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Sociocultural Factors (sociocultural + factor)
Selected AbstractsSociocultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa in a black womanINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue 4 2006Ellen M.C. Willemsen MD Abstract Background In an earlier study, we found that anorexia nervosa (AN) does not occur among Black women on the Caribbean island of Curaçao. Method A case report is presented of a Black Antillean woman with AN, who was referred to a center for eating disorders in The Netherlands. In Curaçao, our patient succeeded in gaining weight to become more attractive. Due to subsequent problems in the relationship with her partner, she deliberately lost weight to become less attractive. Results After immigrating to The Netherlands, she adopted the Western cultural ideal of thinness and developed AN. Conclusion This case illustrates the role and possible effects of sociocultural factors in the development of AN. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006 [source] Annual transition of major depressive episode in university students using a structured self-rating questionnaireASIA-PACIFIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2010Toru Uehara MD PhD Abstract Introduction: Depression frequently affects college and university students worldwide. The authors' purpose was to estimate the positive rate of major depressive episodes (MDE) using a structured self-report according to annual changes among Japanese university students. Data of freshmen were compared with those of students of other grades. Methods: During 9 years from 2001, 11,164 freshmen filled out the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) scale for depression every April. During the 8 years from 2002, the same survey was administered to 31,454 students of other grades as a regular examination. Results: The positive rates of MDE were 1.2,2.0% among freshmen; they were 0.8,1.3% among students in other grades. Regarding data after 2005,2007 for female freshmen, the decrease from 2004 to 2007 was significant (P<0.05); from 2002 to 2007 (P<0.05). In 2001, and during 2005,2007, positive rates tended to be higher in male than in female students. Comparisons of MDE of freshmen and students of the other grades showed significant differences in 2005, 2006 (P<0.05), and 2009 (P<0.01). Male freshmen showed higher rates than males of the other grades in 2005, 2006 (P<0.05), 2007, and 2009 (P<0.01). Discussion: The MDE rates among university students were similar to those among the general population in Japan, and lower than those in Western countries. Among male freshmen, rates of MDE were particularly high. The reason for the recent decrease of MDE among female freshmen remains unclear. Sociocultural factors or selection bias should be considered. [source] Integrative Model of Caregiving: How Macro and Micro Factors Affect Caregivers of Adults With Severe and Persistent Mental IllnessAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 1 2005Winnie W. S. Mak PhD The study tested an integrative model of caregiving by examining the effects of sociocultural characteristics, interpersonal relations, mental health service structure, consumers' symptoms, objective burden, and evaluation of service systems on the subjective experiences of caregivers. The sample consisted of 428 caregivers of adults with severe and persistent mental illness. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that ethnicity was the most significant sociocultural factor on caregivers' worry, personal growth, and benefits. Caregivers enrolled in managed care plans worried more about their consumers' welfare and felt less gratified by their experiences than their counterparts from fee-for-service plans. Implications to and partnerships among caregivers and mental health service systems were discussed. [source] Sociocultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa in a black womanINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue 4 2006Ellen M.C. Willemsen MD Abstract Background In an earlier study, we found that anorexia nervosa (AN) does not occur among Black women on the Caribbean island of Curaçao. Method A case report is presented of a Black Antillean woman with AN, who was referred to a center for eating disorders in The Netherlands. In Curaçao, our patient succeeded in gaining weight to become more attractive. Due to subsequent problems in the relationship with her partner, she deliberately lost weight to become less attractive. Results After immigrating to The Netherlands, she adopted the Western cultural ideal of thinness and developed AN. Conclusion This case illustrates the role and possible effects of sociocultural factors in the development of AN. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006 [source] Impact of neighborhood disadvantage on overt behavior problems during early childhoodAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 3 2007Emily B. Winslow Abstract Researchers have yet to examine the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on early child behavior problems (BPs) longitudinally. We examined the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on overt BPs in a low-income, urban sample of 281 African American and European American boys followed longitudinally from toddlerhood to school entry. Measures included census data and maternal report of BPs, sociocultural factors, parental criminality, and maternal depressive symptomatology. After controlling for age 2 overt BPs, family selection variables, and residential instability, neighborhood effects on boys' behavior emerged, but only at age 6 and only at the extreme of neighborhood disadvantage (i.e., underclass). Findings suggest boys in underclass neighborhoods are at risk for overt BPs as they make the transition to elementary school. Aggr. Behav. 33:1,13, 2007.© 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A11. The influence of the media on eating disordersJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 5 2000S. Almond Background The cause of eating disorders is multifactorial. One of these is sociocultural factors which include family, peers and the media. It has been suggested that constant media pressures can lead to body dissatisfaction, which may result in distorted eating patterns. Aims To review the role of the media in relation to eating disorders Results There has been a shift in the media portrayal of the 'ideal' body size for women, from the voluptuous curved figure of Marilyn Monroe in the 1950s to a thinner 'waif-like' look of Kate Moss in the 1980s. In the mass media shape and weight define perfection. Women perceive themselves as being bigger than they actually are. Their figure deviates from the ideal thus resulting in self body dissatisfaction. 'All I see is these pretty models, I wish I could look like one of them.' ( Wertheim et al. 1997 ) The 'ideal' body image is far from the physiologic norm. Supermodels are born with a specific body type and what the public doesn't understand is that they cannot diet to achieve it. 'Women don't set out to be anorexic, they begin by thinking they're too fat because everywhere they go the media is telling them that they are right' ( Barrett, 1997) Products are often advertised displaying the ideal body shape in the hope that it will enhance the product and create body dissatisfaction. Purchasing the product is perceived as a positive step towards reaching the 'perfect' body image. Concern surrounds the appearance of such advertisements in magazines aimed at adolescent girls, as at this age they are particularly vulnerable to the influences of the media. Stice and Shaw (1994) stated that exposure to the thin 'idea' may have a negative effect on emotions leading to body dissatisfaction. Such emotions include depression, stress, guilt, shame, insecurity, unhappiness, and lower self-confidence. A study by Schotte et al. (1990) indicated that negative emotions can disrupt eating behaviour. Dieters watching a frightening film increased their food intake, whereas nondieters did not. Conclusion The media are not solely responsible for eating disorders but they do contribute by promoting the 'ideal' physique. There is some resistance to media messages, as the majority of people do not develop distorted eating patterns. [source] The black,white "achievement gap" as a perennial challenge of urban science education: A sociocultural and historical overview with implications for research and practice,JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 10 2001Obed Norman A perennial challenge for urban education in the United States is finding effective ways to address the academic achievement gap between African American and White students. There is widespread and justified concern about the persistence of this achievement gap. In fact, historical evidence suggests that this achievement gap has existed at various times for groups other than African Americans. What conditions prevailed when this achievement gap existed for these other groups? Conversely, under what conditions did the gap diminish and eventually disappear for these groups? This article explores how sociocultural factors involved in the manifestation and eventual disappearance of the gap for these groups may shed some light on how to address the achievement gap for African American students in urban science classrooms. Our conclusion is that the sociocultural position of groups is crucial to understanding and interpreting the scholastic performance of students from various backgrounds. We argue for a research framework and the exploration of research questions incorporating insights from Ogbu's cultural, ecological theory, as well as goal theory, and identity theory. We present these as theories that essentially focus on student responses to societal disparities. Our ultimate goal is to define the problem more clearly and contribute to the development of research-based classroom practices that will be effective in reducing and eventually eliminating the achievement gap. We identify the many gaps in society and the schools that need to be addressed in order to find effective solutions to the problem of the achievement gap. Finally, we propose that by understanding the genesis of the gap and developing strategies to harness the students' responses to societal disparities, learning can be maximized and the achievement gap can be significantly reduced, if not eliminated entirely, in urban science classrooms. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 1101,1114, 2001 [source] Culture of Peace: Sociostructural Dimensions, Cultural Values, and Emotional ClimateJOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, Issue 2 2007Nekane Basabe This article examines how objective measures of sociostructural dimensions of a culture of peace are related to subjective national values, attitudes, and emotional climate. National scores on objective measures of four sociostructural dimensions were correlated with national means from a number of cultural value data sets and national indexes of emotional climate. Liberal Development was congruently associated with egalitarian, individualist values, a low negative emotional climate, and less willingness to fight in a new war. By contrast, Violent Inequality was associated with lower harmony values and less valuing of intellectual autonomy. State Use of Violent Means was strongly associated with low harmony values. Nurturance was associated with horizontal individualism, tolerance, cooperative values, and positive emotional climate. The conclusion discusses how the construction of a culture of peace must be based on values as well as objective sociocultural factors. [source] Culture and Women's SexualitiesJOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, Issue 2 2000Evelyn Blackwood Anthropological studies of women's same-sex relations in non-Western societies provide an important source for theorizing women's sexuality because they allow us to go beyond a narrow focus on Western cultures and concepts. Looking at studies from groups other than the dominant societies of Europe and America, I explore the diversity of women's sexualities and the sociocultural factors that produce sexual beliefs and practices. This article argues that sexual practices take their meaning from particular cultures and their beliefs about the self and the world. Cultural systems of gender, in particular, construct different sexual beliefs and practices for men and women. I conclude the article by suggesting some broad patterns at work in the production of women's sexualities across cultures. [source] CLAY RESOURCES AND TECHNICAL CHOICES FOR NEOLITHIC POTTERY (CHALAIN, JURA, FRANCE): CHEMICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSES*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 1 2007R. MARTINEAU Many authors have considered pottery manufacturing constraints and sociocultural elements as factors in change in past civilizations over time. The main issue of this research is to better understand the reasons for changes, or choices, in pottery raw materials. The very precise and detailed stratigraphy and cultural succession of occupations is based on dendrochronological data from the lake-dwelling sites of Chalain (Jura, France). Petrographic, palaeontological and chemical analyses were used to determine the nature and origins of the raw materials used by the Neolithic potters. Stratigraphy and dendrochronological data were used to reconstruct in detail the evolution dynamics of fabric changes. Several raw material sources were identified for many of the pottery groups. Each of them was sampled for qualitative experimental tests of pottery forming. The experimental results show a high variability between the sediments tested. This variability was quantitatively estimated by XRF, XRD, the Rietveld method, calcium carbonate quantification and laser grain-size analyses of matrices, indirect measures of plasticity. These analytical results allow a better understanding of the differences observed in the experimental tests. On the basis of these experimental and analytical results, changing parameters such as pottery manufacturing constraints, mineralogical characteristics of raw materials and sociocultural factors are considered. In conclusion, all the social and technical parameters, in each archaeological context, must be taken into account for a better understanding of the changes occurring throughout the chronological sequence. [source] Family stigma and care burden of schizophrenia patients: Comparison between Japan and KoreaASIA-PACIFIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 3 2009Setsuko Hanzawa PhD Abstract Introduction: In the present study, we compared the care burden and stigma experienced by families of patients with schizophrenia in Japan (Niigata) and Korea (Seoul and Daegu) to elucidate similarities and differences in the sociocultural factors that affect the care experience of families in East Asia. Methods: Factors such as care burden (evaluated using the eight-item short version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview [ZBI-8]), stigma, and social distance were evaluated in members of support groups for families of mentally ill individuals in Japan (n=47) and Korea (n=92) using an interview questionnaire. Interviewees reported their personal attitudes (personal stigma and social distance) and perceptions of the attitudes of others in the community (perceived stigma) with respect to a case vignette. These vignettes described a person with chronic schizophrenia. Results: The data analysis revealed the following: (i) feelings of care burden (according to ZBI-8), perceived stigma, and social distance were significantly stronger in Japan compared to Korea, and (ii) feelings of personal stigma were significantly stronger in Korea than in Japan. Discussion: The care burden and stigma experienced by families of patients with schizophrenia differed between Japan and Korea. The present findings suggest that to provide effective support for reducing family stigma and care burden, the necessity of such support must be emphasized in both countries. [source] | |||||||||||||