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Social Roles (social + role)
Selected AbstractsChanges in TMIG-Index of Competence by subscale in Japanese urban and rural community older populations: Six years prospective studyGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2003Yoshinori Fujiwara Objective: To examine the longitudinal changes in higher-level functional capacity in Japanese urban and rural community older populations. Design: Population-based cross-sectional, and prospective cohort studies. Setting: Koganei city in a suburb of Tokyo, and Nangai village, Akita Prefecture, Japan. Participants: One thousand, five hundred and six older persons (793 in Koganei and 713 in Nangai) aged 65,83 years living at home. Main outcome measures: Disability in Instrumental Self-Maintenance (IADL), Intellectual Activity or Social Role, measured by the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence. Results: At baseline, older men and women in the rural area, Nangai, had higher prevalence of disability in Intellectual Activity compared with respective counterparts in the urban area, Koganei. By contrast, disability in Social Role was more prevalent among elderly people in Koganei than in Nangai. In both areas older men and women had lowest prevalence of disability in IADL among three subscales. The six-year longitudinal survey on older persons who had initially no disability in all three subscales demonstrated that in urban Koganei older persons were most likely to be disabled in Social Role with advancing age, followed in turn by Intellectual Activity and IADL. By contrast, elderly people in rural Nangai were most likely to be disabled in Intellectual Activity, followed by Social Role and instrumental ADL. The Cox-proportional hazard model analysis for those who had no IADL disability at baseline revealed that the baseline level of Intellectual Activity or Social Role predicted significantly future onset of IADL disability in both areas even after controlling for sex, age, and chronic medical conditions. Conclusions: In both urban and rural community older populations, disability in Social Role and Intellectual Activity preceded IADL disability, and predicted significantly the future onset of IADL disability. [source] Personal Goals in Social Roles: Divergences and Convergences Across Roles and Levels of AnalysisJOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 1 2000Kennon M. Sheldon Most contemporary personal goal research aggregates across goals, perhaps masking important differences between goals. We assessed this risk by examining both similarities and differences between the goals that participants pursued in five important social roles. Previous relevant findings (Cantor, Norem, Niedenthal, Langston, & Brower, 1987) and self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) were used to predict between-role differences in goal appraisal dimensions. Although theoretically meaningful differences were found across child, employee, romantic, friendship, and student goals, and also across within- and between-subject levels of analysis, all goals were essentially the same in one important way: Making longitudinal progress in them predicted positive change in accompanying role-circumstances and role-satisfaction (excepting friendship goals). This indicates that researchers do not necessarily lose information by aggregating, and affirms that goal-attainment is generally desirable. [source] The politics of community mediation: A study of community mediation in IsraelCONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2009Lee Li-On What is community mediation (CM), and how does it affect communities? Drawing on research that examined the politics of CM in the context of a complex, multicultural setting, this article portrays CM as a multifaceted discourse that stakeholders may use to achieve their particular goals. CM, it is suggested, is linked to multiple sources of power and is used by both state and residents to make contesting social claims. This article challenges the apolitical view of CM and its capacity to explain the complex character of power. It proposes considering CM from another perspective, suggesting that examining CM as discourse enables a broader understanding of its social role and significance and facilitates development of appropriate practice. The author suggests that to be socially meaningful CM should be practiced within a broader approach, in terms of social intervention, based on informed, context-related training and practice. Such an approach requires that the role, policies, and practices of community mediation programs (CMPs), and mediators' roles and training, be reconsidered. [source] Extraordinary Satisfactions: Lesbian Visibility in Seventeenth,Century Pornography in EnglandGENDER & HISTORY, Issue 1 2003Sarah Toulalan This article analyses seventeenth,century pornographic literature and popular ballads to explore alternative representations, and hence interpretations, of female same,sex desire than those presented by either early modern legal, medical and religious discourse in which the image of the tribade predominates, or the homoerotic prose and poetry of female writers. It argues that early modern culture was not limited to interpreting sexual acts between women as the result of either a physical abnormality (clitoral hypertrophy) or the desire to live as a man, and thence to take on his sexual as well as social role. [source] Self-reported functional ability predicts three-year mobility and mortality in community-dwelling older personsGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2002Ryuichi Kawamoto Background:, A comprehensive evaluation of the functions of community-dwelling older persons was conducted in 1988. Three years after the 1988 study commenced, the relationship between these background factors and changes during the subsequent 3 years were examined. Methods: ,The study was a comprehensive evaluation of the daily functions of community-dwelling elderly people, and encompassed age, gender, mode of living, marital status, financial status, family relationships, basic activities of daily living, visual and hearing impairment, a history of disease, self-related feeling, social role, social support, habits and physical exercise and the relationship between independence and survival for 3 years after the basic study. The subjects were 2274 community-dwelling elderly people who participated in the first survey in July 1998 and who were aged 65 years and over at that time. Unassisted questionnaire sheets were used for the first survey and changes since the first survey. Results:, Thirty men and 60 women died during the 3 year period. Data were also gathered about the daily activity levels of 1709 persons (75.2%) with 1499 (87.7%) ranking J for independence and 210 persons (12.3%) ranking A to C for dependence. Age, gender, basic activities of daily living (BADL), history of falls, self-related happiness, participation in community events and physical-exercise habits were found to be explanatory variables for independence after three years; as were age, gender, and BADL for survival. Conclusion: , The explanatory variables relating to independence and prognosis of life of the elderly obtained in this study will be important in future considerations of the issue of care-taking and measures to enable it. [source] Rousseau's Other Woman: Collette in Le devin du villageHYPATIA, Issue 2 2001RITA C. MANNING The life and work of Rousseau the musician and aesthetician has been forgely neglected in the debate about Rousseau's views on women. In this paper, I shall introduce a new text and a new female figure into the conversation: Collette, the shepherdess in Le devin du village, an opera written by Rousseau in 1752. We see an ambiguity in Collette-the text often expresses one view while the music expresses another. When we take Collette s music seriously the following picture emerges: the natural desire of women to be free, a fairly active female agency, an incipient rebellion against the social role of women, and a final acceptance of the role of wife. This view of Collette supports the thesis that for Rousseau women are not naturally subordinate to men but are taught to be subordinate because it is required for the maintenance of the patriarchal family, the cornerstone of civil society. We see many glimpses of Collette's true, unsocialized, nature, especially in the melodies she sings, it is in song, the first and hence most natural language of humans, that we see Collette's longing for freedom. But she ends by singing the praises of civil society, albeit a rural society, and thus implicitly accepting the subordination she is destined to suffer at Colins hands. [source] Get it Off Your Chest: Contexts in Creative Community WorkingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN EDUCATION, Issue 1 2003June Bianchi Three years ago I started work on the exhibition Get it off your chest, a multimedia project exploring the personal and social role of the breast within British culture. The project would involve over one hundred people as contributors, engaging with ongoing debates within academic, media and informal contexts as to what constitutes and impacts upon constructions of the female image within our society, particularly in relation to the breast as a primary signifier. The working practices evolved in creating Get it off your chest were instrumental in generating a synergy in my own creative activities, enabling some measure of unification to occur within the strands of my art,making and art educational roles. This synergistic approach, which I term ,creative community working' will be discussed in this paper alongside the epistemological focus of the exhibition, its inception and its consequent structure, presentation and wider educational role. I will focus throughout on exploring the development of creative community working contexts: the impulse to integrate what sometimes seem like rogue elements of the professional and creative identity is one shared by many members of the art educational community and I hope that this paper will generate feedback and discussion on the diverse ways in which colleagues generate synergy in their own working lives. [source] A methodological and operative framework for the evaluation of an e-health projectINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2008Luca Buccoliero Abstract Assessing public sector ICT investments represents the premise for successful implementation of an e-health strategy. The recent literature stresses the importance of going beyond the mere financial and/or technical dimensions of the analysis. Consequently, the paper proposes an example of e-health project evaluation aiming to develop measures which get close to the notion of benefits to the different stakeholders involved: top management, patients, local community. The case study refers to an Italian health care organization that implemented a project of digitalization of its clinical reports production few years ago. Based on on-field research, different approaches are used to assess costs and benefits from different stakeholders' perspectives. The results of a multidimensional evaluation are reported to emphasize the need for different measures to assess the sustainability of an e-health project according to the financial convenience, the social role of the organization, and the contingent situation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The future for in-vehicle information systems: The technology and its impactsJOURNAL OF ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION, Issue 3 2002Michael G H Bell In-vehicle information has an important social role to play in improving the efficiency and safety of travel by all modes. In this review, three generations of system are identified. The first generation consists of simple in-vehicle units relying heavily on external data. The second generation has more sophisticated in-vehicle units with colour TFT screens and DVD players for maps and entertainment. The third generation again makes use of external data, using the mobile phone network to download map sections and other data as and when required, thereby obviating the need for beacons and map CDs. For locationing, GPS (and/or Galileo, the European version of GPS) remains the favoured technology. Portable devices offering multi-modal information could improve inter-modal transport efficiency. [source] Glycated Hemoglobin Levels and Intellectual Activity in an Aged PopulationJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 12 2005Hidenori Amano MHSc Objectives: To examine the association between glycated hemoglobin (GHb) and aspects of daily activities in an elderly population. Design: Cross-sectional population-based survey. Setting: Nangai village, an agricultural community with a population of about 5,000 located in Akita prefecture in the north of Japan. Participants: Nine hundred thirty-five people aged 65 and older. Measurements: GHb percentages, self-reported measures of activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), intellectual activity (IA), and social role (SR). Results: An exploratory analysis indicated that nondiabetic subjects in the lowest tertile of GHb tend to have lower IA than those in the middle tertile, if they were aged 70 and older. No consistent association appeared between GHb and ADLs, IADLs, or SR. Linear and logistic regression analyses, controlling for other risk factors, indicated significantly lower IA scores in the low and high GHb tertiles (P<.001 and P=.04, respectively) than in the middle in nondiabetic subjects aged 70 and older and without stroke history or IADL impairments. The value of GHb related to the maximal IA score was 5.0% to 5.2% as the middle tertile; or 5.2%, assuming a logistic regression model including a squared term with GHb as a continuous variable. A similar relationship was observed in the whole nondiabetic sample aged 70 and older but not in the younger counterpart. Conclusion: There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between GHb and intellectual activity in older people without diabetes mellitus. One possible interpretation is that suboptimal blood glucose could contribute to intellectual inactivity in older people. [source] Empowerment and peer support: structure and process of self-help in a consumer-run center for individuals with mental illness,JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Russell K. Schutt Personal empowerment is a guiding philosophy of many mental health service programs, but there has been little empirical research on the empowerment process in these programs. The authors examine social processes and consumer orientations within a self-help drop-in center for individuals with psychiatric disabilities, using intensive interviews and focus groups. They investigate motives for consumer involvement, bases for program retention, and processes of participant change. Motives for involvement in the center were primarily instrumental, whereas the bases of retention were more often maintaining social support and developing self-esteem. Participants valued the center's nonstigmatizing environment and its supportive consumer staff. Some used the opportunity to become a staff member to move into a more normalized social role; all seemed to derive benefits from helping peers. There were indications of some staff members adopting a more authoritarian posture, but participants repeatedly lauded most staff for their supportive orientation. The authors conclude that the "helper/therapy" process was a key to successful empowerment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Configurations of Relationships in Different Media: FtF, Email, Instant Messenger, Mobile Phone, and SMSJOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION, Issue 4 2007Hyo Kim This study analyzes the configurations of communication relationships in Korea through face-to-face, email, instant messaging, mobile phone, and short message service media. Through a web survey, we asked respondents to identify (1) for each of the five media (2) up to five of their most frequent communication partners, (3) the partner's social role (including colleagues, family, friends), and (4) their own employment category. Individual-level and network-level analyses were used to compare variations in communication relationships and configurations of relationships among social roles overall, within each medium, and for different employment categories, and to identify configurations of relationships across media. IM, SMS, and mobile phone are distinctive media for students, mobile phone for homeworkers, and email for organizational workers. Moreover, mobile phones tend to be used in reinforcing strong social ties, and text-based CMC media tend to be used in expanding relationships with weak ties. Finally, face-to-face (FtF) seems to be a universal medium without significant differences across respondents' employment categories. [source] Two Exhibitions Resignify Aboriginality and Photographyin Australia's Visual LexiconAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 1 2008Sabra Thorner ABSTRACT Photography has long been central to the construction of Aboriginal peoples in the Australian national imaginary. In the last 20 years, the social role of photography has shifted: from origins in scopic regimes that racialized and dispossessed Aboriginal peoples to an era of contemporary reappropriation, recontextualizing colonial archives, and producing new Indigenous high art photography. Photographs are no longer stable, visible testimony of Indigenous peoples' presumed imminent decline or innate savagery but are, rather, colonial objectifications now available for resignification as evidence of kinship networks, land claims, and local knowledge systems. In July 2006, two exhibitions were spearheading these important transitions. "Colliding Worlds" opened at Melbourne Museum, and "Michael Riley: Sights Unseen" premiered at the National Gallery of Australia (NGA) in Canberra. Together, these exhibitions destabilize historical legacies of the visual in Australia's national imaginary, resignifying photography as a medium of new knowledge production, aesthetic expression, and social change. [source] Outcomes generated by patients with rheumatoid arthritis: how important are they?MUSCULOSKELETAL CARE, Issue 3 2005Sarah Hewlett PhD MA RGN Arc Senior Lecturer Abstract Background: It has been shown previously that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can generate a wide range of outcomes that they consider important in treatment. It is not known if these outcomes are generally important in the wider RA patient community. Objectives: (1) To examine whether recent patient-generated outcomes are generalizable within a wider RA population; (2) to assess the relative importance of each outcome; and(3) to explore whether any important outcomes have been omitted. Methods: A questionnaire, listing 23 outcomes previously generated by RA patients, was distributed through three rheumatology centres in the UK. Patients gave an importance score to each outcome (0,3), selected their top three most important outcomes, and then listed any outcomes of personal importance that were missing. Results: 323 questionnaires were returned (65%). All outcomes were deemed important. Independence, pain, and mobility were most frequently selected by patients in their top three outcomes but were not chosen by 61,66% of patients. The next most commonly chosen outcomes related to feeling well and fatigue. Factor analysis revealed six reasonably distinct groupings: general well-being (11.9% explained variance), day-to-day functioning(10.6%), emotional and psychological well-being (10.6%), social role and confidence (10%), physical symptoms (9.5%) and medication issues (7.9%). Conclusion: Outcomes generated by patients as important in RA, are generalizable and inclusive. The most important (independence, pain and mobility) are routinely treated and measured. The next most important (feeling well, fatigue) are infrequently addressed and deserve urgent consideration for measurement, treatment and research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A return to romance: Winifred Holtby's spinster novels from between the warsORBIS LITERARUM, Issue 3 2003Wendy Gan In ,A return to romance: Winifred Holtby's spinster novels from between the wars', I discuss Winifred Holtby's representations of the spinster in The Crowded Street, Poor Caroline and South Riding in the context of contemporary discourses on the spinster which, I argue, affect Holtby's representations negatively. I also suggest that despite Holtby's feminist desire to recuperate the much-maligned spinster in her writing, her failure to decisively uncouple romance from the spinster narrative consolidates the spinster in her traditional social role and transforms alternatives to heterosexual marriage, such as work, into mere consolations for the unmarried woman. [source] Experiencing Texture and Transformation in the British NeolithicOXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Vicki Cummings The Neolithic period saw the introduction of new material culture into Britain, including monuments, pottery and polished stone axes. Over recent years, the uses and meanings of these objects and places have been considered in depth, with emphasis now firmly placed upon their social role and symbolic value. However, a growing interest in a multi,sensual archaeology has highlighted the paucity of information concerning the role of texture in the experience of Neolithic material culture. This paper will examine the evidence for the use of texture in the archaeological record. I will suggest that texture may have been a fundamental part of the experience of objects and monuments, and may have imparted meanings and messages to those who came into contact with them. In particular, the transformation of differing textures may have been a crucial metaphor in the Neolithic. [source] Gender and relationships: Influences on agentic and communal behaviorsPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, Issue 1 2004Eun Jung Suh The present research examined the moderating influence of situations involving friends and romantic partners on gender differences in interpersonal behaviors reflecting agency and communion. Behavior was studied in three situations varying in social role and dyadic gender composition: same-sex friendships, opposite-sex friendships, and romantic relationships. To obtain multiple events representing each relationship situation, participants recorded information about their interpersonal interactions during a 20-day period using an event-contingent recording procedure. Results indicated gender differences consistent with gender stereotypes when men and women were interacting with same-sex friends; men with men were more dominant and women with women were more agreeable. In interactions with romantic partners, gender differences in communal behavior were opposite to gender stereotypes; women were less agreeable and more quarrelsome than men with their romantic partners. Results are considered in reference to developmental socialization theory, social role theory, and studies of gender differences in marital relationships. [source] FOOD INSECURITY IN BUHAYA: THE CYCLE OF WOMEN'S MARGINALIZATION AND THE SPREAD OF POVERTY, HUNGER, AND DISEASEANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2009Valerie Githinji This chapter focuses on how the marginalization of Bahaya women increases poverty, thus exacerbating issues of hunger and related disease in a region characterized by a history of environmental degradation, agricultural change and decline, rural poverty and disease. In the past several decades, diminishing sizes of banana farms, an overall decline in cattle, decreasing soil fertility, and an increase in food crop pathogens have posed challenges to achieving adequate agricultural yields in Buhaya of northwestern Tanzania. This situation has resulted in an increase in poverty, food insecurity, nutrition insecurity, and related disease. Culturally, women are the primary agriculturalists and producers and providers of food in Buhaya. However, Bahaya cultural practices hinder women from achieving equal representation in society, thus blocking their access to self advancement and resources such as money, land, education, and agricultural inputs. These constraints marginalize and hinder women from fulfilling their social role as primary farmers and provisioners of food, nutrition, and care. As patriarchal practices and ecological challenges work to constrain women's roles, poverty, food scarcity, and disease increase, affecting and weakening the foundation of Bahaya society and culture. [source] Specialization, Context of Production, and Alienation in the Production Process: Comments and AfterthoughtsARCHEOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, Issue 1 2007Yung-ti Li The study of craft specialization has gone through several stages since the pioneering work of Childe, each with changing foci and emphases. The current volume marks yet another development in the field that demonstrates both discontents with existing theories and efforts to enhance and strengthen the discourse. Acting as a commentator to facilitate further discussion, the first half of my chapter addresses specific issues in individual chapters, while the second half explores another dimension of production by looking at bronze and pottery production in ancient and premodern China. Whereas some contributors examine alienability in the social role of the objects and the rights over alienation of the product, this discussion examines another form of alienation that can be considered in the study of craft production, one that is both salient and tangible in archaeological data: alienation of the manufacturing process, that is, alienation of the craft producers from their own skills. The work of Ursula Franklin on Shang bronze production is reviewed, and new studies on porcelain production at Jingdezhen and stoneware production at Yixing are incorporated to further develop Franklin's model. I argue that through examining the material patterns of the production process and the type range of finished products, alienation in the workplace can be detected archaeologically. [source] Re-imagining Relevance: A Response to Starkey and MadanBRITISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, Issue 2001Christopher Grey Starkey and Madan (2001) propose that changing conditions of knowledge production mean that business schools face an increasing relevance gap which, if they do not respond, will be filled by management consultants and corporate universities. In this response, I question the core assumptions of their analysis, suggesting that they misunderstand both the historical role and present practices of universities and business schools. In particular they fail to understand the complexities of knowledge production, its relationship to practice and the importance of ,independence' which is the unique contribution that universities make to society. I argue that their proposal to bridge the relevance gap would, if adopted, have the effect of leaving business schools with no defensible social role. Thus, ironically, their ,solution' to the challenges facing business schools would in fact exacerbate the problems they currently face. [source] UNEMPLOYMENT POLICIES IN AN ECONOMY WITH ADVERSE SELECTIONBULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007Noritaka Kudoh D82; J65; J68 ABSTRACT This paper studies the effects of unemployment policies in a simple static general equilibrium model with adverse selection in the labour market. Firms offer a contract that induces the self-selection of workers. In equilibrium, all unskilled workers are screened out and some skilled workers are rationed out. It is shown that the provision of unemployment insurance raises involuntary unemployment by encouraging adverse selection, while unemployment assistance , or subsidy to unemployment , reduces involuntary unemployment. A simple efficiency wage model is also presented to show that either of the two policies reduces employment by taxing effort and subsidizing shirking. The key is whether the social role of unemployment is a sorting device or a worker discipline device. [source] Lifestyle, participation, and health-related quality of life in adolescents and young adults with myelomeningoceleDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 11 2009LAURIEN M BUFFART PHD This study aimed to describe participation and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents and young adults with myelomeningocele and to explore their relationships with lifestyle-related factors. Fifty-one individuals with a mean age of 21 years 1 month (SD 4y 6mo) years participated (26 males, 25 females; 82% hydrocephalus, 55% wheelchair-dependent). Participation was assessed using the Life Habits Questionnaire, and HRQoL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-form Health Survey. Physical activity was measured using an accelerometry-based activity monitor, fitness (peak oxygen uptake) was measured during a maximal exercise test, and the sum of four skin-folds was assessed to indicate body fat. Relationships were studied using logistic regression analyses. Of the participants, 63% had difficulties in daily activities and 59% in social roles. Participants perceived lower physical HRQoL than a Dutch reference population. Participants with higher levels of physical activity and fitness had fewer difficulties in participating in daily activities (odds ratio [OR]=8.8, p=0.02 and OR=29.7, p=0.02 respectively) and a higher physical HRQoL (OR=4.8, p=0.02 and OR=30.2, p=0.006 respectively), but not mental HRQoL. Body fat was not related to participation or HRQoL. In conclusion, a large proportion of individuals with myelomeningocele had difficulties in participation and perceived low physical HRQoL. Higher levels of physical activity and fitness were related to fewer difficulties in participation and higher physical HRQoL. [source] Social integration in young adulthood and the subsequent onset of substance use and disorders among a community population of urban African AmericansADDICTION, Issue 3 2010Kerry M. Green ABSTRACT Aims This paper examines the association between social integration in young adulthood and the later onset of substance use and disorders through mid-adulthood. Design Data come from a community cohort of African Americans followed longitudinally from age 6,42 years with four assessment periods. Setting The cohort all lived in the Woodlawn neighborhood of Chicago in 1966, an urban disadvantaged setting. Participants All Woodlawn first graders in 1966 were asked to participate; 13 families declined (n = 1242). Measurement Substance use was measured via interview at age 42 and includes the onset of alcohol and drug use disorders and the onset of cocaine/heroin use between ages 32 and 42 years. Social integration measures were assessed via interview at age 32 and include social roles (employee, spouse, parent), participation in religious and social organizations and a measure of overall social integration. Control variables were measured in childhood and later in the life course. Findings Multivariate regression analyses suggest that unemployment, being unmarried, infrequent religious service attendance and lower overall social integration in young adulthood predict later adult-onset drug use disorders, but not alcohol use disorders once confounders are taken into consideration. Unemployment and lower overall social integration predict onset of cocaine/heroin use later in adulthood. Conclusions Results show meaningful onset of drug use and substance use disorders during mid-adulthood and that social integration in young adulthood seems to play a role in later onset of drug use and drug disorders, but not alcohol disorders. [source] Relationship between Serum Testosterone, Dominance and Mating Success in Père David's Deer StagsETHOLOGY, Issue 9 2004Li Chunwang We conducted an experiment in the Beijing Milu Park to study the social behavior of male Père David's deer, and related social behavior to social position and serum testosterone level of the stags during rut. We classified the stags into three rank classes according to their rutting behavior: ,harem master', ,challenger' and ,bachelor'. We monitored the behaviors of four ,harem masters', five ,challengers' and five ,bachelors', and analyzed serum testosterone levels in blood samples of those 14 stags using radioimmunoassay. We defined the effectiveness value, E = A/T, to assess the effectiveness of herding or mating attempts made by stags (,T' represents the frequency of herding or mating attempts made by a stag and ,A' represents the frequency of herding or mating attempts accepted by hinds). We found that: (1) the ,harem masters' and the ,challengers' displayed more frequent rut and locomotive behaviors but fewer ingestion behaviors than the ,bachelors'; (2) serum testosterone levels in the ,harem masters' and the ,challengers' were higher than that in the ,bachelors'; (3) effectiveness value of herding attempts differed significantly between the three types of stags, being highest in the ,harem masters' and the lowest in the ,bachelors'; and (4) effectiveness value of mating attempts was significantly greater for the ,harem masters' than for the ,challengers'. We conclude that: (1) reproductive behavior of the Père David's deer stags is strongly associated with social rank; (2) social roles of Père David's deer stags during the rut are related to the testosterone secretion; and (3) rank class affects the mating opportunity of the stags. [source] Linking personality states, current social roles and major life goalsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 6 2009Wiebke BleidornArticle first published online: 23 JUN 200 Abstract Employing an experience-sampling design, the interplay between personality states, social roles and major life goals was examined as it unfolds in the stream of people's daily lives. Multilevel analyses revealed a considerable amount of both within- and between-person variability in state expressions of personality traits justifying further examination of predictors at both levels of analyses. Roles proved as predictors of current personality states albeit effects differed significantly between individuals. Life goals accounted for between-person differences in average personality states but were not effective in predicting differences in relations between personality states and roles. Altogether, findings testify to the viability of the employed research strategy to analyse the interplay between both dispositional and fluctuating influences on individuals' trait expressions in behaviour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Lexical studies of Filipino person descriptors: adding personality-relevant social and physical attributesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 4 2008Shellah Myra Imperio Abstract Lexical studies have focused on traits. In the Filipino language, we investigated whether additional dimensions can be identified when personality-relevant terms for social roles, statuses and effects, plus physical attributes, are included. Filipino students (N,=,496) rated themselves on 268 such terms, plus 253 markers of trait and evaluative dimensions. We identified 10 dimensions of social and physical attributes,Prominence, Uselessness, Attractiveness, Respectability, Uniqueness, Destructiveness, Presentableness, Strength, Dangerousness and Charisma. Most of these dimensions did not correspond in a one-to-one manner to Filipino or alternative trait models (Big Five, HEXACO, ML7). However, considerable redundancy was observed between the social and physical attribute dimensions and trait and evaluative dimensions. Thus, social and physical attributes communicate information about personality traits, and vice versa. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comprehensive geriatric assessment for community-dwelling elderly in Asia compared with those in Japan: VI.GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2005Maubin in Myanmar Background: The objective of the present study is to compare the findings of comprehensive geriatric assessments of community-dwelling elderly in Maubin township, Myanmar with those in Japan. Methods: A cross-sectional, study was undertaken of community-dwelling people aged 60 years and over who were living in downtown Maubin and two rural villages near Maubin city, and 411 people aged 65 years and over who were living in Sonobe, Kyoto, Japan. They were examined using a common comprehensive geriatric assessment tool, which included interviews regarding activities of daily living (ADL), medical and social history, quality of life (QOL) and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Anthropometric, neurobehavioral and blood chemical examinations were also conducted. Using anova and Post Hoc Scheffe's F -test, findings from the three groups were compared. Results: Scores of basic ADL, instrumental self-maintenance, intellectual activities, social roles, QOL, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence, body mass index, total cholesterol levels, blood hemoglobin levels and HDL levels were lower in Myanmar's elderly subjects than in Japanese ones. There was no significant difference in prevalence of depression. Mean blood pressure measurements and rates of subjects with systolic pressure > 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure > 90 mmHg and prevalence of stroke were higher in downtown Maubin than in Japan. The atherogenic index was higher in Myanmar's elderly than in Japanese. Conclusion: In Myanmar subjects had lower ADL and QOL scores than Japanese elderly. Of particular note is the higher prevalence of anemia and subjects with history of stroke in Myanmar than in Japan. Further study is needed to detect the cause of high prevalence of stroke in Myanmar. [source] Conflict and identity shape shifting in an online financial communityINFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009John Campbell Abstract., This paper challenges traditional explorations of online communities that have relied upon assumptions of trust and social cohesion. In the analysis presented here, conflict becomes more than just dysfunctional communication and provides an alternative set of unifying principles and rationales for understanding social interaction and identity shape shifting within an online community. A model is advanced that describes the systematic techniques of hostility and aggression in technologically enabled communities that take the form of contemporary tribalism. It is argued that this tribe-like conflict embodies important rituals essential for maintaining and defining the contradictory social roles sometimes found in online environments. This research offers a critical interpretive perspective that focuses on the link between identity shape shifting behaviours and the power relations within an online financial community. The analysis reveals how conflict between positions of power can help to align the values and ideals of an online community. With this study we seek to motivate a re-examination of the design and governance of online communities. [source] Gender-based violence: a study of Iraqi womenINTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 192 2008Riyadh K. Lafta The purpose of this article is to examine and analyse the incidence of violence against women in Iraq. Until recently, gender-based violence has been viewed in this country as a private or family matter. Nevertheless, there gradually has been a shift in thinking in the past few years on this phenomenon, and it is now viewed as both a public health problem and a violation of human rights. As a first step toward understanding this problem, the authors conducted an experimental analysis of women in Iraq, focusing on gender-based violence. The results show that violence against women is principally carried out by their husbands and by brothers. The article explains the reasons behind this violent behaviour by analysing a sample survey of 1,000 women and 100 men. The findings show that gender-based violence is a prevalent medical and social problem in Iraq that requires prompt and in-depth intervention so as to prevent or at least control it. This study was undertaken in order to understand the possible solutions to prevent gender-based violence and to change the accepted norms of gender-based social roles and social tolerance. [source] A review of the early discharge experiences of stroke survivors and their carersJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 18 2008Jan Pringle Aims and objectives., Understanding the experiences of stroke patients and their carers during the early days following discharge from hospital is an important aspect of providing appropriate care during this crucial time. Background., Due to the diverse changes that can result from a stroke, adjustment to returning home may raise many issues for those involved. A review of research was undertaken with the aim of identifying what is already known about experiences at this time. Design., Systematic review. Method., Search of electronic databases. Results., The review revealed that recognition of the impact of stroke on patients and carers is improving, with many studies focussing on the longer-term aspects of stroke recovery. Research into the early discharge experiences of stroke patients and/or their carers is often limited to retrospective, longitudinal studies. With the continuing shift towards care in the community, patients and carers can increasingly expect more recovery to be taking place at home at an even earlier stage. Earlier discharge may have important implications for those involved. The review also highlighted that patients with aphasia have frequently been excluded from stroke research and that social roles are important aspects in stroke recovery. Conclusions., To prepare patients and carers better for the impact of returning home, further research is needed into their experiences at this significant time, particularly in the UK. There is also a need to facilitate the inclusion of those with aphasia in stroke research. Relevance to clinical practice., An improved understanding of the issues facing stroke patients and carers during their early days at home should facilitate the preparation for discharge in the hospital setting and allow more focussed follow-up services in the community. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||