Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Societal Levels (societal + level)
Selected AbstractsTreatment of osteoporosis: facing the challenges in the Asia-PacificINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES, Issue 4 2008Syed Atiqul HAQ Abstract The prevalence of osteoporosis and fractures is projected to increase rapidly in the Asia-Pacific region in coming decades. At the societal level, healthcare providers will face the challenges of paucity of information, lack of awareness among physicians, resource constraints, lack of organization, absence of policies of cost reimbursement, insufficient representation of the problem in curricula and lack of effective, inexpensive and convenient therapy. Poverty, illiteracy, lack of awareness and interest in future quality of life, and co-morbidities with seemingly greater importance, will all act as challenges at the level of individual patients. Lack of compliance is a function of lack of awareness and motivation, cost, complexity of administration, side-effects and absence of immediately perceivable benefit. The challenges may be overcome through systematic collection of data, formation or activation of national osteoporosis planning and coordinating groups, development of national guidelines, programs of education of healthcare providers, patients and the general public, adoption of a population-based prevention strategy, cost-effective opportunistic screening using clinical decision rules like the osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians, use of the fracture risk assessment tool for therapeutic decision-making, giving due emphasis to the problem in curricula and development of mechanisms for cost reimbursement. The Asia-Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology may take a lead in stimulating, organizing and coordinating these activities. [source] Why Bother With Inter-Regionalism?JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 2 2007Negotiations for a European Union-Mercosur Agreement The article examines why a decade of inter-regional negotiations failed to result in an EU-MERCOSUR agreement, notwithstanding motivating factors at the international, national and societal level. It focuses on inter-regional trade and investment flows to underline the practical value of any agreement, but also considers strategic and ideational issues. [source] Obesity in adults and children: a call for actionJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 2 2001Karyn Holm PhD RN FAAN Obesity in adults and children: a call for action Obesity/overweight in adults and children is a worldwide health problem associated with substantial economic burden as measured by paid sick leave, life and disability insurance rates, and obesity-related physician visits and hospital stays. Overweight/obese people experience hypertension, elevated cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes and suffer more joint and mobility problems than people within the normal weight for height range. While there is need to understand individual behaviors that can be modified to promote weight loss and weight maintenance, there is as great a need to consider contextual factors at the societal level that can impede or even sabotage weight control efforts. In every country with improved living standards people will continue to eat too much and engage in too little physical activity. The call for action is for all modernized societies to alter environments and attitudes to support, rather than hinder, healthy dietary intake and being physically active. [source] Use of pharmacoeconomics in prescribing research.JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 4 2003Part 4: is cost-utility analysis a useful tool? Summary This paper is the fourth in the ,Research Note' series describing various aspects of pharmacoeconomics in prescribing research. This article describes cost-utility analysis, and how it can be incorporated into pharmacoeconomics. While this approach has intuitive appeal, the uncertainties about the methods for estimating utilities mean that the value of cost-utility analysis in prescribing research is still to be established. Importantly, cost-utility analysis may not capture aspects of quality of life that enable meaningful comparisons between prescribing choices at an individual or societal level. [source] Intergroup contact in Romania: When minority size is positively related to intergroup conflictJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Vasile Cernat Abstract Contexts in which minority size is positively related to intergroup conflict are challenging for the contact hypothesis. In such situations, if opportunities for contact increase prejudice, the contact hypothesis may seem less credible, but if they reduce prejudice, the contact hypothesis may seem less useful for improving intergroup relations. Based on path analyses run on a Romanian national probability sample (N,=,733), the current research shows that the contact hypothesis can nevertheless be relevant. Because the Hungarian minority is concentrated in Transylvania, a region with a long history of conflict between Romanians and Hungarians, Transylvanians have more opportunities for out-group contact than other Romanians. However, the analyses also detected significant differences within Transylvania: Urban Transylvanians have more opportunities for contact with Hungarians than rural Transylvanians and, consequently, are less negative towards them. The results, which closely match recent historical events, suggest that a proper application of the contact hypothesis at a societal level has to take into account that minority size is not necessarily equivalent to opportunities for contact and that inter-regional comparisons in opportunities for contact can hide significant intra-regional differences. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] New graduate transitions: leaving the nest, joining the flightJOURNAL OF NURSING MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2009ENC(C), PNC(C), SANDRA MORROW RN Aim, This review will explore the lived experience of the transition of new nursing graduates in their first year of practice, the implications to nursing and consequences of status quo, and actions required to support new graduates in their transition to practice. Background, The new graduate eagerly anticipates their first position in the ,real world' but often experience challenges in their first year of practice. Evaluation, A literature review highlights the historical inaction and the confirmed lived experiences of new graduate nurses. Key issues, New graduate transition into the workforce has implications on both an individual and societal level. No longer can one ignore the need to recruit and retain nurses, especially new graduates. Conclusion, Implemented collaborative and innovative efforts are required to support new graduate nurse transition to practice. Implications for nursing management, Nurse Managers must question why the disenfranchisement and marginalization of new graduates continues. Persistent inertia impacts recruitment and retention of graduate nurses and patient safety, transforming episodic challenges into chronic systemic issues. This article will contribute to new nursing knowledge by providing a Canadian perspective of demographic trends of the Registered Nurse (RN) and salient actions required to resolve the discourse of new graduate transition into the workplace. [source] Barriers to effective drug addiction treatment for women involved in street-level prostitution: a qualitative investigationCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2007Frances M. Smith Objectives,To examine barriers to effective drug addiction treatment for women involved in street-level prostitution. Methods,A qualitative approach was selected to enable a detailed exploration, in an informal and unthreatening manner, of the barriers to drug addiction treatment from the women's perspective. Nine in-depth interviews were conducted with women who were involved in street-level prostitution. Transcripts of one-to-one interviews were analysed for recurrent themes using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results,Barriers to effective addiction treatment are present at psychological, interpersonal, and wider societal levels. Themes identified included: an impoverished sense of self-worth, a lack of trust and consistency in treatment, and the absence of a comprehensive treatment package. Conclusion,Current services could be improved by the provision of a structured treatment programme designed to target the specific physical and psychological requirements of this population. Also, efforts to correct the fictitious, negative portrayals of women involved in prostitution are required, if treatment efficacy is to be improved. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Barriers to care in severe mental illness: accounts from perpetrators of intra-familial homicideCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2005FRANZCP Consultant Psychiatrist, Josephine Stanton MA, MBChB Objective To review perceptions of barriers to receiving effective mental health care described by patients who had committed intra-familial homicide in the context of untreated severe mental illness. Method Semi-structured interviews addressed issues such as support, help-seeking, experience of illness, and what participants felt might have helped prevent the death(s). Transcripts were analysed for themes related to barriers to help-seeking. Results Themes identified included: hiding or minimizing difficulties, lack of knowledge or understanding of mental illness, loss of control in the context of illness, seduction by the illness, reality-distorting effects of the illness, distortion of interpersonal relationships, diminished ability to trust and difficulty acknowledging need for medication. Conclusions Barriers to care exist at individual, interpersonal and wider societal levels and need to be addressed at all of them. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Brief alcohol intervention,where to from here?ADDICTION, Issue 6 2010Challenges remain for research, practice ABSTRACT Brief intervention (BI) is intended as an early intervention for non-treatment-seeking, non-alcohol-dependent, hazardous and harmful drinkers. This text provides a brief summary of key BI research findings from the last three decades and discusses a number of knowledge gaps that need to be addressed. Five areas are described: patient intervention efficacy and effectiveness; barriers to BI implementation by health professionals; individual-level factors that impact on BI implementation; organization-level factors that impact on BI implementation; and society-level factors that impact on BI implementation. BI research has focused largely upon the individual patient and health professional levels, with the main focus upon primary health care research, and studies are lacking in other settings. However, research must, to a larger degree, take into account the organizational and wider context in which BI occurs, as well as interaction between factors at different levels, in order to advance the understanding of how wider implementation of BI can be achieved in various settings and how different population groups can be reached. It is also important to expand BI research beyond its current parameters to investigate more ambitious long-term educational programmes and new organizational models. More widespread implementation of BI will require many different interventions (efforts, actions, initiatives, etc.) at different interlinked levels, from implementation interventions targeting individual health professionals' knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours concerning alcohol issues, BI and behaviour change counselling to efforts at the organizational and societal levels that influence the conditions for delivering BI as part of routine health care. [source] Recapturing the Universal in the UniversityEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 6 2005Ronald Barnett Abstract The idea of ,the university' has stood for universal themes,of knowing, of truthfulness, of learning, of human development, and of critical reason. Through its affirming and sustaining of such themes, the university came itself to stand for universality in at least two senses: the university was neither partial (in its truth criteria) nor local in its significance (at least, the university was an institution of the nation state and even had global significance). Now, this universalism has been shot down: on the one hand, universal themes have been impugned as passé in a postmodern age; in the ,knowledge society', knowledge with a capital ,K' is giving way to multiple and even local knowledges (plural). On the other hand, the very process of globalization has been accused of being a new process of colonization. Global universities, accordingly, may be seen as a vehicle for the imposition of Western modes of reason (often suspected in turn of being no more than Western economic reason at that). Diversity is the new watchword, a term that,we may note,has come to be part of the framing of the contemporary policy agenda for higher education. Accordingly, in such a situation of multiple meanings, both within and across institutions, the university becomes an institutional means for developing the capacities,at both the personal and the societal levels,to live with ,strangeness': perhaps here lies a new universal for the university? But, then, if that is the case, if strangeness is the new universal for the university, some large challenges await those who would claim to lead and manage universities. [source] Entrepreneurial Management and Governance in Family Firms: An IntroductionENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 4 2004Lloyd P. Steier Many organizations, ranging from small entrepreneurial start-ups to large, multi-business and multi-national enterprises, exhibit a family dimension. Although there is much evidence that this familial dimension is pervasive in organizing economic activities, it remains understudied. The articles in this special issue further our understanding of family businesses and how they might be usefully managed and organized at operational and policy levels. They examine important topics,management succession, agency costs in family versus non-family firms, the effects of culture, and family elites in rent-seeking societies,and improve our understanding of the role of family in entrepreneurial wealth creation at both firm and societal levels. Importantly, these papers further our understanding of the contingencies and contexts wherein family based approaches to organizing enterprise might yield advantages or disadvantages. [source] Making healthy eating messages more effective: combining integrated marketing communication with the behaviour ecological modelINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 4 2006Emma Dresler-Hawke Abstract Encouraging healthy living involves a complex set of factors that interact with each other. Effective social communication strategies and conceptual models are needed in order to plan and maintain a desired level of societal change. More understanding is needed as to how different levels of society are affected by social communication messages. This paper examines how a social marketing strategy should be targeted in order to maximize societal change. In this paper the Multi-levelled/Multimedia Model of Social Change is presented. This amalgamates integrated marketing communication principles and the Behavioural Ecological Model. It provides a basis for understanding how consistent messages and methods of communication affect long-term behavioural or attitudinal change at the individual and societal levels. [source] Longitudinal relations between employment and depressive symptoms in low-income, suicidal African American womenJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Nathan Mascaro Unemployment and depression are problematic at both individual and societal levels, and research suggests that the two phenomena are related. More thorough and longitudinal analyses, particularly ones within low-income minority populations, are needed to guide the development of programs to increase employment in persons with mental health problems. The current study aimed to specify the relations over time between depressive symptoms and employment status within a sample of 46 low-income African American women participating in an intervention study for intimate partner violence and suicidal behavior. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis indicated that baseline levels of depressive symptoms predicted employment status at the end of a 10-week intervention period, controlling for baseline employment status. Chi-square analysis and qualitative analyses of trends in depression scores showed that changes in employment status during the 10-week intervention period predicted 6-month and one-year follow-up levels of depressive symptoms. Results imply that, for women in the currently sampled population, depressive symptoms create vulnerability for job loss, but the ability to gain employment despite high levels of depressive symptoms is linked to lowered depression levels over the long term. Community programs assisting such women could therefore not just lower the vulnerability to job loss by treating depressive symptoms, but they could potentially lower long-term depression levels through interventions that enhance employability and motivation to pursue work. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol. [source] An attachment theory perspective on the proposed matrix modelJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 9 2005Hal S. ShoreyArticle first published online: 17 JUN 200 The matrix model (C.R. Snyder & T.R. Elliott, this issue) advocates an increased grounding of clinical psychology graduate students in theory. The matrix model is theory-based in the ways that it advances this goal. Accordingly, evaluating the matrix model from an extant theoretical perspective should shed light on its applicability and utility as an educational framework. The present attachment theory perspective on the matrix model demonstrates that it meets its stated goals in that it possesses adequate (a) breadth in incorporating theory from across subdisciplines in psychology, and (b) depth in how it facilitates conceptualizing clients and research participants at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and societal levels. The benefits for incorporating the matrix model in clinical psychology graduate programs are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol. [source] The impact of orofacial clefts on quality of life and healthcare use and costsORAL DISEASES, Issue 1 2010GL Wehby Orofacial clefts are common birth defects that may impose a large burden on the health, quality of life, and socioeconomic well-being of affected individuals and families. They also result in significant healthcare use and costs. Understanding the impact of orofacial clefts on these outcomes is important for identifying unmet needs and developing public policies to reduce the burden of orofacial clefts at the individual, family and societal levels. This paper reviews and summarizes the main findings of recent studies that have evaluated the impact of orofacial clefts on these outcomes, with a focus on quality of life, socioeconomic outcomes, long-term health, and healthcare use and costs. Several studies identify an increased burden of orofacial clefts on these outcomes, but some of the findings are inconsistent. A summary of the primary limitations of the studies in this area is presented, along with recommendations and directions for future research. [source] Public Administrators' Trust in Citizens: A Missing Link in Citizen Involvement EffortsPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 3 2005Kaifeng Yang An important but unattended consideration in citizen participation efforts is whether public officials trust citizens and, if not, whether they can formulate and implement policies that really engage, empower, and emancipate citizens. This study attempts to answer four questions: Is public officials' trust in citizens relevant and important? Is it a valid construct that can be differentiated from other constructs? What factors influence its level? And how does trust influence citizen involvement efforts? Based on a survey of 320 public administrators, the study finds that public administrators' trust in citizens is a relevant and valid construct and a predictor of proactive citizen involvement efforts. Public administrators generally have a neutral (neither trustful nor distrustful) view of citizens. Finally, factors affecting the level of trust are identified at the individual, organizational, and societal levels. [source] | ||||||||||||||||