apparently enhanced the relative enzyme activity and heat stability. Conclusions:, Two A. sojae (NRRL 1988 and NRRL 6271) and one A. oryzae (NRRL 6270) strains were found to be the best producers of LAP and MAP. The preliminary characterization studies revealed that the enzyme is considerably thermostable and belongs to the class metalloenzymes. Significance and Impact of the Study:, A good number of aspergilli were screened and the ability of the fungal aminopeptidase to release a particular N-terminal amino acid along with its high thermal stability, makes them interesting for controlling the degree of hydrolysis and flavour development for a wide range of substrate. [source] Switchgrass leaching requirements for solid-state fermentation by Acidothermus cellulolyticusBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 3 2010Jean S. VanderGheynst Abstract Growth of Acidothermus cellulolyticus in solid-state fermentation and its required growth conditions were investigated in this study. Extraction of switchgrass was required for growth. Under the experimental conditions, extraction ratio had the most significant effect on the growth of A. cellulolyticus. Heat treatment (in the form of autoclaving) of switchgrass did not have a significant effect on the growth rate; however, longer heat treatment times had a negative effect on the total growth. Moisture content adjustment had no effect on the release of inhibitors into extracts. Our results showed that leaching at a minimum 40:1 (gram water: gram dry biomass) removed inhibitory compound(s) from switchgrass. Upon extraction A. cellulolyticus colonized switchgrass in solid fermentation without exogenous addition of carbon and nitrogen sources. It is the first demonstration of growth of A. cellulolyticus in solid fermentation. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010 [source] Packed Bed Column Fermenter and Kinetic Modeling for Upgrading the Nutritional Quality of Coffee Husk in Solid-State FermentationBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 6 2001Débora Brand Studies were carried out to evaluate solid-state fermentation (SSF) for the upgradation of the nutritional quality of coffee husk by degrading the caffeine and tannins present in it. SSF was carried out by Aspergillus niger LPBx in a glass column fermenter using factorial design experiments and surface response methodology to optimize bioprocess parameters such as the substrate pH and moisture content and aeration rate. The first factorial design showed that the moisture content of the substrate and aeration rate were significant factors for the degradation of toxic compounds, which was confirmed by the second factorial design too. The kinetic study showed that the degradation of toxic compounds was related to the development of the mold and its respiration and also to the consumption of the reducing sugars present in coffee husk. From the values obtained experimentally for the oxygen uptake rate and CO2 evolved, the system determined a biomass yield (Yx/o) of 3.811 (g of biomass)·(g of consumed O2),1 and a maintenance coefficient (m) of 0.0031 (g of consumed O2)·(g biomass of biomass),1·h,1. The best results on the degradation of caffeine (90%) and tannins (57%) were achieved when SSF was carried out with a 30 mL·min,1 aeration rate using coffee husk having a 55% initial moisture content. The inoculation rate did not affect the metabolization of the toxic compounds by the fungal culture. After SSF, the protein content of the husk was increased to 10.6%, which was more than double that of the unfermented husk (5.2%). [source] | |||||||||||||