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Solid Wood (solid + wood)
Selected AbstractsDetailed determination of smoke gas contents using a small-scale controlled equivalence ratio tube furnace methodFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 8 2007Per Blomqvist Abstract A series of tests including seven different materials and products have been conducted using a controlled equivalence ratio tube furnace test method. The main objective of the tests was to determine yields of fire-generated products at defined combustion conditions. The tube furnace test method was set up and run in close agreement with that described in BS 7990:2003. At the time of experimental work the new tube furnace method was in the process of becoming an international standard. It was thus of interest to make an assessment of the capability of the method for determining production yields of important toxic fire products from different types of materials and products. The test series included solid wood, flexible polyurethane (PUR), fire-retarded rigid PUR, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) carpet, a high-performance data cable with fluorine-containing polymer matrix, a PVC-based cable sheathing material and fire-retarded polyethylene cable insulation material. Duplicate tests were generally conducted at both well-ventilated and vitiated combustion conditions with these materials. The smoke gases produced from the combustion were quantified for inorganic gases by FTIR technique in all tests. A more detailed analysis of the smoke gases was conducted for some of the materials. This extended analysis contained a detailed assessment of organic compounds including, e.g. volatile organic compounds, isocyanates, aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The analysis further included measurement of the size distribution of fire-generated particles for some of the materials. The quantification of toxic inorganic gases produced by combustion at both well-ventilated and vitiated conditions was successful regarding repeatability and stability. Typical yields for the two fire stages investigated were determined for a wide range of materials and products. The detailed analysis of organic compounds further corroborated that the new tube furnace method can replicate defined combustion conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Reinforcement of rigid PVC/wood-flour composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubesJOURNAL OF VINYL & ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Omar Faruk Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) were compounded with PVC by a melt blending process based on fusion behaviors of PVC. The effects of CNT content on the flexural and tensile properies of the PVC/CNT composites were evaluated in order to optimize the CNT content. The optimized CNT-reinforced PVC was used as a matrix in the manufacture of wood-plastic composites. Flexural, electrical, and thermal properties of the PVC/wood-flour composites were evaluated as a function of matrix type (nonreinforced vs. CNT-reinforced). The experimental results indicated that rigid PVC/wood-flour composites with properties similar to those of solid wood can be made by using CNT-reinforced PVC as a matrix. The CNT-reinforced PVC did not influence the electrical and thermal conductivity of the PVC/wood-flour composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers. [source] Untersuchungen zum Sorptionsverhalten von HolzwerkstoffenBAUPHYSIK, Issue 4 2009Peter Niemz Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil Feuchte; Versuche; moisture; experimental set-ups Abstract Holzwerkstoffe werden in zunehmendem Maße im Bauwesen eingesetzt. Es gibt heute vorgefertigte Bausysteme aus Holz und Holzwerkstoffen und dabei solche, die auf dem überwiegenden Einsatz von Holzwerkstoffen beruhen. Zwischen Vollholz und Holzwerkstoffen sowie innerhalb der Holzwerkstoffe bestehen deutliche Unterschiede im Sorptionsverhalten, die auf den Klebstoff (Art und Menge), die Herstellungstechnologie (Dämpfen, Trocknen, Verpressen) sowie die damit einhergehende Verdichtung und Temperaturbehandlung zurückzuführen sind. Examination of the sorption characteristics of wood-based materials. Wood-based materials are increasingly employed in the building industry. Nowadays, prefabricated construction systems based on a combination of wood and wood-based materials are available, but also systems using predominantly wood-based materials. Thereby, distinct differences exist between the sorption characteristics of solid wood and wood-based materials and also within wood-based materials due to the bonding (type and portion) and manufacturing (steaming, drying, pressing) and the accompanying compression and heat treatment. [source] Beanspruchungsanalyse von Holzbauteilen durch 2D-PhotogrammetrieBAUTECHNIK, Issue 2 2005Bettina Franke Dipl.-Ing. Für die Bewertung der Tragsicherheit von Bauteilen aus Voll- und Brettschichtholz in Lasteinleitungs- und Störbereichen mittels der Bruchmechanik ist die Kenntnis von kritischen Bruchkennwerten Voraussetzung. Realitätsnahe Kennwerte können aus der Kombination experimenteller Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Rißaufweitung und der Rißlänge mit daran anschließender FE-Simulation gewonnen werden. Aufgrund der, bisher bei konventionellen Meßverfahren, nicht ausreichenden Zuordnung der Meßwerte taktil applizierter Meßaufnehmer lag es nahe das Rißwachstum mit Hilfe der Photogrammetrie zu untersuchen. Mit dem entwickelten Meßsystem ist nunmehr die Möglichkeit der exakten Vermessung der Rißgeometrie zur Bestimmung von bruchmechanischen Kennwerten gegeben. Zusätzlich ermöglicht der Einsatz der Photogrammetrie die Verdichtung der Anzahl variierender diskreter Meßpunkte, so daß ein deutlich vollständigeres Bild der örtlichen Verformungen gewonnen, und damit die Aussagekraft eines Versuchs wesentlich verbessert werden kann. Strain analysis of solid wood and glued laminated timber members by close range photogrammetry. The assumption of critical fracture mechanics parameters for the evaluation of the load-bearing safety of structural units of full and board laminated timber in loaded areas and disturbance ranges the use of fracture mechanics is required. Realistic parameters can be gained only from experimental investigations that are transferred to the determination of the crack opening and the crack length with subsequent FE-simulation. Due to the insufficient appropriation of measured data gained by tactile position encoders in conventional measuring procedures it is advisable to investigate crack growth with the help of the photogrammetry. Using the developed measuring system it is now possible to measure the crack geometry exactly for the determination of fracture mechanics parameters. Additionally a complete picture of the local deformations and the validity of a test can be improved considerably by the possibility of the varying number of discrete measuring points. [source] | ||||||||||